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AbstractSince ancient times, Homeric similes, particularly in the Iliad, have been extensively debated. Often treated as separate narrative components, their traditional aspects have been overlooked in favour of their unique images. However, recent studies have emphasised that these similes convey more than just explicit images: they also communicate through their traditional language and repeated themes. The similes centred on maternal protection have been commonly interpreted as tender, portraying a war-free reality. Yet, Kathy Gaca (“Reinterpreting the Homeric Simile of Iliad 16.7–11: The Girl and Her Mother in Ancient Greek Warfare,” American Journal of Philology 129 (2): 145–171, 2008) introduced an alternative view, proposing that the simile in Il. 16.6–10, comparing Patroclus to a crying little girl clinging to her mother’s dress, might represent a mother fleeing from invading soldiers with her child. Building upon this interpretation, I argue for a war context in the other three similes that have a maternal protection scene: Il. 4.130–131 (Athena protecting Menelaus), Il. 8.271 (Teucer hiding behind Ajax’s shield), and Il. 12.433–435 (the balance in battle). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quite a large number of Iraqi – Iran war victims as well as casualties of Kurdish revolution since 1961 now making a noticeable ratio of the disablers population in Kurdistan of Iraq. In fact, recent uprising also did contribute in raising the number of the injured and handicaps within Kurdish community. Actually, all these people almost got no easy way for participating in entertainment within this park, or any similar parks in Erbil (Hawler). All these are because of lack of suitable road and even special gates within such parks. In fact, even babies and nurseries are in need to such gate and ways that is absent so far. A review of the actual design and pointing out the stages of establishing points in this respect will be the goal of the present study for such and other parks in the region in order to reduce the existing gaps in designing, planning and in constitution of any parks. Present study is concentrating on the effect on disablers, the psychological and physical effects on crippled individuals, and the effects on disability institutions. Sami Abdulrahman Park is one of Erbil's largest parks, present study's primary goal is to build a system that addresses issues with disabled people's access to these parks. According to studies, the existence of inaccessibility is routed, and cities are referred to eliminate it; design measures with interior locations are then used to suggest presenting options. Using sketches, photos, and interviews, researchers record the park's landscape design sites—entrances, streets, pedestrian crossings, parking lots, ramps, urban furniture, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to analyze the substantive and value-oriented guidelines of modern Ukrainian constitutionalism in the post-war period. The relevance of the research is driven by the need to restore and reform Ukraine's legal system in the post-war period. Rebuilding the country requires not only physical reconstruction but also a rethinking and strengthening of the constitutional foundations upon which the state is built. The research methodology includes doctrinal research, comparative analysis, and empirical research methods. The study analyzed the shift in the values of Ukrainian constitutionalism in the post-war period. Key directions for the restoration and development of Ukraine's legal system were identified, including ensuring sovereignty, protecting citizens' rights and freedoms, developing democratic institutions, economic stability, national identity, international cooperation and integration, humanitarian support for war victims, and environmental sustainability. Challenges and opportunities facing Ukrainian society in the context of post-war recovery were analyzed, and measures to strengthen the legal order and democratic values were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Umsatzsteuer-Rundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Over the past 30 years, forensic experts from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina have embraced advanced technologies and innovations to enable great efficacy and proficiency in the identification of war victims. The wartime events in the countries of former Yugoslavia greatly influenced the application of the selected DNA analyses as routine tools for the identification of skeletal remains, especially those from mass graves. Initially, the work was challenging because of the magnitude of the events, technical aspects, and political aspects. Collaboration with reputable foreign forensic experts helped tremendously in the efforts to start applying DNA analysis routinely and with increasing success. In this article, we reviewed the most significant achievements related to the application of DNA analysis in identifying skeletal remains in situations where standard identification methods were insufficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines Phil Klay's story collection, Redeployment (2015), with particular reference to victimhood in war and the culpability of war casualties. The victimhood argument is essential to wars because it emphasizes the innocence of one party at the expense of the other, providing a pretext and justification for violent retaliation. It serves the pro-war narrative and validates action on the ground against the second party. The argument in this paper is made in two constructs: 'American Victims,' which addresses the representation of American soldiers as victims of war and their accountability for violence, and 'Local Victims,' which examines the presence of Iraqis as