33 results on '"W.V.O. Quine"'
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2. QUINE A NATURALISTICKÝ OMYL.
- Author
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NUHLÍČEK, MARTIN
- Subjects
LOGICAL fallacies ,THEORY of knowledge ,NORMATIVITY (Ethics) ,NATURALIZATION ,SUSPICION ,COGNITIVE computing - Abstract
The article focuses on the problem of normativity in Quine’s naturalized epistemology. Quine characterizes his epistemological project mainly in descriptive terms, which seemingly problematizes the normative side of epistemology. Although Quine offers a certain explanation of normativity within his conception, known as “cognitive engineering,” there is a suspicion that he commits a serious logical error, the so-called naturalistic fallacy. Two attitudes can be taken to this suspicion. First, the naturalistic fallacy is indeed present in Quine’s thinking, but it cannot be attributed a negative meaning because it is an inevitable consequence of the naturalization of epistemology. Second, Quine does not commit the naturalistic fallacy because he derives the normativity of epistemology from the “terminal parameter,” i.e. an external goal against which cognitive strategies are assessed. The latter interpretation seems to be in better agreement with Quine’s statements. In this understanding, naturalized normativity has an instrumental character, which ranks it among the tools of instrumental rationality, linked to practical aspects of human activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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3. Quine a naturalistický omyl
- Author
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Martin Nuhlíček
- Subjects
W.V.O. Quine ,naturalizovaná epistemológia ,normatívna epistemológia ,kognitívne inžinierstvo ,naturalistický omyl ,inštrumentálna normativita ,Philosophy (General) ,B1-5802 - Abstract
Článok sa zameriava na problém normativity v Quinovej naturalizovanej epistemológii. Quine charakterizuje svoj epistemologický projekt prevažne v deskriptívnych termínoch, čim sa zdanlivo problematizuje normatívna stránka epistemológie. Quine síce ponúka isté vysvetlenie normativity v rámci jeho koncepcie, známe ako „kognitívne inžinierstvo“, no vzniká podozrenie, že sa pri ňom dopúšťa vážnej logickej chyby, tzv. naturalistického omylu. K tomuto podozreniu možno zaujať dva postoje. Po prvé, naturalistický omyl je v Quinovom uvažovaní síce prítomný, ale nemožno mu pripisovať negatívny význam, pretože ide o nevyhnutný dôsledok naturalizácie epistemológie. Po druhé, Quine sa nedopúšťa naturalistického omylu, pretože normativitu epistemológie odvodzuje od „konečného parametra“, t. j. vonkajšieho cieľa, vzhľadom na ktorý sa posudzujú kognitívne stratégie. Zdá sa, že v lepšom súlade s Quinovými vyjadreniami je druhá uvedená interpretácia. V tomto chápaní má naturalizovaná normativita inštrumentálny charakter, čo ju radí medzi nástroje inštrumentálnej racionality, previazanej s praktickými aspektmi ľudských činností.
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- 2023
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4. On the Alleged Demise of Metaphysical Realism
- Author
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Rasmussen, Douglas B., Den Uyl, Douglas J., Hardwick, David F., Series Editor, Marsh, Leslie, Series Editor, Rasmussen, Douglas B., and Den Uyl, Douglas J.
- Published
- 2020
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5. Carnapstein in America
- Author
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Tripodi, Paolo, Beaney, Michael, Series Editor, and Tripodi, Paolo
- Published
- 2020
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6. Adaptation, Translation, and Philosophical Investigation in Adaptation
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Hagberg, Garry L., Carroll, Noël, editor, Di Summa, Laura T., editor, and Loht, Shawn, editor
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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7. Prior's Turn to Medieval Logic.
