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The purpose of this research is to see whether different wage levels in the private purchasing sector relate to the level of corruptibility. An experiment was conducted that put participants in the role of employees of a purchasing department of a multinational enterprise. The employees were allotted to different wage levels and had to choose between options with different levels of corruption. The research is of a deductive nature and complemented by a descriptive quantitative approach containing the Chi-Square analysis. The results show that there is no association between the wage level and the level of corruptibility of employees in the private purchasing sector. This outcome contributes to the underresearched field of corruption in the private sector and gives further insight into the influence of wages on corruptibility, as well as the usability of the principal-agent theory in the field of corruption.

Perrin-Joly Constance. Le travail en Éthiopie : du paradigme développementiste à l’analyse des travailleuses et des travailleurs. In: Annales d'Ethiopie. Volume 33, année 2020. pp. 11-29.

Business analytics use techniques from data science, data mining, artificial intelligence (especially, machine learning), mathematics and statistics to gain insights and understanding on the performance of business processes. The gained insights and knowledge help driving the business planning. As employees play important roles in the business process, having a tool to classify and predict their wage levels is desirable. Such classification and prediction enables the public or private sector to offer competitive wages for recruiting and retaining employees. In this paper, we present a tool for classifying and predicting wage levels. It incorporates fuzzy logic into a machine-learning tool to support business analytics on big data. Evaluation results show the applicability of our tool for classification and prediction of wages levels in the business world, which in turn supports business analytics in complex artificial intelligence environments.

An analysis of empirical material as well as the literature shows that the educational system, especially the level of education, plays a decisive role in the modern world. To a large extent, it also determines the labour market situation and decides on the level and distribution of wages. As it is shown by the studies conducted in the paper, the size of salary and wage distribution strongly correlates with the level of education. The structural changes occurring in the Polish economy, especially the modernization of the economy, technological advances and a significant increase in enrolment ratio led to a significant increase in wage differentiation., {"references":["Skórska, A., Jeż, R. (2007). Polski rynek pracy wobec tworzenia podstaw gospodarki wiedzy The Polish labor market to create the basics of the knowledge economy. Warszawa: Instytut Wiedzy i Innowacji [in Polish].","Jeż R. (2006). Nierówności dochodowe – syntetyczne wskaźniki oraz poziom nierównomiernego rozkładu dochodów w Polsce [Inequalities in income - synthetic indicators and the level of unequal distribution of income in Poland]. Journal of Development Economic, 215-218 [in Polish]."]}

This paper uses a large national household panel from 1999/2000 and 2007/08 to analyze the short-term effects of India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme on wages, labor supply, agricultural labor use, and productivity. The scheme prompted a 10-point wage increase and higher labor supply to nonagricultural casual work and agricultural self-employment. Program-induced drops in hired labor demand were more than outweighed by more intensive use of family labor, machinery, fertilizer, and diversification to crops with higher risk-return profiles, especially by small farmers. Although the aggregate productivity effects were modest, total employment generated by the program (but not employment in irrigation-related activities) significantly increased productivity, suggesting alleviation of liquidity constraints and implicit insurance provision rather than quality of works undertaken as a main channel for program-induced productivity effects.

The objective of this policy note is to develop a set of actionable recommendations for tackling poverty and social exclusion in Poland based on evidence. In recent years, the World Bank has deepened its engagement in Poland around issues of social inclusion, through work on effective labor market and activation policies, social assistance benefits, and investment financing for local social inclusion initiatives. This note purports to integrate the outputs of these activities and complement them with insights from the new analytical work to develop recommendations for the government of Poland for program choices to enhance the impact of inclusion programs and employment services. This policy note is structured as follows: (i) introduction; (ii) section two provides a definition of social inclusion and describes the country context by key trends and key groups at risk of social exclusion; (iii) section three provides an overview of the institutional set-up to deliver policies for social inclusion at the national and local level and presents an assessment of the achievements and challenges of key policy instruments (employment services, social benefits, social services, and the work of civil society); (iv) section four focuses on two recent operational experiences of relevance to a future operation: an assessment of the execution of the European Social Fund in Poland against the social and labor agendas and a presentation of the learning generated through the social inclusion component of the World Bank Post Accession Rural Support Project; and (v) section five illustrates areas for potential intervention at the policy and operational level in Poland. Recognizing that social inclusion outcomes are the result of a complex set of factors on the demand and supply side,recommendations include macro-level institutional reforms and changes to local service delivery for inclusion of vulnerable groups, mobilization and capacity support, strategies for local employment generation, and monitoring and accountability support.