victims of war and their responsibility for the status quo in Iraq. Both Americans and Iraqis, soldiers who participate in the war as well as civilians, are made victims of war in Klay's stories. The suffering of locals is presented but as part of the larger victimization of American soldiers, who are the most visible victims of war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of KULT online is the property of Justus Liebig University Giessen and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Does war enhance or impede the long-term community-level development of social capital? While wartime mobilization and collective-action efforts might strengthen social ties, extreme destruction can potentially erase these effects. We use historical aerial photographs taken after the indiscriminate firebombing of Tokyo during World War II to measure conditionally independent microvariation in neighborhood-level damage and investigate the relationship between the amount of damage sustained and the present-day strength of neighborhood associations, a key indicator of geographically rooted social capital. Even after decades of population recovery, economic growth, and transformations of the urban space, the most heavily damaged neighborhoods continue to have less organized neighborhood associations and also exhibit lower socioeconomic well-being in terms of education, occupation, and residential stability. These findings are consistent with the idea that the social capital of survivors is a crucial ingredient for postwar recovery: when fewer survivors remain, communities can potentially be set on a path of persistent disadvantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research shows that war affects various groups of survivors differently, yet the severe consequences faced by war widows are often overlooked. Combining insights from fieldwork in Sri Lanka with secondary sources, we conclude that the time is ripe for the daunting challenges of war widows to be brought into the limelight. We argue that widowhood after war is conditioned both by the post-war context and society’s gendered constructions. The social expectations that follow pose exceptional trials in everyday life for war widows globally. As an important case and illustrative example, we analyse Sri Lanka: a decade ago emerging from civil war; today, in dire need of economic and political transformation. We demonstrate how war widows are caught in the crossfire of demographic change, post-war insecurities, economic hardship, and gender discriminating norms and traditions. This unseen group of survivors play a critical role for the prospects for economic, social and political development in the transition from war to peace, in Sri Lanka and beyond. We conclude by calling for a concerted effort wherein research and policy come together to outline a new research and policy agenda with the aim of lessening the burden of war widows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“Necessary Exorcisms” reads S. Ansky’s The Dybbuk in the context of Ansky’s travels during World War I as a relief aid worker with the Jewish Committee to Help War Victims. Ansky’s description of the fate of Jews in occupied Galicia—in the fragments of a diary he kept during these years and in a longer memoir published after the war—confronts us with two motifs at the heart of The Dybbuk: a blurring of the threshold between life and death, and the important role that law, litigatory practices, and lawful authorities play as entities to which one could appeal to prevent a wrong from occurring and/ or to adjudicate a wrong after it has occurred. To read The Dybbuk alongside Ansky’s account of what happened to Jews in Galicia during World War I is to see the play as a dramatic exploration of issues at the heart of what Giorgio Agamben has theorized as a state of exception—the geopolitical space in which there is no law or lawful authority to which to appeal when one’s rights as a citizen have been revoked and one has become exposed to arbitrary violence. To read The Dybbuk as a play obliquely linked to the fate of Jews in occupied Galicia is to complicate contemporary readings that see Ansky staging the law’s malign power to punish illicit desires so as to uphold patriarchal and classist norms. Reading The Dybbuk as a postwar play, “Necessary Exorcisms” discerns in it an apology for the law and its intercessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Initiated by Vincent Lebbe in 1920, the Belgian Catholic project for Chinese students was a harbinger of inculturation. Contrary to the impression that the Catholic Church reacted slowly to the demand of indigenisation in the early twentieth century, this article demonstrates that a project specifically designed for Chinese students had already been prepared for this purpose back in Belgium. In other words, through the fostering of intercultural understanding and personal contacts between students abroad and home communities, the Belgian Catholic project became part of the Leuven school's missiological initiative, which was meant to realise Church implantation in mission countries. In order to maximise the contacts between young Chinese intellectuals and the Belgian Catholic milieu, Lebbe and his associates strategically anchored their cause into the allocation of the Sino-Belgian Indemnity Scholarship, despite stiff competition. The Catholic efforts to encourage a sense of unity evoked sympathy in Belgian society towards China, and in time contributed to charitable support for war victims at the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War. Though originally driven by evangelical purposes and ideological challenges, the spirit of inculturation gave rise to an awareness of human solidarity, a legacy worthy of a true apostolate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. military