- Author
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Jakobsen, David
- Subjects
- *
MATHEMATICAL logic , *LOGIC , *RENAISSANCE , *PHILOSOPHERS - Abstract
The peculiar aspect of medieval logic, that the truth-value of propositions changes with time, gradually disappeared as Europe exited the Renaissance. In modern logic, it was assumed by W.V.O. Quine that one cannot appreciate modern symbolic logic if one does not take it to be tenseless. A.N. Prior's invention of tense-logic challenged Quine's view and can be seen as a turn to medieval logic. However, Prior's discussion of the philosophical problems related to quantified tense-logic led him to reject essential aspects of medieval logic. This invites an evaluation of Prior's formalisation of tense-logic as, in part, an argument in favour of the medieval view of propositions. This article argues that Prior's turn to medieval logic is hampered by his unwillingness to accept essential medieval assumptions regarding facts about objects that do not exist. Furthermore, it is argued that presentists should learn an important lesson from Prior's struggle with accepting the implications of quantified tense-logic and reject theories that purport to be presentism as unorthodox if they also affirm Quine's view on ontic commitment. In the widest sense: philosophers who, like Prior, turn to the medieval view of propositions must accept a worldview with facts about individuals that, in principle, do not supervene (present tense) on being, for they do not yet exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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8. A Test of Ontological Relativity.
- Author
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Myers, Steve
- Subjects
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JUNGIAN psychology , *RELATIVITY , *PSYCHOLOGICAL typologies , *PHILOSOPHY of science , *PSYCHOLOGICAL tests , *CONFORMANCE testing - Abstract
Jung saw a role for the methods of natural science in analytical psychology alongside other ways of developing of knowledge. This paper puts a cryptic and undeveloped idea in Psychological Types to the test using the principles of Karl Popper's philosophy of science. The idea is a combination of Jung's philosophy, esse in anima , and his theory of opposites applied to politics. It is explained using a term coined by the philosopher W.V.O Quine—ontological relativity. There are key similarities between the two philosophical concepts, due to Jung and Quine having a common influence in William James' radical empiricism. The ontological relativity of political opposites is subjected to three tests that attempt to falsify it. All three attempts at falsification fail, which therefore provides some support for the idea. However, there are a number of anomalous results that raise significant questions requiring further research. This paper should therefore be viewed as the first step in a programme of research to examine the ontological relativity of political opposites that is inherent within esse in anima. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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9. ON FOUR TYPES OF ARGUMENTATION FOR CLASSICAL LOGIC.
- Author
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CZERNECKA-REJ, BOŻENA
- Subjects
DEBATE ,LOGIC - Abstract
Copyright of Annals of Philosophy / Roczniki Filozoficzne is the property of John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Faculty of Philosophy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
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10. Dimming, Eclipse, and Demolition: The Middle of the 20th Century in a Monistic Account of Pragmatism's History.
- Author
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Festl, Michael
- Subjects
- *
PRAGMATISM - Abstract
In this article I distinguish between a monistic and a dualistic interpretation of the history of pragmatism. The former emphasizes the continuities between Peirce, James, and Dewey whereas the latter assumes that there is a chasm between the positions of James and Dewey, on the one hand, and Peirce, on the other. This article assumes the monistic position. Based on this position, I advance a novel understanding of the history of pragmatism in the middle of the 20th century. It rejects the traditional view that pragmatism suffered an eclipse in that period and argues that we should actually split that period into two periods. The first period is dominated by the logical positivist account of C. I. Lewis and its pragmatic inclinations. I call this period "the dimming period of pragmatism." The latter period is characterized by Quine's and Sellars's critiques of logical positivism as critiques in the spirit of pragmatism and made with tools from pragmatism. I call it the "supposed eclipse but actual demolition" period of pragmatism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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11. Quine’s conflicts with truth deflationism
- Author
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Tauriainen, Teemu
- Published
- 2022
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12. Language, Behaviour, and Empathy. G.H. Mead's and W.V.O. Quine's Naturalized Theories of Meaning.
