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This article examines how foreign journalists covered the Vietnam War by focusing on how they reported on the treatment of Vietnamese detainees. As transnational actors, reporters created sources that linked the local conflict in Southeast Asia to perceptions in the wider world. Unlike the coverage of the My Lai massacre, the many reports on the fate of Vietnamese prisoners had no serious impact on public attitudes or Congressional appropriations. By providing a classification of the various acts of violence covered, this article highlights the discrepancies between the prevailing official narratives and what reporters actually witnessed in the jungles of Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores Israel's war on Palestinians in Gaza and examines the historical justifications for punitive war. It discusses the use of force, starvation as a weapon, and the destruction of civilian infrastructure in Gaza. The author argues that Israel's actions violate the principle of proportionality and raises questions about genocide. The text also discusses the views of political theorist Michael Walzer and compares them to early modern thinkers who justified punitive wars. It examines the ethical justifications and language used by Israel in the conflict and questions the effectiveness of the genocide prevention framework. The article was written by Camilla Boisen, a historian of political thought, and any mistakes or inaccuracies are the author's responsibility. [Extracted from the article]

This article takes the example of auca slavery in Chile during the seventeenth century to argue that legality can provide the infrastructure that historically enables the enslavement of individuals and groups through its traditional repertoire of intellectual and institutional resources. As noted in the case of auca slavery, these legal resources may include, among other possibilities, doctrines that justify the existence of a particular form of unfree status; categories that ascribe to individuals or groups the circumstances that render them unfree; and procedures for certifying an individual’s unfree status, transferring the ownership of unfree individuals and resolving disputes over the ownership of enslaved individuals or over their free or unfree status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a review of Rory Cox's book, "Origins of the Just War: Military Ethics and Culture in the Ancient Near East." The book explores the ethical norms and attitudes towards war in ancient martial cultures such as Egyptian, Hittite, and Israelite. The reviewer praises Cox's research for its relevance to contemporary armed conflict and just war theory, as it helps understand the influence of ancient ethical thought on modern intellectual, religious, and political life. The article also discusses the concept of "othering" in international humanitarian law and its historical roots in the laws of war, highlighting the use of degrading language to dehumanize the enemy. It explores the correlation between European identity and compliance with international law, as well as the development of international law outside of Europe. The text, "Laws of Yesterday's Wars," edited by Samuel White, provides historical perspectives on the laws of war, including Indigenous Australian laws of war, the late Middle Ages, and Roman laws of war. It aims to provide a moral argument with historical illustrations, making it a valuable resource for library patrons researching war and its legal and moral implications from diverse cultural and historical perspectives. [Extracted from the article]

Weapons of mass destruction are lethal instruments that involve nuclear explosions, radioactive, chemical, and biological materials, and any similar substances. This research addresses the extent and limits of the prohibition of possessing and using such weapons. It has been prepared according to the analytical and comparative methodologies, and its scientific material has been incorporated into an introductory chapter dedicated to definitions and two main chapters. The first chapter deals with the customary, jurisprudential, and judicial prohibition of the use of weapons of mass destruction, while the second chapter discusses the prohibition of the use of such weapons in conventions and treaties. The research has concluded, among other things, that: - The prohibition of possessing and using chemical and biological weapons is agreed upon, while there is disagreement regarding nuclear weapons, despite the fact that international law contains provisions in the convention prohibiting the use of weapons that cause unnecessary suffering. - Jurisprudence has differed on the legality of possessing biological warfare weapons within the scope of Article 2(4). - The prohibition should extend to the use of all weapons of mass destruction, regardless of their type. - A weapon prohibited under the law of armed conflict does not become lawful in light of the theory of legitimate defense. - The prohibition of such weapons is supported by many theories of international law. - These weapons cause great damage to the environment, and their use constitutes a crime of genocide and a crime against humanity. Although not explicitly included in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, the Statute has included in Article 8(2)(b) (17, 18) war crimes (the use of poison or poisoned weapons), as well as (the use of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and all analogous liquids, substances or gases). The research recommends adopting dual international criminal responsibility, as international criminal law cannot ignore the responsibility that rests on specific natural persons in connection with criminal acts committed by the state. The exceptions contained in the Rome Statute relating to the absence of international criminal responsibility should not apply in the case of the use of weapons of mass destruction. It also recommends considering the possession and use of chemical and biological weapons and the like as an international crime, especially after the entry into force of the Biological and Chemical Weapons Conventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the internment