is not usually identified as a humanitarian force, and indeed the very concept of military humanitarianism strikes one as a paradox. According to conventional wisdom, at least, modern humanitarianism emerged as a direct response and even an antidote to military violence. As the story goes, Geneva businessman Henri Dunant's efforts to redress the horrors of war after seeing the terrible aftermath of the Battle of Solferino (1859) eventually gave rise to the Geneva Conventions and the Red Cross movement. The two world wars reinforced this violence-breeds-care logic, as the vast scale of wartime suffering generated ever greater humanitarian counter-efforts. By the 1940s, an array of national, international, and supranational organizations increasingly aspired to provide neutral and impartial relief to the victims of war, thereby counteracting, or so they hoped, the violence and partisanship of armed conflict. Even if, on closer inspection, humanitarianism and warfare have always had a more symbiotic relationship—after all, in an era of citizen armies it was only the relative humanization of warfare that guaranteed its survival as an instrument of statecraft—the conceptual divide between the military and the humanitarian remains strong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

War is the most destructive of human actions, leaving a legacy of hatred, violence, and destruction which can often take decades to rebuild. The victims of war are endless, from those directly involved in the chaos, to the generations that follow and attempt to rebuild their shattered lives. Many experiences of the victims of war remain largely undiagnosed or even recognized, producing feelings of shame and fear that create the conditions for new conflicts to emerge. Academia is more than just analyzing data; it is the creation of a space in which to allow the recording of stories and reflections of those involved in major historical episodes. The piece hopes to provide an opportunity for just one military voice from the complex and chaotic period of "the Troubles" in Northern Ireland to speak and share their reflections to help understand the human cost of war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines Ben Fountain's Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk (2012) and Sinan Antoon's The Corpse Washer (2013) in terms of their representations of Americans and Iraqis in the context of the 2003 Iraq War. It aims to investigate and compare the novels' approaches to the lives/deaths of Americans and Iraqis, drawing on Judith Butler's claim that people in the West conceive of and deal with the lives/deaths of these non-Westerners differently. The lives of Westerners are made the most valuable at the expense of the safety and security of those outside these geographies. The analysis is made in two paradigms: 'Western lives' and 'non-Western lives'. While Fountain's novel focuses primarily on American soldiers, who are presented as the ultimate victims of the war, Antoon's provides a counter-narrative that challenges Fountain's argument and provides Iraqi characters with extended narrative spaces to recount their grievances. In Fountain's work, American deaths are thoroughly mourned at the expense of Iraqi deaths. Antoon's narrative, on the other hand, mourns these ungrievable souls and reclaims their ignored value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction to the journal is presented in which the editor discusses the various topics within the issue, including the American Civil War monuments, the Battle of Gettysburg victim Jennie Wade, and the experiences of African American soldiers during the war.

Within international humanitarian law (IHL) the legal figure of the civilian is conceived as a passive victim of war in need of protection, while civilians who become actively involved in hostilities lose their protections. The distinction between civilians and combatants is accordingly a fundamental principle informing IHL and is considered a standard of civilisation and humane warfare. This paper interrogates what happens when this standard is applied to anticolonial wars, where entire civilian populations participated in self-emancipatory violence and actively blurred this distinction in order to advance their own liberation. Advancing a theory aimed at decolonising the legal figure of the civilian, I analyse the specific nature of anticolonial violence and the call of anticolonial thinkers to deliberately undermine the distinction between civilians and combatants. Building on the ethos of civilian participation articulated by different anticolonial thinkers and adopting a 'revisionist' approach, I argue that the passive conception of the civilian at the heart of the Geneva Conventions and the Additional Protocols faces the risk of outlawing anticolonial violence and its political ethos of liberation. Décoloniser la figure du civil dans les guerres de libération nationale du tiers monde [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, Francisco de Roux reflects on the discernment of the Church in the midst of the pain of the victims of the internal war in Colombia. He highlights the importance of fraternity and communion in the construction of a universal human community based on dignity, justice, and peace. The work of the Commission for the Clarification of Truth, Coexistence, and Non-Repetition in Colombia is mentioned, as well as the importance of seeking the truth to confront the violence in the war. The text also emphasizes the importance of the encyclical Fratelli tutti and the need for the Church to commit to the construction of a global community based on fraternity and human dignity. [Extracted from the article]