- Author
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Baggio, Guido
- Subjects
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PRAGMATISM , *THEORY of knowledge , *EMPATHY , *SYMPATHY - Abstract
The paper compares Mead's and Quine's behaviouristic theories of meaning and language, focusing in particular on Mead's notion of sympathy and Quine's notion of empathy. On the one hand, Quine seems to resort to an explanation similar to Mead's notion of sympathy, referring to 'empathy' in order to justify the human ability to project ourselves into the witness's position; on the other hand, Quine's reference to the notion of empathy paves the way to a more insightful comparison between Mead's behaviourism and an explanation of the emergence of the linguistic from pre-linguistic communication based on empathic identification processes. However, Mead is less ambiguous than Quine in his use of the notion of sympathy finds a fecund parallel in the current neuroscientific and neuro-phenomenological hypothesis on 'empathy'. The article contends that the ambiguity in Quine's account of empathy is due to the exigency of trying to elucidate the link between the rules of language in a cultural context and the natural, that is 'instinctive', basis of the process of learning a language. This is the reason why his epistemological behaviourism is particularly close to the non-reductionist naturalism of Mead. The working hypothesis proposed in the conclusion deals with the core notions of 'gesture' and 'behaviour'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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13. The Idea of Conceptual Schemes and the Problem of Ontological Relativity
- Author
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Francetić, Damjan and Žitko, Mislav
- Subjects
samoopovrgavanje ,conceptual schemes ,HUMANISTIČKE ZNANOSTI. Filozofija. Spoznajna teorija ,ontološki relativizam ,conceptual relativism ,HUMANISTIC SCIENCES. Philosophy. Theory of Knowledge ,HUMANISTIČKE ZNANOSTI. Filozofija. Filozofija znanosti ,beskonačni regres ,ontological relativism ,self-refutation ,W.V.O. Quine ,infinite regress ,T.S. Kuhn ,konceptualni relativizam ,konceptualne sheme ,D. Davidson ,HUMANISTIC SCIENCES. Philosophy. Philosophy of Science - Abstract
Konceptualni ili ontološki relativizam pozicija je prema kojoj je stvarnost, ili barem sve što možemo reći o njoj, relativna prema nekoj konceptualnoj shemi, a postoji više mogućih konceptualnih shema i više mogućih ontologija. Konceptualne sheme su ugrubo načini organiziranja iskustva, točke gledišta s kojih pojedinci, kulture i razdoblja promatraju svijet. Konceptualni se relativizam većinom smatra neodrživim, kako zbog uobičajenih prigovora relativizmu – da je samoopovrgavajuć i da vodi u beskonačni regres – tako i zbog utjecajne kritike D. Davidsona iz 1974. Cilj je ovog diplomskog rada vidjeti može li se koncipirati održiv konceptualni relativizam koji bi odgovorio ili bio imun na ove kritike. Nakon uvoda, u kojem se pruža motivacija za temu i općenit prikaz konceptualnog relativizma, u drugom se poglavlju okrećemo W.V.O Quineu i njegovim tezama o ontološkoj relativnosti. Treće se poglavlje bavi konceptualno-relativističkim čitanjem teorije znanosti T. Kuhna, s posebnom pažnjom posvećenoj nesumjerljivosti. U četvrtom poglavlju analiziramo i kritiziramo Davidsonovu kritiku same ideje konceptualnih shema, a u petom na temelju radova H. Putnama, I. Hackinga i N. Reschera analiziramo odnos konceptualnog relativizma i istine. Šestome poglavlju pripada završna rasprava. Conceptual or ontological relativism is the view that reality, or at least anything that we can say about it, is relative to some conceptual scheme and that multiple possible conceptual schemes and ontologies exist. Conceptual schemes are, broadly speaking, ways of organising experience, points of view from which individuals, cultures and periods look at the world. Conceptual relativism is usually held to be untenable, because of the usual objections to relativism – that it is self-refuting and leads to an infinite regress – as well as because of Donald Davidson’s influential critique from 1974. The goal of this master’s thesis is to see whether a tenable conceptual relativism is possible, one that can answer or be immune to the aforementioned criticism. After the introduction, in which the motivation for the subject matter of the thesis and a general overview of conceptual relativism are given, in Chapter 2 we turn to W.V.O. Quine and his account of ontological relativity. Chapter 3 deals with a conceptual-relativist reading of T. Kuhn’s theory of science, with special attention given to incommensurability. In Chapter 4, Davidson’s critique of the very idea of conceptual schemes is analysed and criticised, whereas Chapter 5 provides an analysis of the relationship between conceptual relativism and truth based on the work of H. Putnam, I. Hacking and N. Rescher. Chapter 6 is reserved for the final discussion.
- Published
- 2021
14. Comments on Essays from Conference 'The Idea of Pragmatism'.
- Author
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Hookway, Christopher J.
