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Clove or cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum) is one of Indonesia's commodities with high domestic and international potential, considering that this plant is used as raw material for the cigarette industry. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the production of Indonesian cloves, one of which is by using growth stimulators such as plant growth regulators (PGR). This study uses gibberellic acid (GA3) and smoke water as exogenous growth triggers. The treatment given was soaking S. aromaticum seeds in gibberellic acid (GA3) and liquid smoke for 24 h. The GA3 concentrations used were 100 ppm, 75 ppm, 50 ppm, and 25 ppm. Smoke water was obtained from the pyrolysis of coconut shells, and the concentrations used were 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 3%. Observations were conducted for 11 weeks and divided into two phases, namely the germination phase and the vegetative growth phase. Parameters measured included germination percentage, radicle, and plumula length in the first phase, root length, plant height, and number and area of leaves in the second phase. The best results were achieved with the soaking treatment using 0.5% smoke water, which showed a significant increase in all observed growth parameters. This is due to the content of karrikin in smoke water, which acts like a growth hormone and triggers the performance of other growth hormones. In addition, karrikin plays an active role in the germination process by changing the morphology of the seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Osseointegrated dental implants are widely established as a first-choice treatment for the replacement of missing teeth. Clinical outcomes are however often compromised by short or longer-term biological complications and pathologies. Nanoparticle-coated materials represent a very active research area with the potential to enhance clinical outcomes and reduce complications of implant therapy. This scoping review aimed to summarize current research on various types of nanoparticles (NPs) used as surface modifiers of dental implants and their potential to promote biological and clinical outcomes., Methods: A systematic electronic search was conducted in SCOPUS, PubMed and Google Scholar aiming to identify in vivo, in situ, or in vitro studies published between 2014 and 2024. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were determined and were described in the methods section., Results: A total of 169 articles (44 original papers from Scopus and PubMed, and 125 articles from Google Scholar) were identified by the electronic search. Finally, 30 studies fit the inclusion criteria and were further used in this review. The findings from the selected papers suggest that nanoparticle-coated dental implants show promising results in enhancing bone regeneration and promoting angiogenesis around the implant site. These effects are due to the unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticle-coated implants and the controlled release of bioactive molecules from nanoparticle-modified surfaces., Conclusion: Nanoscale modifications displayed unique properties which could significantly enhance the properties of dental implants and further accelerate revascularization, and osseointegration while facilitating early implant loading. Yet, since many of these findings were based on in-vitro/in-situ systems, further research is required before such technology reaches clinical application., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Iloprost's anti-inflammatory effects on human dental pulp stem cells (HDPCs) are currently unknown. We hypothesized that iloprost could downregulate the expression of inflammatory-related genes and protein in an inflamed HDPC in vitro model. To induce inflammation, the HDPCs were treated with a cocktail of interleukin-1 beta, interferon-gamma, and tumour necrosis alpha, at a ratio of 1:10:100. Iloprost (10 -6  M) was then added or not to the cultures. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) mRNA expression were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. IL-6 protein expression was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results were analysed using one-way ANOVA or the Kruskal-Wallis test. The cytokine cocktail induced more robust IL-6 expression than LPS treatment. Iloprost slightly, yet significantly, downregulated IL-6 and IL-12 mRNA expression. These findings suggest that iloprost might be used as a beneficial component in vital pulp therapy., (© 2023 Australian Society of Endodontology Inc.)

Conservation strategies are rarely systematically evaluated, which reduces transparency, hinders the cost-effective deployment of resources, and hides what works best in different contexts. Using data on the iconic and critically endangered orangutan (Pongo spp.), we developed a novel spatiotemporal framework for evaluating conservation investments. We show that around USD 1 billion was invested between 2000 and 2019 into orangutan conservation by governments, nongovernmental organizations, companies, and communities. Broken down by allocation to different conservation strategies, we find that habitat protection, patrolling, and public outreach had the greatest return on investment for maintaining orangutan populations. Given the variability in threats, land-use opportunity costs, and baseline remunerations in different regions, there were differential benefits per dollar invested across conservation activities and regions. We show that although challenging from a data and analysis perspective, it is possible to fully understand the relationships between conservation investments and outcomes and the external factors that influence these outcomes. Such analyses can provide improved guidance toward a more effective biodiversity conservation. Insights into the spatiotemporal interplays between the costs and benefits driving effectiveness can inform decisions about the most suitable orangutan conservation strategies for halting population declines. Although our study focuses on the three extant orangutan species of Sumatra and Borneo, our findings have broad application for evidence-based conservation science and practice worldwide., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Hundreds of rehabilitant great apes have been released into the wild, and thousands await release. However, survival rates after release can be as low as 20%. Several factors influence individuals' survival rates, one of which is the capacity to obtain an adequate diet once released. Released individuals are faced with a mixture of familiar and novel foods in an unfamiliar forest; therefore, it is important to understand how they increase acceptance and consumption of novel foods. This is especially vital for omnivorous species, such as wild great apes, which consume several hundred species of different foods. We assessed the effects of repeated exposures and sociality (i.e. co-feeding in the presence of one or more other individuals) on the acceptance and consumption of novel foods by captive orangutans (Pongo sp). Repeated exposures of food (novel, at first) did not cause an increase of acceptance of food; in other words, the orangutans did not start to eat a food item after being exposed to that food more often, but repeated exposures of food increased consumption (i.e. quantity). After repeated exposures, the orangutans also became gradually more familiar with the food, decreasing their explorative behaviour. The presence of co-feeding conspecifics resulted in an increased acceptance of the novel food by orangutans, and they ate a larger amount of said foods than when alone. Repeated exposure and sociality may benefit rehabilitant great apes in augmenting and diversifying diet and, once practiced before release, may accelerate an individuals' adaptation to their new habitat, improving survival chances. Great ape rescue, rehabilitation and reintroduction require large financial and logistic investments; however, their effectiveness may be improved at low cost and low effort through the suggested measures.