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Various purification methods have been developed to improve local salt quality, with the NaCl content above 94%. Bentonite is one of the materials used as binder impurities in purification. The purpose of the study was to synthesize a modified bentonite using an alkaline solution, which includes sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) with various concentrations (1 M, 1.5 M, 2 M, and 2.5 M) and determined levels of Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ metals using AAS. The bentonite and activating agent 1 M (1:10) were stirred for three hours. Then, the bentonite was dried for two hours in an oven at 110°C. The activated bentonite was dried for four hours at 170°C. The activated bentonite was characterized using XRD, FTIR, and SEM. The basal spacing d001 on the diffractogram bentonite was significantly unaffected by alkaline activation. FTIR analysis represents the stretching vibration of -OH shifts towards a lower wavenumber. Alkaline activation reduced impurities from bentonite and increased the pore surface''s porosity. NaCl levels in people's salt increased after being activated using alkaline. The increase in Na+ levels was followed by a decrease in Ca2+ and Mg2+ contents. KOH-activated bentonite had a higher NaCl level than NaOH-activated bentonite.

This work evaluates the optimum condition of the esterification reaction of oleic acid (OA) and ethanol by Dean-Stark trap (DS) and without technology, as well as the effects of the various factors’ interaction on the conversion rate of OA. The influences of OA/ethanol molar ratio, concentration of catalyst, temperature reaction, and time reaction on the conversion rate of OA were investigated. The response surface method (RSM) is combined to optimize the experimental scheme. The results showed that the conversion rate of OA reached the peak of 98.78% when the molar ratio of ethanol/OA was 9:1, the concentration of catalyst was 3%, the temperature reaction was 90 oC, and the reaction time was 10 hours. Compared with the esterification reaction without DS, the conversion rate of OA was 54.96%. FTIR analysis confirmed the changes of a functional group for the response, and GC-MS was for confirmation of the fragmentation mode of the esterification reaction that occurs. The availability of ethyl oleate derived from palm oil, aimed at surfactant production, provides an excellent feedstock to produce surfactants for cosmetic applications.

This research investigated the performance of bentonite and Al-PILC as catalysts in ethanol conversion to diethyl ether through a dehydration reaction. The natural bentonite was intercalated with the pillaring agent Keggin-ion Al13 to obtain Al-intercalated bentonite. Al-intercalated bentonite has been synthesized using conventional stirring and ultrasonication. Al-intercalated bentonite was calcined at 400 °C for 4 h to produce Al2O3 pillared bentonite (Al-PILC). The dehydration reaction was conducted using a 0.2 g catalyst and 10 mL of ethanol with a nitrogen gas flow rate of 20 mL/min at various reaction temperatures (200, 225, and 250 °C) using a fixed bed microreactor. The characterization results reveal that Al-PILC synthesized by sonochemistry exhibits significantly higher surface area and total acidity values than bentonite and Al-PILC synthesized by conventional methods because of the formation of stable Al2O3 pillars in the interlayer spaces of bentonite. The sonochemically synthesized Al-PILC produces optimum ethanol conversion and diethyl ether yield of 46.05% and 41.11%, respectively. The conversion of ethanol and diethyl ether yield reaches an optimum result at 225 °C. Based on this study, the pillarization of bentonite using Al2O3 can enhance its catalytic properties toward diethyl ether production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ni-Doping Ni metal into ZIF-8 material aims to increase the ability of ZIF-8. Ni-ZIF-8 was synthesized using an environmentally friendly method by reusing methanol as a solvent in the previous process and carried out at room temperature. The ratio of the molar ratios used was 1:4:4 for Zinc nitrate:2methylimidazolate: TEA. As an effort to save the environment from the dangers of waste caused by the filtrate, Ni-ZIF-8 was then synthesized using the same filtrate up to six times. Based on the results of characterization using XRD, FTIR and SEM showed that the Ni-ZIF-8 material synthesized using the filtrate had similarities with Ni-ZIF-8 synthesized with pure methanol.

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Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is the most produced waste among other types of waste, which is around 60% in every 100% processing of fresh fruit bunches containing heavy metals, namely ferrous metal (Fe). Montmorillonite (MMT) is one of the best adsorbents used to reduce the concentration of Fe in POME. In addition, this mineral (MMT) also has a high cation fertilization capacity so that the space between layers of MMT is able to accommodate large amounts of cations and make MMT a unique material. In this review, the assurance of the mass variety of the MMT as adsorbent and the variety of the contact time on the adsorption capacity of Fe metal in POME was resolved utilizing a Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) and surface morphology analysis of MMT before and after adsorption using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Based on the results of AAS analysis, the greater the mass of the adsorbent, the higher the amount of Fe adsorbed from the POME. Moreover, the longer the contact time between MMT and Fe, the higher the amount of Fe in the palm oil mill effluent adsorbed on the adsorbent surface. The best adsorption conditions occurred at an adsorbent mass of 8.5 g MMT in 50 mL adsorbate and a contact time of 5 hours with an adsorption capacity of 0.0383 mg/g. The results of the SEM showed the presence of empty spaces in the MMT before adsorption, in which after adsorption white granules occupies the empty spaces evenly on the surface of the MMT. The granules indicate the presence of Fe metals in the POME samples which are adsorbed on the MMT surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temurui (Murraya koenigii [Linn.] Spreng) is a local plant of Aceh. The leaves of M. koenigii are used in most of the local foods as spices. Nowadays, cancer is claimed as the second deadly disease in the world where the number of sufferers increases every year. Cervical cancer (HeLa) is one of the most dominant cancers that happen in developing country, including Indonesia. Some chemotherapeutic agents using synthetic drugs have been used to treat cancer, but they are relatively expensive and cause poisoning that limits their use. Based on literatures, M.koenigii serves the potential secondary metabolites that could be developed as anticancer agent. This study aims to evaluate the cytotoxic activity from three extracts of M. koenigii leaves against HeLa cell line, including hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Methodology used included extraction process, phytochemical screening, and cytotoxicity evaluation. The result showed that all the three extracts demonstrated a potent cytotoxic activity for HeLa cancer cells. Hexane and ethyl acetate showed a very strong cytotoxic effect with CD50 values <1 μg/mL, whereas methanol extract showed cytotoxic effect with CD50 value of 2.25 μg/mL. These results prove the potential of M. koenigii as an anticancer agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the CoFe2O4 and CoFe2O4/SiO2 nanocomposites have been synthesized using the co-precipitation method, and the microstructural properties of the samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction methods (XRD). The photodegradation activity of methylene blue for both nanocomposites were also investigated. The XRD pattern of CoFe2O4/SiO2 nanocomposites revealed that the sample was polycrystalline and had a spinel crystal structure with group space of Fd3m. The size of crystallite nanoparticle is 29.4 ± 0.2 nm for CoFe2O4/SiO2 and 26.8 ± 0.2 nm for CoFe2O4. The CoFe2O4/SiO2 nanocomposites have smaller optical band gap compared to bare CoFe2O4 due to smaller surface defect and larger particles size. The CoFe2O4/SiO2 nanocomposites showed a more energetic photodegradation activity of methylene blue than CoFe2O4. The encapsulation of the SiO2 matrix on the surface CoFe2O4 nanoparticles enhances the photodegradation activity. Based on the result, nanocomposites CoFe2O4/SiO2 and CoFe2O4 are prospective as nano-photocatalyst and nano-adsorbent for organic pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]