- Subjects
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PRAGMATISM , *PROGRESS , *CONFERENCES & conventions - Abstract
Comments on six papers, appearing in this issue of the Transactions, discussing rational inquiry, pragmatism, truth, cognitive progress, and value. The six papers were originally presented at 'The Idea of Pragmatism,' a conference held at the University of Sheffield on 18-19 May 2015 to honour the work of Christopher Hookway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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15. Hookway and Quine.
- Author
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Putnam, Hilary
- Subjects
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LOGICAL positivism , *REALISM - Abstract
The paper evaluates a letter from W.V.O. Quine to Christopher Hookway that discusses Hookway's 1988 book on Quine. In the letter, Quine objects that Hookway makes him seem more radical than that he truly is. However, in the letter Quine does not challenge Hookway's interpretation. Rather, he denies, on different grounds, that this interpretation applies to him. Not only is this disingenious, but it suggests that it was not so much Hookway that Quine was trying to convince, but himself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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16. Naturalizing Alf Ross's Legal Realism.
- Author
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Holtermann, Jakob v. H.
- Subjects
LEGAL realism ,REALISM ,POSITIVISM ,THEORY of knowledge ,LOGICAL positivism - Abstract
This article addresses a pertinent challenge to Scandinavian realism which follows from the widespread perception that the fundamental philosophical premises on which the movement relies, are no longer tenable. Focusing on Alf Ross's version of Scandinavian realism which has often been at the centre of critical attention, the author argues that his theory can survive the fall of logical positivism through an exercise of philosophical reconstruction. More specifically, he claims that it is possible to dismount Ross's realist legal theory almost intact from its commitments to logical positivism and embed it into an alternative naturalist philosophical program that is currently very strong in contemporary philosophy. In so doing, the author applies a narrow Quinean conception of naturalism, also known as replacement naturalism, which differs from a broader inclusive conception which has been applied by other scholars in the field but which leaves the philosophical crisis of Scandinavian realism unsolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
17. Must Naturalism Lead to a Deflationary Meta-Ontology?
- Author
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Haug, Matthew
- Subjects
- *
NATURALISM , *ONTOLOGY , *METAPHYSICS , *NATURALISTS , *PHILOSOPHY - Abstract
Huw Price has argued that naturalistic philosophy inevitably leads to a deflationary approach to ontological questions. In this paper, I rebut these arguments. A more substantive, less language-focused approach to metaphysics remains open to naturalists. However, rebutting one of Price's main arguments requires rejecting Quine's criterion of ontological commitment. So, even though Price's argument is unsound, it reveals that naturalists cannot rest content with broadly Quinean, 'mainstream metaphysics,' which, I suggest, naturalists also have independent reasons to reject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
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18. Analytical Philosophy and the Philosophy of Intellectual History: A Critical Comparison and Interpretation.
- Author
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Skodo, Admir
- Subjects
ANALYTIC philosophy ,INTELLECTUAL history ,CRITICAL philosophy ,COMPARATIVE studies ,OBJECTIVITY ,IDEALISM ,HISTORICISM - Abstract
This article argues that the relationship between analytical philosophy and the philosophy of intellectual history is conceptually uneasy and even antagonistic once the general philosophical viewpoints, and some particular topics, of the two perspectives are drawn out and compared. The article critically compares the phi-losophies of Quentin Skinner and Mark Bevir with the philosophies of Ludwig Wittgenstein, J.L. Austin, W.V.O. Quine and Donald Davidson. Section I compares the way in which these two perspectives view the task of philosophy. Section II points to a critical difficulty in Bevir and Skinner's use of analytical philosophy in their discussions on objectivity. In section III, another such critical juncture is identified in the topic of explanation. Finally, section IV suggests an interpretation for the character of the comparison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
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19. JOHN RAWLS IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT.