The editorial article of the Concilium magazine addresses the topic of peace and justice in the midst of the presence of wars and armed conflicts in the world. The presence of war in places like Afghanistan, Yemen, Syria, South Sudan, and Libya is highlighted. The article raises questions about how to confront war and armed conflicts, and how theology can offer answers. The importance of different agents and logics to address this problem is also mentioned. Experts reflect on the relationship between war and religion, non-violence as a way of living in accordance with human dignity, the role of the Church in promoting peace and peaceful conflict resolution, and how to prevent and resolve conflicts in Africa in a sustainable manner. Finally, the importance of remembering and showing solidarity with the victims of war is emphasized. [Extracted from the article]

Can wars breed nationalism? We argue that civilians' indirect exposure to war fatalities can trigger psychological processes that increase identification with their nation and ultimately strengthen support for nationalist parties. We test this argument in the context of the rise of the Nazi Party after World War 1 (WW1). To measure localized war exposure, we machine-coded information on 7.5 million German soldiers who were wounded or died in WW1. Our empirical strategy leverages battlefield dynamics that cause plausibly exogenous variation in the county-level casualty fatality rate—the share of dead soldiers among all casualties. We find that throughout the interwar period, electoral support for right-wing nationalist parties, including the Nazi Party, was 2.6 percentage points higher in counties with above-median casualty fatality rates. Consistent with our proposed mechanism, we find that this effect was driven by civilians rather than veterans and areas with a preexisting tradition of collective war commemoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Violence leaves significant social groups at a long-term disadvantage, including for generating income and accessing public services. In this article, we conduct a nationwide field experiment with local authorities in Colombia to evaluate how politicians respond to conflict victims in providing access to social services. We find that local officials are more likely to respond to requests for help from victims than from ordinary citizens and return friendlier and more helpful responses. Although politicians invest additional efforts to respond to conflict victims, we show that their responsiveness, affect, and helpfulness vary based on the ideological match between the party in power and the identity of the perpetrator of violence. Using interviews, we present evidence that elected officials respond to victims to signal their commitment to peace and to separate themselves from violent groups on their ideological side. These findings provide new insights into the dynamics of political representation in postconflict societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the aftermath of war, people need visions that (re)unite them and overcome the psychological wounds they have incurred. The post-war Japanese needed narratives that could help them to rebuild their war-torn self-image. They subscribed to a story of Hiroshima being the first city to be demolished by an atomic bomb. Through this, Hiroshima became a national symbol, and the Japanese regarded themselves as victims of war, which effectively overrode their sense of shame and of responsibility for the war. As this process was aimed internally to serve as the backbone of post-war recovery, it did not turn the Japanese against the United States, and thus Japanese collective victimhood includes the following three anomalies: first, the absence of an enemy; second, a lack of aggressiveness; and third, the irrelevance of recovery. This article, therefore, challenges the existing theory of collective victimhood using the case of post-war Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

War-related burns are common injuries, also among the civilian population. Additional trauma such as fractures or shrapnel wounds may add significant morbidity. Burn injuries in war zones are furthermore frequently undertreated and hence prone to complications. We report a case of a young female victim of war, whose severely infected burn wounds could be successfully healed using a combination of targeted antimicrobial therapy, wound conditioning using decellularized fish skin, and subsequent skin grafting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the challenges associated with recognizing children born of war as victims within the framework of international criminal law. Focusing on the case of Dominic Ongwen, a former child soldier and senior commander of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), it analyses how the criteria established in the definition of victim in the Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the International Criminal Court have been applied to children born of war. This analysis brings to the fore conceptual challenges to the recognition of children born of war as victims and highlights the risks that the binary victim-perpetrator that characterises the international criminal narrative presents to a comprehensive understanding of the experiences and needs of these children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colombia is one of the countries where the armed conflict has been expressed through different forms of violence, causing the victims to experience multiple traumatic situations. The aim of this study is to compare the number of traumatic events experienced, the presence of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD), and the deterioration of functioning among victims of forced displacement in the context of the armed conflict who meet and do not meet the diagnostic criteria for PTSD, through the application