Over the past 30 years, Vietnam has experienced significant shifts of employment away from agriculture toward manufacturing and services, away from household enterprises toward registered and regulated businesses, and away from state-owned enterprises toward private firms. This paper argues that for these processes to continue in the future, appropriately designed and implemented labor market policies need to be in place, including labor market regulations that protect workers but do not inhibit creative destruction and creation of formal sector jobs; labor market interventions that improve workers' human capital, eliminate information asymmetries, and are fiscally sustainable; and labor market institutions that give voice to workers and employers. As a part of all of these measures, Vietnam will also have to renew its efforts to integrate vulnerable groups into the labor market.

As countries become increasingly integrated into the global economy, increased trade links with other countries translate into increased access to better or cheaper imports and increased demand for exports. Both can have an impact on consumers, producers and workers through household consumption, household production, and labor incentives. The channels through which increased trade integration can affect labor include: (i) the consumption channel, typically leading to an increase in purchasing power and therefore higher real wages, and (ii) the employment effect due to increased labor demand. The extent of these gains to trade will depend on the incidence of trade policies or trade shocks; in other words, the impact will depend on which products become less expensive, which sectors increase demand for skilled or unskilled labor, and which workers can access these new jobs. This report utilizes a range of methodologies and datasets that implicitly link trade and jobs; by using these complementary analytical approaches, we generate multiple perspectives on Lao PDR’s recent labor market outcomes, and their implications for Lao PDR’s current and future trade competitiveness.

This paper examines the phenomena of high rates of youth that are out of school and out of work in Latin America. The analysis pursues a dynamic approach by constructing a pseudo-panel from 234 household surveys for 18 countries in the region that allow tracing the life cycle trajectories of different cohorts over time. The trajectories are associated with a series of variables characterizing the household, community, and macro environment in which schooling and labor market participation decisions take place. The most important result obtained is that the persistently high rates of being out of school and out of work among males are strongly associated with greater labor force participation by women, which can be generating a “crowding out” effect against men, given slow job creation rates across the region. The analysis also explores the possibility of scarring effects, and finds that higher shares of out of school and out of work youth at ages 15–20 years are associated with lower wages for the same cohorts later in life, at ages 35–40 years, for males and females. As for employment prospects, the analysis finds scarring effects only for females, with greater out of school and out of work youth shares being related to lower proportions of women in the labor market later in the life cycle.

Economic activity continued to firm up in 2015, driven by domestic demand. After coming in at 6 percent in 2014, GDP growth accelerated to 6.28 percent during the first half of 2015, the fastest first-half-of-the-year growth rate in the past five years. The recovery was driven by strong activity in manufacturing and construction, which together contributed nearly half of overall GDP growth. Retail sales also performed strongly, posting 8.3 percent (in real terms) in the first six months of 2015, up from 6.3 percent in 2014. However, despite the pickup in retail activity, overall services (which account for nearly 40 percent of GDP) rose modestly at 5.9 percent in the first half of 2015. In part, this reflected a struggling tourism sector, with tourist visits in the first six months down by 11 percent year-on-year. On the demand side, stronger growth was driven by investment (spurred by strong FDI inflows) and stronger private consumption boosted by low inflation. The contribution of net exports turned negative as sluggish external demand weighed on export growth while strengthened domestic activity continued to fuel import growth.

