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The super large data scale and complex structure of deep models show excellent performance in processing and application of Internet data,but reduce the interpretability of AI systems.Counterfactual Explanations(CE) has received much attention from researchers as a special kind of explanation approach in the field of interpretability research.Counterfactual Explanations can be regarded as a kind of generated data in addition to being an explanation.From the viewpoint of application,this paper proposes an approach for generating counterfactual explanations with high data fidelity,called generative link tree(GLT),which uses a partitioning strategy and a local greedy strategy to construct counterfactual explanations based on the cases appearing in the training data.Moreover,it summarizes the generation methods of counterfactual explanations and select popular datasets to verify the GLT method.In addition,the metric of “Data Fidelity (DF)” is proposed to evaluate the fidelity and potential application of the counterfactual explanation as data from an experimental perspective.Compared with the baseline method,the data fidelity of the counterfactual explanation generated by the GLT method is significantly higher than that of the counterfactual explanation gene-rated by the baseline model.

Evaluation of surrounding rock stability is a complicated system problem involving various uncertain factors. To overcome the drawbacks of conventional evaluation methods based on single-type information, a new combination evaluation method based on set pair analysis was proposed. This method made full use of available information sources from the different conventional methods while avoiding the most erroneous evaluation. First, the problem was treated with the single-type evaluation methods. Then, the set pair consisting of double evaluation results was analyzed on the identical-discrepancy-contrary principle to establish a connectional matrix. And the weights of the realted single-type evaluation methods in the comprehensive model were determined respectively through the connectional matrix. Finally the surrounding rock stability level was evaluated with the linear combination method. The results of the application case show that the proposed model is effective and feasible in improving the prediction accuracy through coupling the advantages of the related conventional evaluation methods. This method makes a good reference for other similar evaluation problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquefaction-induced uplift and serious damages of the shallow underground structures in liquefiable soils are ob- served among the earthquake history cases. Therefore, in order to insure the safety of underground structures in the liquefiable soils in the earthquake prone area, the analysis of uplift earthquake-induced is of prime importance. Based on the method of effective stress analysis using multi-spring model, liquefaction-induced uplift of shallow duct-type RC structures subjected to earthquake motions is discussed in this paper. Moreover, the dynamic interaction between the underground structures and liquefiable soils is further investigated. The results show that the values of uplifted displacements and lateral displacements increase with the level of input motions. And these values are much larger for the models, which the soils are liquefied, with peak amplitude of 8. 352 3 or 4. 941 1 m/s², than for non-liquefied model with a lower input motion. For liquefied models, the value of global shear strain of RC structure is less than that of ground. The values of relative lateral displacement between the ground and the top and bottom slab are bigger, and the values of relative vertical displacements between the ground and side-wall are bigger. The values of relative displacement between ground and structure increase sharply up to a fixed value after the soils are liquefied during earthquakes. On the contrary, the both values for non-liquefied model with peak amplitude of 0. 928 0 m/s² are almost same and smaller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate human lens epithelium cell apoptosis and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by femtosecond laser in femtosecond laser assisted cataract surgery (FLACS)., Methods: Sixty cataract patients with N2 to N3 stage according to the LOCS III were enrolled in this study and divided into three groups randomly: FLACS1 group (cataract surgery by FLACS with LenSx), FLACS2 group (cataract surgery by FLACS with LensAR) and manual group (cataract surgery by phacoemulsification). Patients in two FLACS groups performed anterior capsulotomy by LenSx or LensAR laser system. Patients in the manual group were performed continuous curvilinear capsulorrhexis (CCC) manually. The anterior capsules were fixed right after moved out of eye. Hematoxylin-eosine staining, immunofluorescence staining and real-time PCR were performed in order to observe human lens epithelium cells changes after cataract surgery., Results: The capsule cutting edge was shown irregularity and roughness in two FLACS groups and smooth edge in manual capsulotomy by pathologic staining. Irregularities of the cell configuration with partly swollen and destroyed nuclei were observed in two FLACS groups. Femtosecond laser could induce a significantly higher cell apoptosis in human lens epithelium cell than manually performed CCC ( P <0.05). Lens epithelium cells apoptosis were correlated with femtosecond laser duration according to Pearson correlation analysis. Decreased N-cadherin expression, alpha-SMA and FSP-1 level in two FLACS groups showed the inhibition of cell EMT., Conclusion: Femtosecond laser may affect the apoptosis and EMT of lens epithelium cells which are under the peeled central lens capsule.

Aim: To analyze the effect of steep meridian small incision phacoemulsification cataract surgery on anterior, posterior and total corneal wavefront aberration., Methods: Steep meridian small incision phacoemulsification cataract surgery was performed in age-related cataract patients which were divided into three groups according to the incision site: 12 o'clock, 9 o'clock and between 9 and 12 o'clock (BENT) incision groups. The preoperative and 3-month postoperative root mean square (RMS) values of anterior, posterior and total corneal wavefront aberration including coma, spherical aberration, and total higher-order aberrations (HOAs), were measured by Pentacam scheimpflug imaging. The mean preoperative and postoperative corneal wavefront aberrations were documented., Results: Total corneal aberration and total lower-order aberrations decreased significantly in three groups after operation. RMS value of total HOAs decreased significantly postoperatively in the 12 o'clock incision group (P<0.001). Corneal spherical aberration was statistically significantly lower after steep meridian small incision phacoemulsification cataract surgery in BENT incision group (P<0.05) and Pearson correlation analysis indicated that spherical aberration changes had no significant relationship with total astigmatism changes in all three corneal incision location., Conclusion: Corneal incision of phacoemulsification cataract surgery can affect corneal wavefront aberration. The 12 o'clock corneal incision eliminated more HOAs and the spherical aberrations decreased in BENT incision group obviously when we selected steep meridian small incision. Cataract lens replacement using wavefront-corrected intraocular lens combined with optimized corneal incision site would improve ocular aberration results.

Aim: The most recent and innovative AquaLase liquefaction technology has offered an alternative to lens extraction. Many studies have investigated its functions and advantages. This article focuses on evaluating the in vivo microscopic cornea changes after AquaLase liquefaction by using a laser confocal microscope., Methods: In this perspective, randomized case study, 37 eyes of 35 patients submitted to cataract surgery were chosen to undergo AquaLase liquefaction cataract extraction. Each patient was assessed before the operation, on the 1(st), 7(th), and 30(th) postoperative days, and 6 months after the cataract extraction. The morphologies and quantitative comparisons of corneal cells and corneal nerves layer by layer were evaluated in vivo with the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph III-Rostock Cornea Module (HRT-III RCM) confocal microscope. ANOVA and Post-Hoc Bonferroni test were carried out to compare the results pre- and post-operation., Results: ANOVA results indicated no post-operation changes for epithelium and anterior stroma cells. Irregular segments of sub-basal nerve fiber were most pronounced seven days post-operation. In the mid and posterior stroma, keratocytes were obvious compared with the preoperative condition. Corneal endothelium cells became obviously swollen in cytoplasm and nucleus. The mid and posterior stroma cell density decreased from the 1(st) to 7(th) postoperative days (P<0.05). The corneal endothelium cell density decreased (P<0.05) and did not revert to the preoperative level after six months (P<0.05)., Conclusion: Slight microstructural abnormalities were identified in the corneal recovery process after AquaLase liquefaction. AquaLase liquefaction cataract extraction is safe for cornea.