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The transformation during wave propagation is significantly important for the calculations of hydraulic and coastal engineering, as well as the sediment transport. The exact wave height deformation calculation on the coasts is essential to near-shore hydrodynamics research and the structure design of coastal engineering. According to the wave shoaling results gained from the elliptical cosine wave theory, the nonlinear wave dispersion relation is adopted to develop the expression of the corresponding nonlinear wave shoaling coefficient. Based on the extended elliptic mild slope equation, an efficient wave numerical model is presented in this paper for predicting wave deformation across the complex topography and the surf zone, incorporating the nonlinear wave dispersion relation, the nonlinear wave shoaling coefficient and other energy dissipation factors. Especially, the phenomenon of wave recovery and second breaking could be shown by the present model. The classical Berkhoff single elliptic topography wave tests, the sinusoidal varying topography experiment, and complex composite slopes wave flume experiments are applied to verify the accuracy of the calculation of wave heights. Compared with experimental data, good agreements are found upon single elliptical topography and one-dimensional beach profiles, including uniform slope and step-type profiles. The results indicate that the newly-developed nonlinear wave shoaling coefficient improves the calculated accuracy of wave transformation in the surf zone efficiently, and the wave breaking is the key factor affecting the wave characteristics and need to be considered in the nearshore wave simulations.

Broadleaved Korean pine mixed forest is the zonal climax vegetation in Northeast China and it plays a significant role in maintaining the ecological security. Changbai Mountains is a suitable region to study the positive and negative feedback mechanisms of temperate forest for precipitation variation. This study analyzed responses of soil microbial biomass carbon ( SMBC) and microbi-al biomass nitrogen (SMBN) to precipitation variation ( ±30%) in original broadleaved Korean pine mixed forest of Changbai Mountains. The results showed that, during the growing seasons ( from May to September), the averages of SMBC and SMBN were 879.09 and 100.03 mg • kg, respectively. Moreover, both of these two parameters gradually decreased with the soil depth. The contents of SMBC and SMBN all increased with the increasing precipitation, and the changes of SMBC and SMBN in the 0-5 cm soil layer were stronger than in the 5-10 cm soil layer. The value of SMBC/SMBN declined with the increase of precipitation. The precipitation variation significantly influenced the means of SMBC and SMBN. Compared with precipitation reduction, precipitation enhancement affected the indices much significantly. Both SMBC and SMBN showed similar seasonal patterns, which were the lowest in May, and after that, they increased and then decreased and increased again, showing 1-2 peaks in the growing season. However, the value and occurring time of the peaks varied with the precipitation and soil layer, and the seasonal variations of SMBC and SMBN in the 0-5 cm soil layer were higher than in the 5-10 cm soil layer. SMBC and SMBN had significant positive correlation with organic matter and total nitrogen content. The variances of soil physical and chemical properties caused by precipitation variation were closely related with the difference in spatial-temporal patterns of the soil microbial biomass in the forest. In conclusion, the precipitation variations could cause the change of the soil microbial community structure and composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As the incidence of diabetes continues to increase, the number of patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) also increases each year. After undergoing vitrectomy for DR, patients often experience negative emotional problems that negatively affect their recovery., Aim: To investigate negative feelings in patients with DR after vitrectomy and to explore related influencing factors., Methods: A total of 146 individuals with DR who were accepted for treatment at The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou from May 2021 to April 2023 were recruited to participate in this study. All patients underwent vitrectomy. The self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS) were used to assess the degree of anxiety and depression 2-3 days after the operation. The participants were divided into a healthy control group and a negative emotion group. The patients' general demographic characteristics and blood glucose levels were collected. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the factors influencing negative feelings post-operation. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the association between SAS scores, SDS scores, and blood glucose levels., Results: The control group included 85 participants. The negative emotion group comprised 40 participants with anxiety, 13 with depression, and eight with both. Logistic regression showed that being female (OR = 3.090, 95%CI: 1.217-7.847), a family per capita monthly income of < 5000 yuan (OR = 0.337, 95%CI: 0.165-0.668), and a longer duration of diabetes (OR = 2.068, 95%CI: 1.817-3.744) were risk factors for negative emotions in patients with DR after vitrectomy ( P < 0.05). The concentrations of fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-hour postprandial glucose (2hPG), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in the negative emotion group exceeded those in the control group ( P < 0.05). SAS scores were positively associated with FPG ( r = 0.422), 2hPG ( r = 0.334), and HbA1c ( r = 0.362; P < 0.05). SDS scores were positively correlated with FPG ( r = 0.218) and 2hPG ( r = 0.218; P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Sex, income level, and duration of diabetes were factors that influenced negative emotions post-vitrectomy. Negative emotions were positively correlated with blood glucose levels, which can be used to develop intervention strategies., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (©The Author(s) 2024. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Broadleaved Korean pine mixed forest is the zonal climax vegetation in Northeast China and it plays a significant role in maintaining the ecological security. Changbai Mountains is a suitable region to study the positive and negative feedback mechanisms of temperate forest for precipitation variation. This study analyzed responses of soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) and microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN) to precipitation variation (± 30%) in original broadleaved Korean pine mixed forest of Changbai Mountains. The results showed that, during the growing seasons (from May to September), the averages of SMBC and SMBN were 879.09 and 100.03 mg · kg(-1), respectively. Moreover, both of these two parameters gradually decreased with the soil depth. The contents of SMBC and SMBN all increased with the increasing precipitation, and the changes of SMBC and SMBN in the 0-5 cm soil layer were stronger than in the 5-10 cm soil layer. The value of SMBC/SMBN declined with the increase of precipitation. The precipitation variation significantly influenced the means of SMBC and SMBN. Compared with precipitation reduction, precipitation enhancement affected the indices much significantly. Both SMBC and SMBN showed similar seasonal patterns, which were the lowest in May, and after that, they increased and then decreased and increased again, showing 1-2 peaks in the growing season. However, the value and occurring time of the peaks varied with the precipitation and soil layer, and the seasonal variations of SMBC and SMBN in the 0-5 cm soil layer were higher than in the 5-10 cm soil layer. SMBC and SMBN had significant positive correlation with organic matter and total nitrogen content. The variances of soil physical and chemical properties caused by precipitation variation were closely related with the difference in spatial-temporal patterns of the soil microbial biomass in the forest. In conclusion, the precipitation variations could cause the change of the soil microbial community structure and composition.

Objective: To detect CCL20 and CXCR4 expressions in epidermis infected with condyloma acuminatum (CA) and normal epidermis and investigate the effect of their expressions on Langerhans cells in CA epidermis., Methods: Gene expression of CCL20 and CXCR4 in 3 epidermal CA lesions and in 3 normal epidermis specimens were detected using Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarrays HG-U 133A 2.0, and the protein levels of CCL20 and CXCR4 in these specimens were measured by Western blotting., Results: Microarray analysis revealed markedly down-regulated mRNA expressions of CCL20 and CXCR4 in the 3 epidermal CA lesions as compared with those in the normal specimens. Western blot analysis showed that the protein expressions of CCL20 and CXCR4 in the CA lesions were significantly lower than those in normal epidermis., Conclusion: The protein and mRNA expressions of CCL20 and CXCR4 are markedly down-regulated in epidermal CA lesions, which may contribute to decreased number and backflow disturbance of Langerhans cells in these lesions.