The information contained in this summary report reflects the analysis and assessment that have been undertaken beginning January 2013 mainly to assess the effectiveness of TalentCorp’s efforts to attract and retain global talent through its Returning Expert Program (REP) and Residence Pass-Talent (RP-T). The initial research included various activities aimed at improving the client’s ability to meet its mandate. The main activities completed were as follows: (1) creation of a platform to identify and monitor local labor market conditions and human capital/talent needs; (2) creation of a profile of the Malaysian diaspora living abroad; (3) creation and implementation of two surveys, both surveys focused on gauging the attractiveness of working in Malaysia and were targeted at the Malaysian diaspora and foreign talent living in Malaysia; (4) an impact evaluation of the REP, which aims to facilitate highly skilled members of the Malaysian professionals abroad back to Malaysia; and (5) an assessment of the effectiveness of the RP-T Program, which aims to retain foreign talent in Malaysia. In both the impact evaluation and the assessment, the main questions investigated are whether these programs effectively attract/retain talent.

This report, funded by the Trust Fund for Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development (TFESSD), seeks to identify labor market inequalities in the ten countries outlined above, to relate these inequalities to other forms of social exclusion, and to propose areas for policy action aimed at boosting labor market participation. The remainder of the report is structured as follows. Chapter two describes the role that jobs play in fostering good living standards, productivity and social cohesion, and contextualizes the discussion on jobs and participation in the ten countries. Chapter three zooms in, highlighting inequalities in labor force participation across demographic groups. Chapter four shifts the focus to the factors explaining unequal labor force participation across groups, and discusses a policy agenda for these ten countries, drawing on experiences from the rest of the world. Chapter five concludes.

Empirical work in labor economics has focused on rent sharing as an explanation for the observed correlation between wages and profitability. The alternative explanation of risk sharing between workers and employers has not been tested. Using a unique panel data set for four African countries, Authors find strong evidence of risk sharing. Workers in effect offer insurance to employers: when firms are hit by temporary shocks, the effect on profits is cushioned by risk sharing with workers. Rent sharing is a symptom of an inefficient labor market. Risk sharing; by contrast, can be seen as an efficient response to missing markets. Authors evidence suggests that risk sharing accounts for a substantial part of the observed effect of shocks on wages.

This report provides an overview of jobs,workers, and employment opportunities in Nigeria, using recent household data. Jobs are critical for Nigeria’s present and future, as better jobs and income-earning opportunities form the basis for more diversified economic growth, poverty reduction, and greater prosperity. This report relies heavily on the wealth of information gathered through the General Household Survey conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics. The diagnostics included in this report are intended to describe the landscape of jobs in the country and provide broad analysis as an input into the development of a jobs strategy for Nigeria. The analysis conducted for this report has highlighted three areas that need attention: (i) data quality issues, as shown in the several rounds of data cleaning needed to provide consistent statistics; (ii) poor documentation and archiving, which prevented the use of several rounds of the household survey, especially to produce national-level statistics using population weights; and (iii) standardization, to permit comparisons of key variables over time and track the impact of policy changes and other events. As shown in this report, many Nigerians work, but generally in low-earning activities. Most work opportunities in the country are informal and do not come with a wage. This report presents an updated picture of jobs in Nigeria and identifies opportunities for improving the quality of jobs. This report has shown that Nigeria combines middle-income status and Africa’s largest economic power with high poverty levels, largely because the main sectors of economic growth are disconnected from the sectors that provide employment, notably subsistence activities in the agricultural and services sectors. Finally, the diagnostics included in this report show that both new and existing jobs, whether in agriculture or other sectors, will need to be more productive to help the population move out of low-earning employment and poverty.

This paper investigates the take-up rate or claim-waiting period rate of the unemployed under the South African Unemployment Insurance Fund (UIF) system. The goal is to identify disincentive effects that income replacement rates (IRR) and accumulated credits may have on the claimant's behavior in terms of their claim waiting period rate (or how quickly they apply for UIF benefits). Utilizing nonparametric and semi-parametric estimation techniques, we find that there is little evidence, if any, for job disincentives or moral hazard problems. More specifically, the majority of claimants that are quickest to claim the UIF benefits are those who have worked continuously for at least four years and accumulated the maximum allowable amount of credits. The authors also note that claimants' waiting periods are indifferent with regard to levels of income replacements yet extremely sensitive to the amount of credits accumulated. Ultimately, the recipients of the UIF benefits do not rely heavily on the replacement incomes and prefer waiting longer for employment opportunities as opposed to exhausting their accumulated credits. The semi-parametric Cox's Proportional Hazard (PH) model confirms that there is a positive relationship between the claimant's accumulation of credits and the associated take-up rate of the UIF.

