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The marshalling scheme is the foundation to match the operation mode and passenger flow characteristics of metro in different periods, and it is also the key problem that directly affects the cost of metro planning and construction and low-carbon operation. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the key factors affecting the metro marshalling scheme, a comprehensive evaluation index system and a two-step screening method are established. Based on the analysis of the difference of the impact of each index on the metro marshalling plan, a new evaluation model of the metro marshalling plan in the early and near future based on super-efficiency DEA is proposed. Finally, the feasibility and rationality of the evaluation and comparison model of the early, near and long-term subway marshalling scheme are verified and analyzed by examples. The results show that: (1) The fixed marshalling plan is a cost-energized plan, which requires higher equipment cost and operation input, while the modified marshalling plan is a technology-energized plan; by improving the management and technical level, the effective output of capacity matching and passenger time satisfaction can be achieved. (2) The advantages and disadvantages of modified marshalling scheme and fixed marshalling scheme are dynamic to a certain extent, comprehensive judgment should be made according to the specific conditions of the line, the financial situation of the city or enterprise, the operation management and the technical level. The theoretical method of comparison and selection of early, near and long-term metro marshalling schemes presented in this paper is applicable to many practical scenarios and has certain practicability, which can provide certain theoretical reference for the standardization of comparison and selection of early, near and long-term metro marshalling schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The fall armyworm (FAW) is a pest that can cause severe damage to crops, particularly maize and cotton, resulting in agricultural losses. It has developed resistance to various types of insecticides due to certain gene mutations in its body. Our study aims to investigate how these genes affect the pest's sensitivity to insecticides. We utilized amplicon sequencing to analyze 21 sites within six related genes and identified both known and unknown mutations. Subsequently, molecular docking simulations were employed to assess the impact of these mutations on the binding ability between insecticides and proteins. Our findings indicate that these mutations reduce the binding ability, potentially contributing to increased insecticide resistance. Thus, our study could unveil the variation and evolution of resistance genes in FAW. The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a worldwide agricultural pest that invaded China in 2018, and has developed resistance to multiple insecticides. The evolution of insecticide resistance is facilitated by mutations of target genes responsible for conferring resistance. In this study, amplicon sequencing analyzed 21 sites in six resistance genes. In addition to known mutations, unknown variants were also found, including novel variants: F290C (ace-1 gene, 0.1% frequency), I1040T/V (CHSA gene, 0.1% frequency), A309T (GluCl gene, 0.1% frequency), and I4790T/V (RyR gene, 0.1% frequency). Additionally, molecular docking was employed to investigate the impact of the aforementioned new mutations on insecticide binding to proteins. The analyses indicated that the binding abilities were reduced, similar to the resistance mutations that were reported, implying these novel mutations may confer transitional resistance. This study may provide a foundation for understanding the functions of these novel mutations in the evolutionary processes that drive the emergence of insecticide resistance in this invasive species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of invasive plant species, such as Alternanthera philoxeroides, have been documented to be able to accumulate trace metal elements in their tissues. Since metal accumulation in plants can serve as a defence against herbivores, we hypothesized that metal pollution will increase herbivore resistance of metal‐accumulating invasive plant species and such a benefit will grant them a competitive advantage over local co‐occurring plants. In this study, we compared the differences in plant growth and herbivore feeding preference between A. philoxeroides and its native congener Alternanthera sessilis in single and mixed cultures with and without soil cadmium (Cd) pollution. The results showed that A. philoxeroides plants were more tolerant to Cd stress and accumulated more Cd in the leaves than A. sessilis. Cd exposure increased the resistance of A. philoxeroides against a specialist and a generalist herbivore compared with A. sessilis. Competition experiments indicated that Cd stress largely increased the competitive advantage of A. philoxeroides over A. sessilis with or without herbivore pressures. The differences in herbivore resistance between the two plant species under soil Cd stress are most likely due to the deterring effect of Cd accumulation and Cd‐enhanced mechanical defences rather than changes in leaf specialized metabolites. Summary Statement: Soil cadmium pollution largely increased the resistance of the invasive weed A. philoxeroides against both a generalist and a specialist herbivore, giving it a competitive advantage over the local competitor A. sessilis regardless of the presence or absence of herbivore pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Spodoptera litura is one of the major agricultural pests in China, and it has developed serious resistance to many traditional chemical insecticides. In the present study, the bistrifluron‐resistant (Bis‐SEL) strain accompanied by a higher oviposition, 113.8‐fold RR compared to the bistrifluron‐susceptible (Bis‐UNSEL) strain, was obtained by bidirectional screening. A comparison of their gonad coefficiency and genes related to oviposition or resistance was used to elucidate the resurgence mechanism. RESULTS: The ovarian index, oviposition, and potential egg production in the Bis‐SEL strain of female adults were significantly higher than those in the Bis‐UNSEL strain, and the length of ovariole in the Bis‐SEL strain was also significantly elongated. The protein contents of vitellogenin (Vg) and vitellogenin receptor (VgR) in the Bis‐UNSEL strain were lower than those in the Bis‐SEL strain, consistent with their gene expressions levels, and there was a significantly positive linear correlation between Vg and VgR protein contents, further confirming that resistant strains have high reproductive fitness. Moreover, the chitin synthase A in the Bis‐SEL strain was clearly up‐regulated, and a mutation (H866Y) near the QRRRW in the catalytic domain caused a rise in the hydrogen bond between UDP‐GlcNAc and chitin synthase, and its chitin content was higher than that in the Bis‐UNSEL strain. Nevertheless, the sensitivity of the Bis‐SEL strain to bistrifluron was significantly recovered when it was knocked down though RNA interference. CONCLUSION: The fitness advantages of bistrifluron resistance may be related to the up‐regulation and mution of chitin synthase A. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]