of the EGEP-5, which is an instrument that evaluates the presence of post-traumatic symptoms and diagnosis of PTSD. The study is non-experimental, cross-sectional, and descriptive in scope. The results showed that 45.6% of the total sample met all the PTSD criteria, presenting in turn a greater number of traumatic events, though polyvictimization was identified in the two study samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of past traumatic war experiences on preadolescents in the Gaza Strip, which could be useful for psychological intervention with current and future child victims. Participants were 521 preadolescents from United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) schools, aged 11 and 13 years old. Sections I to IV from Iraqi Version-Arabic of Harvard Trauma Questionnaire was used to assess trauma experiences and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The results show that the preadolescents in the Gaza Strip witnessed the destruction of their homes and the murder of family members and friends. A quarter of the individuals assessed either suffered torture or witnessed others undergoing it, including sexual assaults. Almost half of them experienced a lack of food and clean water. The traumatic and torture experiences seriously affected preadolescents' mental health as 26.29% met criteria for the diagnosis of PTSD. The data analysis revealed two PTSD modalities, with the severity of impact depending on whether social implications were involved. Further research is required to check whether these two modalities fit to PTSD and complex PTSD. Understanding the effects of past wars on preadolescents in Gaza and distinguishing between different PTSD types could enhance comprehension of the impacts of current attacks on child victims. It can also aid in determining the type of intervention needed to minimize the impact on the mental health of Palestinian youth, enhancing their resilience through psychological and social support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Scientific Journal of the Institute for Women's Studies / Studiów Kobiece is the property of Humanica Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Housing Environment / Środowisko Mieszkaniowe is the property of Chair of Housing Environment, Faculty of Architecture, Cracow University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Complutum is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyzes the representations of the Holocaust in the Mexican sociocultural horizon of the 1950s and 1960s, focusing on the film newsreel Cine Verdad. It highlights the influence of the United States on Mexican cinema during World War II to counteract Axis propaganda. It is mentioned that the theme of the Holocaust has not been widely linked to topics such as identity, violence, and human rights in Mexico, unlike other countries such as Argentina. The text analyzes the representation of the Holocaust in Mexican literature and cinema. The influence of the film newsreel Cine Verdad in the dissemination of the Holocaust in Mexico is also analyzed. The article discusses the participation of Carlos Fuentes and José Emilio Pacheco in magazines and novels related to the left and the Holocaust. In addition, the representation of the Holocaust in post-war cinema and how it was integrated into an anti-fascist narrative is mentioned. The text analyzes Lanzmann's work and his contribution to the dissemination of the word "Shoah" instead of "Holocaust" in European and North American intellectual and cultural media. It is also mentioned that the series "Holocaust" had a similar effect in the United States as the Eichmann trial in Israel, as it prompted the collection of testimonies of the genocide. The article analyzes the representation of the Holocaust in Mexico's historical consciousness through the film newsreel Cine Verdad. It is emphasized that, unlike Germany and Israel, Mexico did not have a role as perpetrator or victim in World War II and the Holocaust. Overall, the importance of these topics in relation to the present and the prevention of the repetition of a catastrophic past is highlighted. The cited document is a list of bibliographic references that address topics related to the representation of the Holocaust and traumatic past in the audiovisual and literary field. [Extracted from the article]

This paper aims to provide an overview of the existence of waqf in Turkey and the changes that occurred during the Ottoman Empire, which for a long time sustained the existence of Islamic civilization, including community service in the fields of worship, education, social and military. Even though Turkey has been completely secularized, waqf still exists in various forms. Using literary methods, historical qualitative approaches, and descriptive analysis, the researchers attempt to reveal the conditions and types of waqf in Turkey during the Ottoman period and the modern era, namely after the fall of the Ottoman Empire. In general, the researchers found that waqf in Turkey was used for humanitarian purposes, both for Muslims and non-Muslims, and animals might also benefit from the waqf. In the post-Ottoman Turkish period, waqf emerged in other forms, such as special waqf to deal with earthquakes and natural disasters, as well as to help widows and children of war victims. Sufi orders also played a role in the development of waqf, which avoided direct conflict with the secular government of the time of Kemal Atatürk and his supporters. Sufi orders lived to develop Waqf in community services, hospitals, education, and other social activities— expansion of sufi waqf in the Balkans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the impact of armed conflict on children living on the Gaza-Israel border. The war has resulted in physical and mental health issues for children, as well as disruptions in their education and development. The article emphasizes the importance of international cooperation and humanitarian aid to mitigate the harm caused to children in the region. It also highlights the need for attention to the well-being of children on both sides of the conflict and calls for efforts to address the long-term consequences of the war. [Extracted from the article]