of German civilians in British West Africa during World War II, focusing on the case of Mr. Ernst Friedrichsdorf. It discusses the factors and power dynamics that led to the internment of German subjects in West Africa and highlights the historiographical imbalance in the colonial perspective of internment. The study relies on primary colonial records and provides new insights into the experiences of German civilians in West Africa during the war. The text also discusses the internment of German subjects in West Africa during the First and Second World Wars, highlighting the presence of German-speaking people in the region before official colonization. It examines the treatment of German subjects as enemy immigrants during the Second World War and the categorization of enemy immigrants in Great Britain. The article also discusses the role of consular representation and protecting powers in protecting the interests of enemy subjects during the war. The internment camps in West Africa provided some privileges and opportunities for the internees, but the unconventional treatment of Germans during the war had long-lasting effects on German presence in the postcolonial period. [Extracted from the article]

The text discusses the October 7 attacks carried out by Hamas, in which over 1,200 Israelis were brutally massacred. The attacks were justified by Hamas's adherence to Islamic fundamentalism and their belief in "redemptive antisemitism," which calls for the elimination of Jews from the Middle East. The text criticizes the international Left for supporting Hamas and glorifying the attacks as an act of resistance, arguing that this aligns them with the ideology of Jihadi apocalypticism. It also highlights the refusal of the Left to acknowledge Jewish suffering and the hypocrisy in their condemnation of Israel as an "apartheid regime." The text concludes by discussing the Western Left's celebration of revolutionary violence and its implications for the political outcome. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Adab Al-Kufa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For a long time, the full impacts of armed conflicts on the marine environment have been ill-defined and largely neglected. World War I and II-era remnants of war at sea pose increasing threats to human and marine life, particularly over the coming decade, as they contaminate, pollute, or detonate toxic and hazardous substances into coastal and benthic ecosystems. The International Law Commission’s Principles for Protection of the Environment in Relation to Armed Conflicts aim to enhance protections for the marine environment before, during, and after conflict. In practice, this means navigating an uncoalesced legal regime and relying on established principles of international environmental law – particularly the duty to cooperate and share information. However, considerable knowledge gaps need to be addressed to remedy the vast legacy of war in the ocean, as the majority of remnants of war at sea remain under-assessed, in part, due to financial and technical constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the idea of the "politics of not speaking" and its relevance to the ongoing violence in Israel and Palestine. It argues that politics should not solely rely on speaking and reasoning, but also on interrupting speech, or logoclasm. The author draws on biblical myths and the work of Carl Schmitt to support this argument. The text also discusses the relationship between state violence and reason, suggesting that the border between the inside and outside of the state justifies and maintains the state's unlimited violence. It examines the conflict between Israel and Gaza as an example of this mechanism and concludes by proposing that logoclastic action should aim to maintain logos in an imperfect state rather than resorting to violence. [Extracted from the article]

I examine how the proportionality principle shapes state responses to a cyberattack. I do so by investigating variation in the effects of the principle of proportionality on the state response. The variation accounts for four types of state response. First, if states respond to a first strike in a proportionate manner, they are in compliance with the principle, and attackers are likely to take it as an indication of willingness to honor the principle. Second, states may react to attackers with an excessive response in violation of the principle, which would force attackers to react as or more harshly. Third, states may accidentally make a proportionate response when they in fact seek to impose excessive harm on attackers. Finally, states may generate an excessive response by error when they in fact seek to comply with the principle. Related Articles: Glen, Carol. 2021. "Norm Entrepreneurship in Global Cybersecurity." Politics & Policy 49(5): 1121–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12430. Glen, Carol M. 2014. "Internet Governance: Territorializing Cyberspace?" Politics & Policy 42(5): 635–57. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12093/full. Zeng, Jinghan, Tim Stevens, and Yaru Chen. 2017. "China's Solution to Global Cyber Governance: Unpacking the Domestic Discourse of 'Internet Sovereignty.'" Politics & Policy 45(3): 432–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12202. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global landscape, enshrined in a wide range of international legal agreements, envisions an era of peaceful coexistence among nations. This vision is based on fundamental legal acts, such as the Charter of the United Nations and the Statute of the International Court of Justice (dated 26.06.1945), which enshrine the principle of peaceful coexistence. In addition, the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States (24.10.1970) and the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (01.08.1975) build on this foundation, strengthening the doctrine of peaceful interaction between states. The United Nations Charter resonates as a clear call to nations to prioritize peace and diplomacy over confrontation. The provision that “all Members of the United Nations shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner as not to endanger international peace, security and justice” (Article 2(3)) is not just a statement of intent; it is a guiding principle that emphasizes the value of peaceful coexistence. This principle favors dialogue over discord, cooperation over confrontation, and understanding over unilateral action. However, the development of international relations from the mid-20th century to the beginning of the 21st century demonstrates a somewhat opposite dynamic. Despite these well-established doctrines, there have been many instances where disputes have escalated into armed conflicts. The Korean War, the Vietnam War, multiple conflicts in the Middle East, and the recent civil war in Syria are just a few examples that have left a deep mark on the structure of world relations. Such events demonstrate the unfortunate tendency of states or groups within states to resort to force or the threat of force as a means of resolving disputes. This departure from the established norm of peaceful settlement raises a number of pressing questions and concerns, especially within the framework of international humanitarian law. How to accurately define “armed conflict”? What distinguishes an international conflict from a non-international one? When delving into this sub-topic, it is very important to distinguish between different classifications of conflicts. A thorough understanding of the criteria that distinguish, for example, between international conflicts, internal unrest, and other types of hostilities is of paramount importance. Referring to these criteria not only helps to accurately categorize conflicts, but also ensures that appropriate legal mechanisms are applied to mitigate the humanitarian consequences of such events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The definition of the concept of war crimes is studied in a transdisciplinary course in the close connection of criminal and international law. The author's position regarding the legal definition of the terms «war», «military conflict», «armed «conflict», «laws and customs of war», «aggression» and their combination is formulated and substantiated. It has been confirmed that the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court provides for the definition of war crimes, taking into account Art. 6 of the Statute of the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg, and recognizes war crimes as gross, serious violations of the laws and customs of war with a significantly expanded list of such violations. And this, taking into account the national interests of Ukraine, is enshrined in Art. 438 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. It is proven that wars and armed conflicts: 1) are not identical concepts and it is incorrect to combine them in terms of content, apparently partially; 2) war is a type of military conflict, which is characterized by bilateral use of military force and 3) war can be a military conflict of a non-international character only in the case of civil war, which in the civilized world should be cut off forever through diplomatic efforts and peaceful resolution of conflict problems with respect for rights people and nations. Focused attention on the need for further terminological improvement of the edition of a number of international documents and Art. 438 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine from the point of view of the further implementation of the principle of the rule of law and its key element - the legal certainty of the norms that determine criminal responsibility for the committed act. The author considers it expedient and offers a way to solve the problem of the correctness of the use of the legal construct «laws and customs of war» in the specified article and in international norms (primarily the so-called «Hague laws» and «Geneva laws»). Opinions are expressed regarding the adoption of a decision at the international level to ban wars as military conflicts of an international nature and any armed conflicts as phenomena unacceptable for humanity, and to criminalize violations of the ban on wars at the national level. The term «aggression» is presented as having a defining psychological component, which calls into question the validity of its use to characterize military conflicts as a type of war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the analysis of the provisions of international human rights law and international humanitarian law regarding the protection of the right to property, in particular the permitted limitations of this right, the relevant practice of international human rights courts and international criminal tribunals, the connection between the institution of derogation and the law of armed conflicts, as well as problematic issues of the protection of the right to property damaged during the russian-Ukrainian armed conflict. The author considers the provisions of some international treaties, which provide for the protection of the right to own property in peacetime, as well as the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights related to the violation of the right of applicants to own their property in accordance with Protocol No. 1 to the Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in connection with an international armed conflict or a situation of occupation. The author also analyzes the provisions of some sources of international humanitarian law regarding property as an object that must be protected during armed conflicts, in particular in occupied territories, and also provides examples of cases of international criminal tribunals, in whose decisions the destruction of property was recognized as a component of crimes against humanity. The author examines the question of the relationship between the sources of international human rights law and international humanitarian law in the context of the protection of the right to peaceful possession of property. The peculiarities of the institution of derogation in the context of the right to property in the conditions of an international armed conflict are analyzed. Ukraine's derogation from its obligations under international human rights treaties, including the right to peaceful possession of property, in the conditions of russian armed aggression, is studied. In addition, in the context of the