- Author
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Bevir, Mark and Gališanka, Andrius
- Abstract
The secondary literature on Rawls is vast, but little of it is historical. Relying on the archival materials he left to Harvard after his death, we look at the historical contexts that informed Rawls's understanding of political philosophy and the changes in his thinking up to A Theory of Justice. We argue that Rawls's classic work reveals positivist aspirations that were altered and frayed by various encounters with postanalytic naturalism. So, we begin in the 1940s, showing the influence of other positivist projects, such as those of Popper and Ducasse. Thereafter, we explore how Rawls's encounter with Wittgenstein and Quine in the 1950s and 1960s led him to introduce the post-analytic features evident in A Theory of Justice. Our historical narrative challenges commonplace folk-understandings that portray Rawls as either wholly committed to positivism or as its principal slayer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
20. Neither Discovered Nor Created II: Beauty, Truth, and Goodness
- Author
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Cogburn, Jon, author
- Published
- 2017
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21. Bridging the Brentano Gorge: An Introduction to Daniel Dennett's Breaking the Spell.
- Author
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Day, Matthew
- Subjects
- *
INTELLECTUALS , *RELIGIOUS education , *COGNITION , *PHILOSOPHY - Abstract
In this introduction to a special MTSR issue dedicated to Breaking the Spell, I outline the broad philosophical contours of Daniel Dennett's career and its relevance for scholars of religion. By focusing attention on how Dennett's understanding of cognition is informed by a Darwinian principle of naturally selected "design," my goal is to explain why many academics in the field had high hopes for his account of religious cognition's natural origins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
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22. Smjena paradigmi u kontekstu filozofije znanosti: Quine i dvije dogme empirizma
- Author
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Ivanković, Mario and Periša, Ante
- Subjects
Thomas Kuhn ,HUMANISTIČKE ZNANOSTI. Filozofija. Filozofija znanosti ,paradigm shift ,logički empirizam ,logical empiricism ,scientific revolution ,W.V.O. Quine ,smjena paradigme ,naturalized epistemology ,znanstvena revolucija ,naturalizirana epistemologija ,HUMANISTIC SCIENCES. Philosophy. Philosophy of Science - Abstract
Ovaj rad problematizira promjenu paradigmi u kontekstu filozofije. Za osnovu rada se uzima Kuhnova teorija znanstvenih revolucija pomoću koje se objašnjava utjecaj Quineove filozofije vođene djelom Dvije dogme empirizma. Početak znanstvene revolucije se izjednačava sa izdavanjem Quineovog dijela Dvije dogme empirizma. Početna faza se definira radom u trenutnoj paradigmi, odnosno radom unutar normalne znanosti. Normalna znanost predstavlja tradiciju logičkog empirizma koja je tada bila aktualna. Sljedeći korak je dolazak mladih znanstvenika koji uočavaju anomalije. O dolasku mladih znanstvenika se ne može govoriti kada govorimo o Quineu, no on uspješno uočava dogmu distinkcije analitičkih i sintetičkih sudova te dogme redukcionizma kao anomalije. Otkrivanjem anomalija nastupa period krize za vrijeme kojeg Quine iznosi svoju argumentaciju dogmi. Sljedeći korak predstavlja period neuobičajene znanosti koji se može izjednačiti sa periodom rasprave nakon izdavanja Dvije dogme kada se artikulira nova paradigma teorijskom rekonstrukcijom tradicije logičkog empirizma. Posljednji korak, razrješenje revolucije i nastupanje nove paradigme, predstavlja Quineov zahtjev za naturaliziranom epistemologijom vođenom umjerenim holizmom koji nudi rješenje dviju dogmi. Naposljetku se problematizira teza nesumjerljivosti uspoređujući naturaliziranu epistemologiju sa logičkim empirizmom. This paper questions the paradigm shift in the context of philosophy. Based on Kuhn Theory of scientific revolutions, the author tries to explicate Quines influence on philosophy of science led by ''Two dogmas of empiricism''. The beginning of the scientific revolution is equated with the release of Quine's seminal work on dogmas of empiricism. The starting phase is defined by working within 'normal science'. Normal science represents the tradition of logical empiricism that was then the current stream of philosophy. The next step represents the arrival of young scientists whom are supposed to notice anomalies in the current theory. This step could not be represented by Quine's work. Nonetheless, by detecting the anomaly of distinguishing the analytic and synthetic truths, a crisis period occurs. The next step represents a period of unusual science that can be equated with the period of discussion after the release of ''Two dogmas'' and with articulating a new paradigm by theoreticaly reconstructing the tradition of logical empiricism. The final step, the resolution of the revolution and the emergence of a new paradigm, represents Quine's demand for a naturalized epistemology led by moderate holism that offers the solution for two dogmas. To conclude, author questions the problem of incommensurability thesis by comparing naturalized epistemology with logical empiricism.