After more than 50 years of armed conflict in Colombia, a Peace Agreement was signed with a gender focus and an ethnic chapter seeking the reconstruction of indigenous territories and the restitution of women. From this perspective, this article proposes a documentary review of the Peace Agreement, the documents related to its follow-up, and the narratives of the testimonies of the women of the Nasa indigenous territory during the five years since its implementation, with the objective of determining how they have lived this process of transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: Diagnosis of small airway disease on computed tomography (CT) scans is challenging in patients with a history of chemical warfare exposure. We developed a software package based on different methodologies to identify and quantify small airway disease in CT images. The primary aim was to identify the best automatic methodology for detecting small airway disease in CT scans of Iran-Iraq War victims of chemical warfare. Methods: This retrospective case–control study enrolled 46 patients with a history of chemical warfare exposure and 27 controls with inspiratory/expiratory (I/E) CT scans and spirometry tests. Image data were automatically segmented, and inspiratory images were registered into the expiratory images' frame using the locally developed software. Parametric response mapping (PRM) and air trapping index (ATI) mapping were performed on the CT images. Conventional QCT methods, including expiratory/inspiratory mean lung attenuation (E/I MLA) ratio, normal density E/I (ND E/I) MLA ratio, attenuation volume Index (AVI), %low attenuation areas (LAA) < -856 in exhale scans, and %LAA < -950 in inhale scans were also computed. QCT measurements were correlated with spirometry results and compared across the two study groups. Results: The correlation analysis showed a significant negative relationship between three air trapping (AT) measurements (PRM, ATI, and %LAAExp < -856) and spirometry parameters (Fev1, Fvc, Fev1/Fvc, and MMEF). Moreover, %LAAExp < -856 had the highest significant negative correlation with Fev1/Fvc (r = -0.643, P-value < 0.001). Three AT measurements demonstrated a significant difference between the study groups. The E/I ratio was also significantly different between the two groups (P-value < 0.001). Binary logistic regression models showed PRMFsad, %LAAExp < -856, and ATI as significant and strong predictors of the study outcome. Optimal cut-points for PRMFsad = 19%, %LAAExp < -856 = 23%, and ATI = 27% were identified to classify the participants into two groups with high accuracy. Conclusion: QCT methods, including PRM, ATI, and %LAAExp < -856 can greatly advance the identification and quantification of SAD in chemical warfare victims. The results should be verified in well-designed prospective studies involving a large population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the Russian invasion on the 24th of February 2022 the war in Ukraine has been horrific and tragically impactful. The consequences of the Russian invasion of Ukraine are far reaching, ranging from at least 3,496 civilian deaths, including at least 69 children, to the displacement of at least 14 million of persons (confirmed by the United Nations, Office for the High Commissioner for Human Rights, 10 April 2022, Sugden et al., 2022), and to the massive destruction of Ukraine's infrastructure. Similarly profound are the implications of the war in Ukraine for the journalistic media of mass communication. In this paper I examine ten sets of major implications of the Ukraine war for the news media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article discusses the plight of stateless people in Ukraine, exacerbated by the ongoing war, who face barriers in accessing humanitarian aid, safe passage, and protection due to limited documentation. It highlights the challenges of statelessness, and suggests recommendations such as addressing barriers to ensure humanitarian aid access, ensuring an inclusive response in Europe for those fleeing Ukraine, and working towards preventing and ending statelessness.

In the Ongwen case, according to the OTP women were abducted to be wives and men to be soldiers, women were forced to work and men forced to fight. The OTP brought enslavement charges for some of these crimes. Absent from the charges was the forced fighting of men. This paper discusses the crime of enslavement in the Ongwen case. By combining a doctrinal analysis and a feminist approach, I seek to show how gender representations emerge in the application of the law in detriment of men's victimhood. I argue that the application of the law responds to gender representations in war. Men are not perceived to be victims once they become 'soldiers'. Likewise, for women, the effect is their continuous perception as non-fighters and victims of war. This leads to reinforcing those representations, to lack of acknowledgment of victimhood for men and to reducing the experiences of women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses the severe impact of war on children, highlighting how they suffer disproportionately and are often manipulated in political narratives. Topics discussed include the use of child casualties to advance political agendas, differences in how child deaths are reported by conflicting sides, and the universal tragedy of losing any child in conflict.