armed conflict between Ukraine and russia, the objects of property rights and the interested subjects of the right to property, which is violated or limited as a result of military operation, are singled out, and the collective dimension of the right to property, which was damaged during the russian-Ukrainian armed conflict, was investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The creative impetus for conducting scientific research on the topic of the study was a rather underdeveloped layer of activity of pre-trial investigation bodies in documenting a certain category of war crimes. At present, we are talking about violations of the laws and customs of war in the context of studying one of the forms of the objective side of a criminal offense - cruel treatment of prisoners of war combined with premeditated murder. Considering the difficult situation with the release of Azovstal's defenders into "honorable captivity," a decision that was made at a high state level and lasted from May 16 to 21, 2022, it should be noted that all expectations regarding the implementation of the humanitarian component in accordance with the norms of International Humanitarian Law have not been met. So far, we have received completely different consequences of the desired rescue of the military, who were actually trapped in an enemy trap. Thus, on the night of July 29, 2022, in the former Volnovakha Penal Colony No. 120, located in the village of Molodizhne of the Olenivka Village Council of the Donetsk region (temporarily occupied territory), Russian occupation forces committed a terrorist act, which, according to official data, killed 53 and wounded more than 130 prisoners of war from among the defenders of Azovstal. According to the Ombudsman Dmytro Lubinets, "This is a public execution of officially confirmed, verified Ukrainian prisoners of war who were taken prisoner. According to the Geneva Convention, they were confirmed through the verification procedure by the International Committee of the Red Cross. They were representatives of one military unit of the National Guard of Ukraine..." Unfortunately, due to the complicated and actually suspended exchange of prisoners of war by the occupation authorities, cases of murder (extrajudicial executions) and torture of our military in captivity have become more frequent. Therefore, one of the main tasks of pre-trial investigation bodies should be to tactically correctly and timely document a war crime that is rather complex in its design -- violation of the laws and customs of war in the form of ill-treatment of prisoners of war, if it is combined with intentional murder. The timely and correct qualification of such an act should help improve the tactics and methods of investigation by addressing the practical challenges that arise during the pre-trial investigation. First and foremost, it is necessary to ensure clear interaction between several law enforcement agencies (the National Police of Ukraine and the Security Service of Ukraine), whose activities overlap in the plane of jurisdiction. Law enforcement agencies should not only continue each other's work, but also initiate pre-trial investigations with a clear understanding of the basic algorithm of coordinated actions to prevent loss of evidence with the possibility of further use of the collected evidence in the International Criminal Court. Judicial practice on this issue is currently being formed, but despite this, it is necessary to create and develop a unified algorithm of actions that should be based on the exclusive legality of the evidence obtained. The scientific research conducted in this under-researched area, reinforced by practical experience, will contribute to a deeper understanding of the issues of peculiarities of criminal law qualification and tactics of certain procedural actions during pre-trial investigation in criminal proceedings on the facts of violation of the laws and customs of war, if they are combined with premeditated murder, where the form of the objective side is cruel treatment of prisoners of war. The provisions proposed in this article are intended to be recommendatory for synergy in the work of specialists of pre-trial investigation units and the prosecutor's office in formulating an algorithm for proving the above facts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses the pressing issue of ensuring legality in the field of transplantation. The current state of healthcare in Ukraine, the need for high-quality medical services, and the necessity of adapting national legislation to international standards prompt a thorough analysis and improvement of the legal regulation of the transplantation of anatomical materials. The main focus of the article is on identifying violations of legislation in the field of transplantation, analyzing their types, and consequences. Various aspects of offenses are examined, including illegal organ trade, violations of the donor consent procedure, and non-compliance with medical ethics and safety standards during transplantation operations. The peculiarities of violations committed by both medical professionals and other related workers in the transplantation of human anatomical materials are revealed. The authors explore the international experience of transplantation regulation and highlight key points that require attention in Ukrainian legislation. The provisions of the Brussels Declaration on the Laws and Customs of War, the Geneva Conventions, and other international documents establishing norms and principles in this field are analyzed. Violations of these norms can have serious consequences for patients' health and the reputation of medical institutions. The article emphasizes the need to strengthen state control over compliance with legislation in the field of transplantation, improve legal mechanisms of accountability for violations, and create conditions for the effective functioning of the transplantation system in Ukraine. Specifically, the author proposes an original definition of violations of the established order of transplantation of human anatomical materials and provides a classification of violations by areas and forms of activity at each stage of this his process. The study aims to form theoretical