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GCA, also known as Buschke-Lowenstein tumor, is a rare sexually transmitted disease associated with HPV types 6 and 111. These warts are considered histologically benign, but there is a risk of localized invasion and development of malignancy. This malignant transformation occurs most often in the perianal and vulvar areas, and involvement of other sites is relatively rare2. In this case, we report a rare case of a giant wart originating from breast skin infected with HPV and progressing to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between the incidence of bovine teat papillomatosis and the activity of haematophagous flies was investigated in Japan. A total of 15,737 flies consisting of 33 species were collected by dry ice‐baited mosquito net (DMN) trap and a sweep net from udders of cattle. Simulium aokii (Takahasi) of Simuliidae (black flies) was the predominant species, followed by S. tobetsuense Ono and S. iwatense (Shiraki). Simulium aokii had the highest peak in October, followed by September. Numbers of blood spots from the bites per teat in nulliparous cattle were significantly correlated with numbers of S. aokii collected by DMN trap. Numbers of teats with warts and spots of blood from the bites per teat were significantly more abundant in anterior teats than posterior teats. The average incidence of teat papillomatosis in nulliparous cattle was significantly higher than that in parous cattle, and the highest incidence by month was in May, followed by April. Although bovine papillomavirus (BPV) DNA was not detected in flies examined, the presence of black flies and blood spots from their bites were associated with subsequent high incidence of growing warts. In particular, it would pay to give attention to species such as S. aokii that severely attack udders in the present locality. Further investigations for the detection of BPV DNA from flies parasitizing on teats are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are multiple conservative treatment options for plantar warts, but none have proven to be universally effective. Nitric acid is often used empirically by podiatrists in the treatment of plantar warts. A novel medical device or topical solution of nitric–zinc complex solution (NZCS) could potentially offer an effective and safe alternative for the targeted treatment of plantar warts. Objective: To observe the rate of complete healing of NZCS in a series of plantar wart cases and to establish the minimum number of product applications and time needed for healing. This will help standardize and protocolize its use. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted involving 72 patients who exhibited symptoms of plantar warts. These patients underwent chemical treatment using a nitric–zinc complex. Results: The cure rate with NZCS was 59.2%. The average number of NZCS applications was 5.9 ± 3.0 and the mean duration of treatment was 9.4 ± 7.1 weeks. A recurrence rate of 6.7% was observed. Conclusions: The topical solution of the nitric–zinc complex is an effective treatment for plantar warts, which can be considered a first-line treatment option in the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treating plantar warts is still a challenging problem with a long list of diverse treatment options that none of them seems to be definitive. To evaluate the effectiveness of intralesional acyclovir versus intralesional Hepatitis-B vaccine (HBV) in treatment of multiple resistant plantar warts. Forty-eight patients with resistant plantar warts completed the study with no dropouts. They were randomized into 3 groups; group(A) receiving intralesional HBV, group (B) receiving intralesional acyclovir and group (C) receiving intralesional saline as a control group over 5 biweekly sessions or until wart clearance. Clinical outcome was assessed through sequential digital lesion photographing upon each visit. Treatment related adverse reactions were recorded. 43.8%, 37.5% & 18.7% of Groups A, B &C respectively showed a complete response. pain was obvious in 100% and 56.3% of cases receiving intralesional acyclovir and HBV respectively. Up to the 6 month follow up period, none of the complete responders in all groups returned with a recurrence. Both acyclovir and HBV showed comparable efficacy and seem to be promising options for treating plantar warts being safe, affordable, and theoretically safe in immunocompromised cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plantar warts are common skin lesions that continue to represent a therapeutic challenge. They are still resistant to therapy and are highly recurrent, despite the diverse number of treatments available. Therapies targeting vasculature, such as pulsed dye laser, have been used successfully in the treatment of plantar warts. Polidocanol, a detergent sclerosant approved for the sclerotherapy of incompetent and dilated saphenous veins, has also been used as an off-label therapy for a wide range of skin conditions with vascular components such as hemangiomas and pyogenic granuloma. The current, open-label, prospective, pilot study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the intralesional polidocanol 3% in the treatment of plantar warts. Twenty patients (11 females and 9 males), with plantar warts, aged 12–50 years received biweekly sessions of intralesional polidocanol 3% until complete clearance or for a maximum of 6 sessions. Response to treatment was graded as complete (100% clearance), partial (50–99%), and no response (< 50%). At the end of the study, 12 (60%) patients achieved complete clearance of their warts after 1–5 sessions, 5 (25%) patients had only partial response, and 3 (15%) patients did not achieve any clearance of their warts. The procedure was largely tolerable by patients. Pain at the injection site and bruises were reported by 9 (45%) and 2 (10%) patients, respectively. Both side effects resolved spontaneously and completely within a few days. The findings of the current study suggest that intralesional injection of 3% polidocanol in biweekly sessions may be a safe, effective, and tolerable method for the treatment of plantar warts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the use of dupilumab, a biologic medication, for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) in pediatric and young adult patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEIs). The medication has been approved for use in children with moderate to severe AD who have inadequate control with topical therapies. The article presents case studies of patients with IEIs and AD who were treated with dupilumab, showing significant clinical improvement as early as week 4 of treatment. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of dupilumab in this patient population. [Extracted from the article]

Background: The clinical strategy of oral supplementation of Vitamin D (VD) as a preventive and therapeutic measure for warts needs further exploration. Methods: The clinical data of patients with skin diseases who visited the Children's Hospital affiliated with Chongqing Medical University from February 2018 to June 2024 were collected. The serum VD levels in patients with warts (common warts, flat warts, and plantar warts) and patients with other common skin diseases (atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, alopecia areata, vitiligo, and chronic urticaria) were compared. Two‐sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed to investigate potential causal associations between VD and warts. Results: The average serum VD level of children with warts was 23.27 ± 7.07 ng/mL, which showed no statistically significant difference compared to children with other common skin diseases. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method analysis indicated a positive causal relationship between VD and warts (Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.86, [95% CI: 1.19−2.92], p = 0.007). Sensitivity analysis did not show any indication of horizontal pleiotropy or heterogeneity. The MR‐PRESSO method did not identify any outliers. Conclusion: The levels of serum VD in children with warts do not significantly decrease compared to children with other common skin conditions. The evidence from the MR analysis indicates a positive causal relationship between VD and warts, suggesting caution in supplementing VD for children with warts who have normal or elevated serum VD levels. Further clinical studies are needed for validation in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Skin disease is a significant contributor to the global disease burden, with dermatologic health disparities adding to this burden. Internists, general practitioners, and other medical professionals often manage skin disease with limited exposure to dermatologic education in medical school. Objective: This study evaluated a brief educational intervention for medical students to improve dermatologic knowledge, diagnostic and communication skills, and comfort in performing dermatology-focused physical exams. A secondary focus of the intervention was to promote awareness of skin disease, detection, and prevention for patients with a variety of skin tones. Methods: Sixty-five first through fourth-year students at Rutgers RWJMS participated in a pre-test–post-test within-subject study. Students described images using open-ended responses followed by multiple-choice identification questions. Students watched a one-hour self-paced module created by a licensed dermatologist and completed a follow-up assessment. Results: At pre-test, descriptions were brief and often inaccurate but significantly improved post-intervention to include descriptors such as primary morphology and demarcation. Accuracy on diagnostic and management questions significantly improved and comfort in advising patients and performing dermatologic exams significantly increased. Conclusions: A low-cost, brief, self-paced module can augment dermatologic education for medical students while increasing exposure to multiple skin tone presentations of lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination represents a milestone in primary prevention of sexually transmitted infections. However, little is known about its possible effects on already established HPV infections. We report the case of a 9-year-old immunosuppressed girl with refractory warts, successfully treated with the nonavalent-HPV vaccine and review the literature about the therapeutic effects of HPV vaccination on benign HPV-induced epithelial proliferations in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients. In the literature, promising results were shown on cutaneous warts after HPV vaccination, especially in children and young adults, also in immunosuppressed patients, whereas controverse results were found on anogenital warts. These findings suggest a critical need for randomized clinical trials to assess the efficacy of HPV vaccination in the treatment of benign HPV-induced epithelial proliferations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: There are several treatment options for genital warts, but many can cause skin sensitivities or lead to a recurrence of lesions. This study seeks to compare the effectiveness of 20% zinc oxide ointment with 80% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) solution for treating genital warts. Materials and Methods: In this single-blind randomized clinical trial, 88 women with genital warts were divided into two groups of 44. Group A received treatment with zinc oxide, while group B was treated with TCA. Patients were followed up three times, at the end of the fourth, eighth, and twelfth weeks after the start of treatment, to assess the