- Published
- 2018
23. Los conjuntos existen: La polémica de los universales 900 años después
- Author
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Peña, Lorenzo [0000-0002-0186-6215], Peña, Lorenzo, Peña, Lorenzo [0000-0002-0186-6215], and Peña, Lorenzo
- Abstract
Este opúsculo es una crítica a las objeciones de Pedro Abelardo (1079-1142) contra el realismo de los universales, particularmente en la versión colectivista enunciada porJoscelino de Soissons. La monografía defiende precisamente ese mismo realismo colectivista, o sea que los universales existen realmente y son colecciones o conjuntos. Ese realismo colectivista rechaza la concepción mereológica, que no admite ninguna relación de miembro a conjunto diversa de la relación de parte a todo. Tal realismo de los universales se argumenta en un debate con diversos filósofos contemporáneos, como D.M. Armstrong, T. Burge, F. Brentano, P. Geach, H. Hochberg, J. Hintikka, A. Plantinga, W.V.O. Quine, R. Routley, N. Rescher y E. Stenius.
- Published
- 2016
24. Naturalizing Alf Ross’s Legal Realism
- Author
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Jakob v. H. Holtermann
- Subjects
réalisme scandinave ,épistémologie naturalisée ,Scandinavian realism ,naturalisation de l’épistémologie juridique ,positivisme logique ,naturaliziranje pravoslovja ,logični pozitivizem ,skandinavski realizem ,W.V.O. Quine ,logical positivism ,naturalized epistemology ,naturalizing jurisprudence ,Alf Ross ,naturalizirana epistemologija - Abstract
This article addresses a pertinent challenge to Scandinavian realism which follows from the widespread perception that the fundamental philosophical premises on which the movement relies, are no longer tenable. Focusing on Alf Ross’s version of Scandinavian realism which has often been at the centre of critical attention, the author argues that Ross’s theory can survive the fall of logical positivism through an exercise of philosophical reconstruction. More specifically, he claims that it is possible to dismount Ross’s realist legal theory almost intact from its commitments to logical positivism and embed it into an alternative naturalist philosophical program that is currently very strong in contemporary philosophy. In so doing, the author applies a narrow Quinean conception of naturalism, also known as replacement naturalism, which differs from a broader inclusive conception which has been applied by other scholars in the field but which leaves the philosophical crisis of Scandinavian realism unsolved. Naturaliser le réalisme juridique d'Alf Ross. Une reconstruction philosophique. Cet article lance un défi au réalisme scandinave, et sa pertinence découle de ce que, selon une vision largement partagée, les prémisses philosophiques fondamentales sur lesquelles repose ce mouvement ne sont plus défendables. En mettant l’accent sur la version du réalisme scandinave proposée par Alf Ross qui a concentré l’attention des critiques, l'auteur soutient que sa théorie peut survivre à la chute du positivisme logique au terme d’un exercice de reconstruction philosophique. Il prétend plus spécifiquement qu'il est possible de conserver la théorie juridique réaliste de Ross presque intacte en la débarrassant de ses compromissions avec le positivisme logique et de l'intégrer à un programme philosophique naturaliste actuellement très puissant dans la philosophie contemporaine. Pour ce faire, l'auteur utilise la conception étroite du naturalisme de Quine, également connue sous le nom de « naturalisme du remplacement », qui diffère d’une conception inclusive plus large. Cette dernière a été utilisée par d’autres chercheurs dans ce domaine mais elle ne fournit aucun remède à la crise philosophique du réalisme scandinave. Pravni realizem Alfa Rossa in naturalizem. Filozofska rekonstrukcija. Članek naslavlja pomemben izziv skandinavskemu realizmu, ki izhaja iz razširjenega stališča, da temeljna filozofska izhodišča, na katerih to gibanje sloni, niso več sprejemljiva. Avtor se osredotoči na Rossovo različico skandinavskega realizma, ki je bila pogosto v središču različnih kritik, in trdi, da je z ustrezno filozofsko rekonstrukcijo ta teorija sposobna preživeti padec logičnega pozitivizma. Ob tem trdi, da je mogoče Rossovo realistično pravno teorijo praktično nedotaknjeno odvezati njenih zavez logičnemu pozitivizmu ter jo vdelati v alternativen, naturalistični filozofski program, ki je trenutno v filozofiji precej močno zastopan. V ta namen se avtor posluži ozkega Quineovega pojmovanja naturalizma – poznanega tudi kot nadomestni naturalizem – ki se sicer razlikuje od širšega vključujočega pojmovanja drugih pravoslovcev a hkrati pušča filozofsko krizo skandinavskega realizma nerazrešeno.