and practical foundations for ensuring the legality and ethics of the transplantation of anatomical materials in Ukraine, which is an important step in the development of the medical field and the protection of patients' rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the problem of gender-based sexual violence during the international armed conflict on the territory of Ukraine. Based on the analysis of international documents, customary international law, and scientific sources, it is shown that sexual violence and gender-based violence are distinct concepts. However, in the context of Ukrainian judicial practice under Article 438 "Violation of the Laws and Customs of War" of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, gender-based violence is exclusively sexual in nature and is expressed mainly in the form of gender-based rape. The doctrinal approach is supported, according to which the signs of sexual and gender-based violence are: 1) an act (an actual act), 2) coercion (an act committed against the person's will), 3) a cause (determined by gender), 4) consequences (causing one or more types of harm or suffering to a person). The author identifies the signs of rape related to armed conflict arising from the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, the Elements of Crimes of the International Criminal Court, and customary international law. The actus reus of rape is that the perpetrator has assaulted the body of a person by committing an act that resulted in penetration, even minor, of any part of the victim's or perpetrator's body with a sexual organ, or penetration of the victim's anus or vagina with any object or any part of the body; the fact that rape is a component of war crimes is determined by the presence of a specific situation (coercion by military personnel). The mens rea of rape is the need to establish the perpetrator's awareness of the encroachment on the human body by committing an act that resulted in penetration; the perpetrator's awareness of the circumstances of the act (use of force or threat of force, use of coercion, use of a coercive environment, inability of the person to give consent expressing his or her true will), including the absence of the victim's consent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a total war, World War I constituted a significant historical moment which proved that warfare not only serves to build nations and national identities, but can also create suitable socioeconomic and political conditions that foster the process of capital accumulation. The Ottoman state, like all the belligerents, on the one hand mobilized human power, means of production and subsistence and natural resources on a large scale for fighting and financing the war; on the other hand, it established a war economy based on violence and protectionism that directly favored war profiteers. The present article centers on the implementation of the War Tax Law, adopted on the eve of the war, which paved the way for state policies of dispossession, confiscation, and requisition. It argues that these practices aimed at the redistribution of capital to give birth to a new generation of Turkish-Muslim capitalists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The war in Ukraine is the first conventional war to ever take place in an entirely connected information ecology. The internet has not been switched off. Mundane smart devices are ubiquitous. Soldiers and ordinary civilians are participating in the conflict in ways that have never previously been possible. This stretches participation beyond the information domain and the kinds of connectivity that shaped conflicts in places like Syria, Tigray and Mali. Now the smartphone is routinely being used by soldiers and civilians alike to geolocate enemy columns, control drones to range find for artillery, and produce and broadcast the damage assessment for online audiences to watch. Surveillance technology already makes it possible to track individual smartphone users. In times of peace these forms of surveillance are curtailed. During a conventional war, however, private organizations and governments have reason to circumvent peacetime legal conventions. The result is that mundane connected technology forms part of an extended chain of sensors that feeds data and information to those involved in information warfare and targeting activities. In effect, the smartphone has collapsed the means to fight and represent war into the functionality of one device. This article maps the policy and military implications of these developments in relation to participation, the conduct of war and the law of armed conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Article dedicated to investigating the object of the composition of a criminal offense of violation of the laws and customs of war. The relevance of the topic is determined by the increase in violations of international humanitarian law in contemporary armed conflicts, including in the context of Russian aggression against Ukraine. The author analyses various approaches to defining the concept of "object of criminal offense," critically assessing the traditional Soviet notion of the object as social relations. The need to move away from this concept in favour of a broader understanding of the object as a complex of socially significant values, interests, and goods protected by criminal law is substantiated. The article discusses the specificity of the object of violations of the laws and customs of war, as defined by international acts regulating the conduct of war. The author emphasizes that this object includes the international legal order in the sphere of armed conflicts, the principles of international humanitarian law, rules of conduct of hostilities, and the protection of war victims. An additional optional object of violation of the laws and customs of war analysed is the life and health of the person. It is emphasized that a mandatory feature of the object for this criminal offense is its subject matter, which constitutes objects of civilian purpose, including national property, which serves as a material carrier of cultural values. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the structure of criminal offenses against peace, security of humanity, and international order, which differs from the traditional structure of a criminal offense and includes material, mental, and contextual elements. The author also examines the concept of command responsibility, which is an important component of criminal responsibility for violations of the laws and customs of war. The conclusions assert that a clear understanding of the object of violations of the laws and customs of war is crucial for the correct qualification of actions and ensuring the inevitability of punishment for criminal offenses against peace, security of humanity, and international order. The author emphasizes the need for further improvement of approaches to defining the object of this criminal offense considering the development of international criminal law and the practice of international judicial institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and aim. Since February 24, 2022, military personnel of the Ukrainian Defense Forces have been resisting the military aggression of the Russian Federation. After participating in combat operations, military personnel accumulated combat stress. Drinking alcohol was one of the ways to overcome it. The purpose of the article is to identify the types of coping strategies for the risk of developing alcohol addiction among Ukrainian military personnel who participated in intense hostilities. Material and methods. Ukrainian Defense Forces military personnel (n=162 males, between 20 and 60 years of age) took part in this study. To determine coping strategies and the risk of developing alcohol addiction the AUDIT and the COPE Inventory were used. Results. Cluster analysis made it possible to identify 4 types of coping strategies with different prevalence and levels of risk of developing alcohol addiction among participants. Conclusion. Productive coping has been associated with a reduced risk of alcohol use in military personnel, but the ability to be situational flexible in the use of coping is important. Compulsive alcohol use was preceded by a period of intensive use of social support coping by military personnel. This period is sensitive to the risk of developing alcohol addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hungarian government has been utilising emergencies to expand its political power instead of upholding constitutionalism and the rule of law. This strategy has given the government almost unlimited power to enact emergency decrees, even when the state and the population are not in immediate danger. The ninth amendment to the Fundamental Law of Hungary has raised concerns about the government's use of emergency powers, granting the executive branch even more authority during exceptional times by allowing the government to prolong the 'state of exception' indefinitely and maintain pandemic-related emergency measures to respond to potential consequences of the war in Ukraine. As a result, the executive body has been able to exert significant political control without proper parliamentary oversight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides brief biographical information about several contributors to the journal Global Responsibility to Protect. The contributors are experts in various fields related to international relations, conflict management, humanitarian intervention, and the Responsibility to Protect (R2P). Their research interests include topics such as ethics of war, human security, protection of civilians, and international law. The contributors have published books, articles, and book chapters in reputable journals and have affiliations with prestigious institutions. Their expertise and diverse perspectives make them valuable contributors to the field of global responsibility to protect. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Journal of Legal & Economic Research / Mağallaẗ Al-Buḥūṯ Al-Qānūniyyaẗ wa Al-Iqtiṣādiyyaẗ is the property of Beni Suef University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite resistance from various societal actors, the development and deployment of lethal autonomous weaponry to warzones is perhaps likely, considering the perceived operational and ethical advantage such weapons are purported to bring. In this paper, it is argued that the deployment of truly autonomous weaponry presents an ethical danger by calling into question the ability of such weapons to abide by the Laws of War. This is done by noting the resonances between battlefield target identification and the process of ontic-ontological investigation detailed in Martin Heidegger's Being and Time, before arguing that the nature of lethal autonomous weaponry precludes them from being able to engage in such investigations—a key requisite for abiding by the relevant legislation that governs battlefield conduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Anbar University for Law & Political Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The article examines the current problems of the formation of military municipalism in Ukraine as a social phenomenon, a normative phenomenology, an organic part of the national legislation on local self-government, which is determined and objectified by the Russian Federation's unprovoked aggression against Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the priority directions of the formation of the legal field of military municipalism in the conditions of extraordinary functioning of statehood (martial law, war, as well as natural and man-made disasters). It is argued that the formation of military municipalism is an objective process associated with the crisis conditions of the existence and functioning of the phenomenology of statehood - therefore, the doctrinal support of the formation processes of military municipalism is a positive trend to ensure its prospective legalization and subsequent legitimation. It is proved that the formation and emergence of the phenomenology of military municipalism is organically connected with the existence of the institution of local self-government and the functioning of local self-government bodies - precisely in the context of their performance of their competent powers and fundamental functions in the extraordinary conditions of the functioning of