effectiveness of the treatments for genital warts. Results: The number, thickness, and diameter of genital warts decreased significantly in both groups during 12-week period (P=0.0001). However, the reduction in the number, thickness, and diameter of warts was significantly greater in the TCA group compared to the zinc oxide group (P=0.001). After 12 weeks, the TCA group achieved complete clearance of lesions in 84.1% of patients, while the zinc oxide group had a 31.7% clearance rate (P=0.001). Conclusions: Given the significantly higher rate of complete clearance of lesions achieved with TCA compared to zinc oxide, it may be a more effective treatment option and preferable in the management of genital warts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The oral cavity, the beginning of the digestive system, has diverse lesions affecting it other than Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC). Soft-tissue Tumours (STT) are uncommon lesions. Overlapping of the signs and symptoms in diverse conditions creates significant problems for reaching their definitive diagnosis. Histopathological Examination (HPE) plays a central role in giving their final diagnosis. Assessment of the clinical features, histopathology, along with Immunohistochemistry (IHC), helps in reaching an accurate diagnosis in these cases, which further aids in the proper management of the patient. Aim: To study the spectrum of oral cavity lesions and tumours with emphasis on STT. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Pathology and Otolaryngology, Dr. Ulhas Patil Medical College, Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India included the oral cavity lesion samples received over two years (from January 2021 to December 2022) in the histopathology section of a Medical College in Maharashtra, India. A total of 170 cases were included in the study. Complete clinical information including age, sex, anatomical location, clinical diagnosis, and histological subtypes were compiled. The HPE diagnosis were classified into four categories-Non neoplastic, Benign, Epithelial Proliferative lesions {including viral/Human Papillomavirus (HPV) related}/Intraepithelial neoplastic lesions/Precursor or Pre-malignant, and malignant with special emphasis on STTs found. The data was statistically analysed and the results were presented as percentages. Full details of the soft-tissue lesions were recorded, entered into an Excel sheet, and studied for the percentage-wise distribution of various recorded parameters. Results: A total of 170 cases were found. Male:female distribution was 2.78:1, and most patients were in the seventh decade, n=38 (22.35%). The most common lesions other than SCC, n=110 (64.71%) found were mucocele, chronic inflammatory lesion and wart. The Buccal Mucosa/Gingivo-buccal Sulcus (GBS) were the most commonly involved site, n=82 (48.24%). Malignant lesions were more common in the sixth and seventh decades, with a male preponderance of 2.71:1. The uncommon STTs found were-Benign: Haemangioma/pyogenic granuloma (n=2), a Schwanomma, and a Proliferative Fasciitis (PF); Malignant: two fibrosarcomas and a high-grade sarcoma. All three malignant STTs were found in males of the sixth decade involving the buccal mucosa. Conclusion: Among the variety of lesions found in the oral cavity, HPE facilitates the recognition of the STT, especially the malignant ones, aiding in proper management. Being an extremely uncommon entity at this site, the documentation of these findings is of utmost importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Warts are highly contagious benign lesions caused by HPV occurring in various forms, such as flat warts, palmar and plantar warts, etc. Immunotherapy offers a safe and effective method for the treatment of warts by stimulating cell-mediated immunity in these locations. Materials and Methods: Twenty cases of palmoplantar/ periungual warts of varying size and duration who underwent a vitamin D3 injection immunotherapy procedure were included in the present study, irrespective of age and sex. 0.2 to 0.4 ml of vitamin D3 injection was infiltrated at the base of each wart to a maximum of five warts in each sitting in two-week intervals for about four sessions or till their complete clearance. The response was graded as complete resolution, partial (50–99% resolution), or no or mild (50%) response. The patients were followed up for six months for any recurrence. Results: Complete resolution was seen in nine (45%) patients, partial resolution in eight (40%), and no response in three (15%). Conclusion: Injection vitamin D3 immunotherapy offers a better alternative method of therapy for recalcitrant/multiple warts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the use of vitamin D as a potential treatment for warts. Warts are difficult to treat, and current treatment options are not always effective. Vitamin D has been shown to have immune therapeutic properties and can inhibit keratinocyte proliferation, which is a therapeutic goal in managing warts. Studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of intralesional and topical vitamin D in treating resistant warts. However, the efficacy of vitamin D treatment can vary depending on the specific subtype of HPV involved and other factors such as dose and duration of treatment. Further research is needed to fully understand the potential of vitamin D in wart management. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses intertriginous skin disorders, which are common in general practice and can range from benign conditions to chronic diseases. These disorders occur in areas where opposing skin surfaces come into contact, such as the groin folds, axillae, and natal cleft. The article emphasizes the importance of a thorough history and physical examination in diagnosing these disorders and provides a list of common intertriginous skin disorders and their first-line management options. It suggests that referral to a dermatologist may be necessary in certain cases. Overall, the article concludes that most intertriginous skin disorders can be successfully managed in primary care. [Extracted from the article]