This paper addresses potential effects of immigration on wage income of predominantly low income Swedish born workers. Using unique individual full population panel data for two time-periods, 1993- 1999 and 1997-2003, we estimate two fixed effect models controlling for both individual and local labor market characteristics as well as individual and regional fixed effects. The models are tested for a range of population sub-groups, the compulsory and upper secondary educated and workers within certain shares of the local income distribution (using different below median percentile levels as population cut-off points). The estimates show mainly a positive relationship between increasing shares of foreign born and wage income of Swedish born workers.

The female labor force participation level in Turkey is currently very low at 27 percent compared with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, or OECD and European Union, or EU-19 averages of 61 and 64 percent respectively. This rate has been declining in the last 30 years from a level of 48 percent in 1980. This paper looks at the most recent trends and profiles of labor force participation of women in Turkey using three different household level data sources in available Turkey (HBS, LFS and TDHS) for the period 2003-2006. The paper also reports a multivatiate analysis on the probability of working for women, controlling for various characteristics.

High labor tax wedges and slow formal employment growth have combined to make labor tax reform an important economic policy issue in Turkey. This synthesis report presents the results of a series of empirical studies of the impact of a labor tax reform. The analysis was undertaken before the social contribution reforms that were introduced as part of the 2008 employment package. Using data from firms, households, and social insurance files, the research finds that employment does respond to changes in labor costs at levels that are comparable to those found in other middle-income and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. The results show that reducing labor costs could significantly boost registered employment. However, the actual effect of lower taxes on employment would be diluted because a significant portion of the reduced tax will be captured by workers through higher wages rather than by employers through lower labor costs. As a result, tax cuts targeted towards low-wage labor would be more cost-effective than across-the-board reductions. To achieve overall fiscal neutrality, compensating additional revenues from other sources or reduced expenditures will be needed to accompany lower contribution rates.

2013 Measure of the success of economic development of a country can be seen from the condition of the welfare population. Equitable welfare reflect that everyresident has the fruits of economic development. One of the government???s commitment to the development of industry in Indonesia, with the furniture industry development efforts in the community aimed at improving gaps in development. Makassar is one of the major cities in Indonesia are now starting to show progress and a coveted job seekers. This study aimed to observe the effect of wages, level of education, capital, labor expenditures on employment in the furniture industri in the city of Makassar. This study uses primary data in the form of the wage rate (X1), educational level (X2), capital (X3), labor expenses (X4). And using secondarydata pf employment in the city of Makassar. Analysis tools used in this study multiple linear regression analysis to measure the effect of the independent variables (X1,X2,X3,X4) on the dependent variable (Y). The results obtained from this research that wage factor, level of education, capital and labor expenses (non-wage) effect on employment in the furniture industry in Makassar. Factors wages and expenses for labor and a significant negative effect on employment in the furniture industry in Makassar while education levels and capital factor positive effect on employment. Keywords : Furniture industry, wage levels, education levels, capital expenditure of labor, employment

This is the second report produced under the project "Manpower Survey and Establishment of Labour Market Information System" NAM/90/020. The Establishment Survey, the subject matter of this report, was conducted during October 1992 to July 1993. Being a pioneering attempt in the Namibian context, various problems have had to be addressed to realise the final outcome. Needless to mention that this was made possible by the inputs and efforts made by various persons of the Ministry of Labour and Human Resources Development (MLHRD). The 1991 Population and Housing Census provides the number of unemployed to be almost 100 thousand or 20% of the labour force. In addition, the Labour Force Sample Survey conducted in 1991, suggested a massive prevalence of underemployment in rural areas, particularly among females. The creation of employment opportunities to have a perceptible impact on the existing unemployment, would call for a search and assessment of potentials in all sectors of the economy, as well as influencing the choices of technology, projects and products through suitable policies. In addition, to encourage the promising sectors, such as fisheries and tourism, the employment situation requires development of other branches of the economy having prospects for job creation.