In recent years several commentators have observed the trend of mainstream media ignoring and distorting women’s perspectives and experiences in armed conflicts. Both in the reporting and the wider discourse about conflicts, women tend to be cast less as political actors and more as helpless victims, often paired with children in accounts of war incidents. Carolina Marques de Mesquita (2016), in her study of media coverage of recent wars and conflicts, observed that while major media outlets tend to represent the scale of violence in a conflict through the harm and death inflicted on women, they are otherwise often neglected. This contention sets the backdrop for our study that aims to explore the Russian-Ukraine War from a gendered lens. We examine the coverage of the ongoing conflict in four news outlets to see whether or not they reflect the established pattern of gendered representations of war. Our analysis reveals, by and large, persistence in the pattern of coverage of the war that corroborates the charge that media reportage of conflict tends to underrepresent women and distort their involvement in wars through narrow role characterizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research conducted in the last four decades on rape and other forms of sexual violence shows that they are not only the result of transgression behaviors of some people but have been used as strategic, systemic, and calculated tools of war, ethnic cleansing, and genocide. Examining the nature and effect of wartime rape and sexual violence based on their distinctive features, context, and historical background is essential for research and service providers. This paper explores the lived experiences of sexual violence and gang rape victims during the North Ethiopian war in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Data were collected from three girls and women survivors using a trauma and socio-culturally informed phenomenological approach. The finding shows that participants experienced a broad and complex range of psychological, physiological, emotional, and relational suffering after the rape. The result also shed light on some risk factors such as lack of awareness of the effect of traumatic events, stigma related to rape, and lacks victim protective legislation risk their journey to healing. The paper further discussed individual and community mental health responses for victims of war rape in culturally responsive and resource-poor settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the philosopher's stance that state-sponsored cyberattacks against central military or civilian targets are always acts of war. Topics include the different perspectives on what the philosopher is doing, such as making claims about the concept of war; making claims about war per se or engineering the concept of war through conceptual engineering.

PCR-MPS is an emerging tool for the analysis of low-quality DNA samples. In this study, we used PCR-MPS to analyse 32 challenging bone DNA samples from three Second World War victims, which previously yielded no results in conventional STR PCR-CE typing. The Identity Panel was used with 27 cycles of PCR. Despite that we only had an average of 6.8 pg of degraded DNA as template, 30 out of 32 libraries (93.8%) produced sequencing data for about 63/90 autosomal markers per sample. Out of the 30 libraries, 14 (46.7%) yielded single source genetic profiles in agreement with the biological identity of the donor, whereas 12 cases (40.0%) resulted in SNP profiles that did not match or were mixed. The misleading outcomes for those 12 cases were likely due to hidden exogenous human contamination, as shown by the higher frequencies of allelic imbalance, unusual high frequencies of allelic drop-ins, high heterozygosity levels in the consensus profiles generated from challenging samples, and traces of amplified molecular products in four out of eight extraction negative controls. Even if the source and the time of the contamination were not identified, it is likely that it occurred along the multi-step bone processing workflow. Our results suggest that only positive identification by statistical tools (e.g. likelihood ratio) should be accepted as reliable; oppositely, the results leading to exclusion should be treated as inconclusive because of potential contamination issues. Finally, strategies are discussed for monitoring the workflow of extremely challenging bone samples in PCR-MPS experiments with an increased number of PCR cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the destructive and illegal full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, caring for the victims of war trauma has been an essential function of Ukrainian clinicians [ 1 , 2 ]. The authors present a case where using novel dynamic digital thermography (DDT), combined with international telemedicine support, contributed to saving the lower limb of an injured Ukrainian soldier. A male soldier in his 30s presented with a 'through and through' fragmentation wound to the right thigh from an artillery shell exploding nearby. After initial haemorrhage control and resuscitation, the patient was transferred to a tertiary hospital. Using telemedicine support, reconstructive surgery was planned and performed successfully using a perforating flap technique. DDT was used pre-operatively to identify a perforating vessel and post-operatively to ensure perfusion of the flap. The patient made a good recovery and was discharged 14 d post-operatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]