statehood, i.e., in the conditions of martial law and war (as well as in conditions of natural and man-made cataclysms); It is emphasized that the formation and emergence of the phenomenology of military municipalism directly affects the implementation by local self-government bodies in crisis conditions of public power, the protection of human rights and freedoms, and the promotion of the practical implementation of constitutional rights and freedoms by people-residents and at the same time members of the TG, which is actually directed to the creation of a center of life within the TG and direct assistance to residents-members of such a community in understanding, forming, implementing and guaranteeing the implementation of their life cycle. Arguments are expressed regarding the fact that in the process of everyday life of a person in the given crisis conditions, local self-government bodies should have the appropriate powers that will give them a real opportunity by solving a systemic set of issues of existential significance, through the formation and implementation at the local level of society of not only individual, group and collective human rights and freedoms, as well as the system of their protection and protection directly implement their strategic and productive tasks and functions. This is precisely what reflects the strategic and essential problems of general constitutionalism, an immanent part of which is military municipalism. A generalized conclusion is given that the phenomenology of military municipalism, through ensuring the existence of local self-government and the functioning of local self-government bodies in crisis conditions of the existence and functioning of statehood, clearly contributes to the formation, functioning and improvement of the local system of protection and protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, thanks to which one of the most important functions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs -- human rights protection and law enforcement, which are at the basis of the creation of a safe zone for a person throughout his life cycle within the territorial community and in the conditions of local self-government, are formed and highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the peculiarities and problems of realization of human rights in the field of local self-government in the context of martial law and the Russian-Ukrainian war. The full-scale armed invasion of the Russian Federation has significantly affected the state of human rights in general and in territorial hromadas in particular. Real local self-government, decentralization of power and human rights, their realization and protection are inextricably linked phenomena and processes. Despite the significant economic, social, environmental and other problems caused by martial law, the decentralization processes in Ukraine, launched in 2014, have not stopped. Territorial hromadas, the formation and development of legal personality of which is the main goal of the reform processes, are gradually acquiring the features of full-fledged subjects of local self-government, the main bearers of its functions and powers, active participants in economic, social, cultural, environmental, informational and other municipal relations. The content of these relations is primarily formed by municipal human rights, etc., those subjective rights, the realization and sometimes protection of which is conditioned by the specifics of the life of territorial hromadas. It is also noted that the relevance of studying the human dimension of local self-government and decentralization processes is due to new challenges for our state caused by the full-scale armed aggression of the Russian Federation. Therefore, today there is a need for scientific analysis and further resolution of problematic issues related to ensuring the realization of human rights as a resident -- a member of a territorial hromada, implementation of systemic measures to protect them in the context of not only national security challenges, but also in the context of the prospects for post-war recovery and sustainable development of territorial hromadas. The purpose of the article is to outline the peculiarities of the human dimension of local selfgovernment in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war. The author emphasizes that the existence of systemic problems under martial law, primarily economic, social, cultural, environmental, informational, etc., relating to the full functioning of territorial hromadas and, over time, the reconstruction of the destroyed municipal infrastructure, indicates the significant role and importance of local self-government in the processes of realization of most human rights. In turn, it is human rights that determine the content and focus of the activities of all actors of the local self-government system in various areas of municipal life. It is emphasized that the Russian-Ukrainian war has had a dramatic impact on the priorities of many territorial hromadas in Ukraine. New economic, social, cultural, environmental, information and other challenges of municipal life necessitate the formation of innovative approaches to the human rights protection potential and human-centered orientation of municipal authorities in terms of ensuring, institutional and procedural guarantees of human rights protection of a member of a territorial hromada, the main areas of improvement of municipal human rights protection activities, etc. In this context, the article focuses on the trends in the development of territorial hromadas, legislation on local self-government and municipal law in the context of modern challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article traces the normative development in international criminal law on children born of war (CBOW— i.e. , children born in the context of an armed conflict to one parent who belongs to a local community and one parent who is an opposing combatant, fighter or peacekeeper). In a historical cross-contextual approach, primary and secondary sources, and particularly jurisprudence of international criminal courts from 1945 to today, are interpreted in reference to political psychologist Inger Skjelbæk's epistemology conceptualising