Verrucae vulgaris are highly contagious keratotic lesions occurring on the skin caused by human papillomavirus. Generally, verrucae vulgaris are harmless to the body, but when they occur in specific areas such as the face or soles of the feet, they can profoundly impact an individual's quality of life and necessitate therapeutic intervention. Although several pharmacological and physical topical treatments are available, the results are often unsatisfactory in terms of efficacy and cosmetic outcome. Verrucae which typically occur widely on the face are usually Verrucae Planae. When Verrucae vulgaris does occur, it usually presents as single or occasional multiple lesions, rather than covering almost the entire face. In immunocompromised situations, verruca vulgaris can exhibit rare proliferative behavior. In this report, we present a 17-year-old male adolescent who was successfully treated for generalized facial verrucae vulgaris by using a combination of curettage and photodynamic therapy (PDT). The patient's prolonged use of topical corticosteroids and tacrolimus ointment on the face for eczema over several years is believed to have led to a localized immunosuppressive state of the facial skin, which is considered a significant factor in the outbreak of verrucae vulgaris. Additionally, the patient has a history of acne and frequently scratched face. The appearance of the Koebner phenomenon following scratching is considered another potential reason. This treatment achieved complete resolution and improved the patient's pre-existing acne problem, resulting in a satisfactory cosmetic outcome without any notable adverse effects or recurrence during the follow-up period. This highlighted that pre-treatment with curettage before PDT enhanced the efficiency of verrucae vulgaris treatment and reduced the cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Koebner phenomenon (KP), also known as the isomorphic response, describes the process by which new lesions that are clinically and histologically identical to a patient's existing skin disease develop following trauma. Many skin diseases exhibit this characteristic, with variations that include possible, questionable, and pseudo-Koebner reactions, with the latter category occurring due to infectious agents seeding at a trauma site. Laser application, a type of controlled skin injury used for improving cutaneous lesions and skin rejuvenation, is also considered a form of trauma. This raises the question of whether controlled thermal injury can be regarded as a type of mechanical trauma capable of producing Koebner-related reactions. We conducted a literature review of cases or studies to identify laser-induced dermatoses that correspond to Koebner-related or pathergy reaction categories. As a whole, we identified nine case reports on true KPs, two cases on possible KPs, seventeen cases on laser-induced questionable KPs comprising cases of vasculitis, eczema or Meyerson reactions, and eruptive squamous atypia cases (ESA) as well as two pseudo-Koebner cases involving wart occurrences at laser application sites. Laser-induced Koebner reactions highlight several aspects of the KP. Firstly, the type of mechanical damage influences disease promotion, as different lasers are associated with different KPs. For example, hair removal lasers are linked with true and questionable KPs such as vasculitis while resurfacing lasers were found to be more connected with ESA occurrence. Secondly, the laser target is significant, with vascular laser application for port-wine stains tending to result in eczematous reactions, while hair follicle destruction can frequently lead to true KPs. Thirdly, the number of sessions matters; true KPs and eruptive squamous atypia questionable KPs typically appear after one to two sessions, whereas eczematous reactions require more sessions (at least four). Additionally, skin phototype is crucial, with darker phototypes showing a higher KP frequency as laser treatment for hypertrichosis relies on melanin absorption in the hair bulge or bulb for follicle destruction, as chromophore competes with the abundant melanin in the epidermis. Further research with larger-scale studies into trauma-specific Koebner reactions is vital for refining treatment protocols, minimizing post-laser adverse effects, and improving dermatological care outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Warts caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) are generally treated with cryotherapy, CO2 laser ablation, interferon injections, and bleomycin injections. However, it is sometimes difficult to treat children because the treatment can be painful. In addition, recurrence may occur after treatment. In this study, warts completely disappeared following the administration of herbal medicine in two children, with warts in multiple parts of the hands and around the nails. Two pediatric patients visited the hospital for treatment of warts around their fingers and nails. Both patients received Taeeumjowi-tang (TJT) as a decoction for 60 days. TJT was performed twice per day for the 11-year-old patient and once per day for the 7-year-old patient. Patient progress was observed monthly, and the visual condition of the warts was photographed during the visits. After approximately two months of treatment, the warts disappeared from the fingers and nails of both patients. This case study suggests that the oral administration of TJT may be effective for pediatric patients with warts. Further studies are required to determine the efficacy and safety of these therapies.