conflict-related sexual and reproductive violence as carrying essentialist, structuralist and socio-constructivist implications. The analysis traces how CBOW as a group of victimised but underacknowledged war-affected children have come to be understood in international justice. The findings point to avenues for normative refinement that would facilitate a more coherent and unbiased integration of their interests into the practice of international courts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apart from offering a review on lawfare, this article considers situations where one less-law-abiding actor – namely, a non-state actor – uses the International Humanitarian Law (IHL)'s compliance of its opponent to obtain leverage on the battlefield. Using the United States (US) as an example, it appears that IHL's compliance is yet not to be subjugated by the pursuit of military interests. Broadening the analysis to NATO nations due to the similarity of their IHL's conceptualization and political proximity, it defends that IHL shall remain respected by these states as disregarding it would be a treason of their political regime and the moral grounding binding governments with their populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is a book review of Will Soper's "Greytown is no more!" which revisits the 1854 destruction of Greytown by the U.S. Navy in Nicaragua. Soper challenges the official explanation for the destruction and argues that it was driven by American economic interests. The book also examines the legal and ethical implications of the incident, questioning the use of force abroad. The review recommends the book for its comprehensive examination of the event and its insights into American history. [Extracted from the article]

This document is an editorial titled "Rohingya refugees: humanitarian responses and implications" published in Frontiers in Human Dynamics. It discusses the ongoing Rohingya crisis, which has entered its 7th year with no solution in sight. The Rohingya refugees, trapped in the world's largest refugee camp in Cox's Bazar, face an uncertain future. The article highlights the challenges faced by the Rohingya population, including statelessness, social cohesion, and displacement, and emphasizes the need for a comprehensive response from the international community, host countries, and humanitarian organizations. The editorial also mentions the decline in humanitarian assistance for the Rohingyas and the importance of addressing the underlying causes of the crisis. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses the return of war to Europe since February 2022, highlighting previous war-like crises in Europe during the Cold War and after its end. The article also mentions the special issue of Applied Psychology: Health & Well-Being (APHW) that focuses on coping with the adversities of war, strengthening resilience, and promoting sustainable peace in Europe. The studies included in the special issue examine various factors such as perceived risk, personal resources, coping strategies, and the impact of war on individuals and communities. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of understanding how war affects people and identifying resources to mitigate its devastating effects. [Extracted from the article]

The article demonstrates that under international law, the Cold War constituted a global, multipartite armed conflict between the U.S., the Soviet Union, and their respective allies. Topics discussed include definition of the international legal concept of armed conflict and its implications under the jus belli, legal and strategic importance of identifying the Cold War as an armed conflict, and how an armed conflict arises between states that engage in comprehensive hostilities indirectly.

This article examines the classification of armed conflicts under Islamic International Law, with a primary focus on comparing it to international humanitarian law (IHL). The main objective is to determine whether such classification could result in a type of armed conflict known as an 'internationalised armed conflict'. According to IHL, this classification arises when a third state intervenes in a non-international armed conflict (NIAC), thereby introducing international elements that have significant implications within the IHL framework. This article investigates whether foreign intervention in a NIAC would lead to the applicability of different legal rules under Islamic International Law, based on the emergence of a new classification distinct from both international armed conflicts (IACs) and NIACs? Such intervention could involve either a non-Muslim country intervening in a NIAC between Muslim parties or a Muslim country intervening in a NIAC involving non-Muslim parties. The central argument of this article is that Islamic International Law (jus ad bellum) primarily focuses on the legality of intervention in NIAC suggesting that different rules might apply depending on the legality of the intervention, while the protective rules of Islamic International Law (jus in bello) remain applicable regardless of the intervention's legality in Islamic International Law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article from the Missouri Historical Review explores the events surrounding Major Wilson, Major Wolf, and Union retaliation during the Civil War in St. Louis. It discusses the practice of retaliation during the war and the unique circumstances surrounding these events. The text sheds light on the intense and violent nature of the conflict in Missouri during the Civil War. The given text describes the execution of Major Wilson and Confederate prisoners in retaliation for the deaths of Union soldiers. It also mentions the search for a Confederate major to be executed in retaliation for the death of Major Wilson, but no major was found. The text provides information on the suspension and eventual rescinding of Major Wolf's execution, highlighting the outpouring of humanity in war-torn Missouri. The given text contains a list of citations and references related to the American Civil War, providing a range of perspectives and viewpoints on various topics and individuals involved in the war. [Extracted from the article]