Abstract Background Penile fibropapilloma is a condition caused by bovine papilloma virus and is frequently encountered in young bulls. Penile fibropapillomatosis is thought to be spread through homosexual mounting behaviour. Fibropapillomas of the penis are painful, often bleed and can impede normal intromission. Treatment may range from allowing time for slow, spontaneous regression to surgical resection but recurrence following surgery is reported by some authors. Case Presentation Thirty one bulls that were presented to University College Dublin Veterinary Hospital from March 2017 to March 2023 for surgical resection of penile fibropapillomas were included in this retrospective case series. Twenty-seven of the 31 bulls (87%) were under two years of age. The majority (42%) of bulls presented were Hereford, but Angus, Charolais, Holstein-Friesian and Limousin breeds were also seen. Following examination and diagnosis of penile fibropapilloma, regional anaesthesia (xylazine-procaine epidural and internal pudendal nerve block) and standing surgical intervention (resection and cautery) was performed in each case. Phone call follow-up was performed by one author (EET) in all 31 cases and 2 cases out of the 28 that were contactable showed post-surgical recurrence of penile fibropapillomatosis (i.e., 7.1% recurrence rate). Conclusion This case series summarises the history and presenting findings of 31 bovine penile fibropapilloma cases and describes a regional anaesthetic and standing surgical approach for successful case management.

Introduction: High-frequency ultrasonography (HFUS) has emerged as a non-invasive and cost-effective diagnostic tool for evaluating the outcomes of dermatological therapeutic procedures. Aim: This manuscript presents a comprehensive collection of sonographic images depicting cutaneous lesions associated with various dermatoses, including verruca vulgaris, epidermoid cyst, maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. Material and methods: Drawing from an extensive review of the existing literature and supported by empirical observations, the study highlights key sonographic attributes observable in both normal and pathological skin variants. Results: It has been demonstrated that individual skin lesions exhibit distinct characteristics on HFUS. Furthermore, ultrasonographic examination has proven to be valuable for the objective assessment of disease severity. Conclusions: Additionally, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of HFUS as a valuable tool in dermatological diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-HPV potential of a Moringa olifera Lam seed, Nigella sativa L. seed, and Musa Acuminata peel herbal mixture in the form of polymer film-forming systems. A clinical trial conducted in outpatient clinics showed that the most significant outcome was wart size and quantity. Compared to the placebo group, the intervention group's size and number of warts were considerably better according to the results. Chemical profiling assisted by LC-HRMS led to the dereplication of 49 metabolites. Furthermore, network pharmacology was established for the mixture of three plants; each plant was studied separately to find out the annotated target genes, and then, we combined all annotated genes of all plants and filtered the genes to specify the genes related to human papilloma virus. In a backward step, the 24 configured genes related to HPV were used to specify only 30 compounds involved in HPV infection based on target genes. CA2 and EGFR were the top identified genes with 16 and 12 edges followed by PTGS2, CA9, and MMP9 genes with 11 edges each. A molecular docking study for the top active identified compounds of each species was conducted in the top target HPV genes, CA2 and EGFR, to investigate the mode of interaction between these compounds and the targets' active sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gérard Orth, a respected scientist in the field of biology and medicine, made significant contributions to the study of viral and host determinants of health and disease, particularly in relation to papillomaviruses. He worked at prestigious institutions such as the Institut Pasteur and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Orth's career was influenced by his upbringing in Alsace and his admiration for figures like Louis Pasteur and Charles de Gaulle. The text also mentions other individuals and their contributions to virology research, including Pierre Lépine and his invention of the French poliomyelitis vaccine. It concludes with an obituary for Gérard Orth, highlighting his work on epidermodysplasia verruciformis and the discovery of human papillomaviruses, as well as his personality traits and personal life. [Extracted from the article]

Aim To determine variations in allele and genotype frequencies between keratoacanthoma (KA) and common warts (CW), compared with the control group, in three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the TLR2, TLR3, and TLR9 genes. Methods This case-control study involved samples from 161 patients with KA, 152 patients with CW, and 469 controls. DNA was isolated from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Three SNPs - rs4696480 in TLR2, rs7657186 in TLR9, and rs35213 in TLR3 - were genotyped with TaqMan Genotyping Assays on the 7500 Real-Time PCR System. Results TLR2 rs4696480 and TLR3 rs7657186 were significantly overrepresented in KA and CW compared with controls (P < 0.001). The association was stronger for CW than for KA, as evidenced by higher frequencies of the A allele and AA genotype for rs4696480. Both KA and CW patients had higher frequencies of the G allele and GG genotype for rs7657186 than controls. rs7657186 was moderately associated with KA and CW, with the G allele and GG genotype being more prevalent in CW cases, where no AA homozygotes were found. Conclusion Genetic variants in TLR2 (rs4696480) and TLR3 (rs7657186) genes may affect KA and CW development, influencing immune responses and susceptibility to these skin lesions. Further research is required to elucidate TLR expression patterns and their role in KA development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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