- Published
- 2014
25. Naturalizing Alf Ross’s Legal Realism:A Philosophical Reconstruction
- Author
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Holtermann, Jakob v. H. and Holtermann, Jakob v. H.
- Abstract
In this article I address a pertinent challenge to Scandinavian realism which follows from the widespread perception that the fundamental philosophical premises on which the movement relies, are no longer tenable. Focusing on Alf Ross’s version of Scandinavian realism which has often been at the centre of critical attention I argue that his theory can survive the fall of logical positivism through an exercise of philosophical reconstruction. More specifically I argue that it is possible to dismount Ross’s realist legal theory almost intact from its commitments to logical positivism and embed it into an alternative naturalist philosophical program that is currently very strong in contemporary philosophy. In so doing, I apply a narrow Quinean conception of naturalism also known as replacement naturalism, which differs from a broader inclusive conception which has been applied by other scholars in the field but which leaves the philosophical crisis of Scandinavian realism unsolved., In this article I address a pertinent challenge to Scandinavian realism which follows from the widespread perception that the fundamental philosophical premises on which the movement relies, are no longer tenable. Focusing on Alf Ross’s version of Scandinavian realism which has often been at the centre of critical attention I argue that his theory can survive the fall of logical positivism through an exercise of philosophical reconstruction. More specifically I argue that it is possible to dismount Ross’s realist legal theory almost intact from its commitments to logical positivism and embed it into an alternative naturalist philosophical program that is currently very strong in contemporary philosophy. In so doing, I apply a narrow Quinean conception of naturalism also known as replacement naturalism, which differs from a broader inclusive conception which has been applied by other scholars in the field but which leaves the philosophical crisis of Scandinavian realism unsolved.
- Published
- 2014
26. W.v.O. Quine
- Author
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Amoretti, MARIA CRISTINA
- Subjects
W.v.O. Quine ,significato ,olismo ,epistemologia naturalizzata - Published
- 2010
27. L'impossible trahison. Signification et indétermination de la traduction chez Quine
- Author
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Ambroise, Bruno, Centre universitaire de recherches sur l'action publique et le politique. Epistémologie et Sciences sociales (CURAPP-ESS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)
- Subjects
logic ,traduction ,under-determination ,schème conceptuel ,signification ,W.V.O. Quine ,[SHS.PHIL]Humanities and Social Sciences/Philosophy ,translation ,meaning ,conceptual scheme ,logique ,indétermination - Abstract
Philosophe-logicien, Quine est connu tant pour ses importants travaux en logique que pour le caractère provocateur de ses thèses philosophiques, telles la relativité de l'ontologie, l'inscrutabilité de la référence ou l'indétermination de la traduction, ou, tout aussi bien, l'idée selon laquelle la signification est un mythe. S'alliant en effet de manière inattendue avec des philosophes du langage ordinaire comme Austin1, Quine va contester toute pertinence à la notion philosophique de signification, et la considérer comme un « mythe ». Cette thèse, à première vue surprenante, ne signifie naturellement pas que ce que nous disons ne signifie rien, mais, plus simplement, qu'il n'y a pas d'entité indépendante des mots qui les doterait d'un caractère signifiant. Si les mots signifient bel et bien quelque chose, ce sera plutôt en vertu de leur inclusion dans un système linguistique, déterminé à la fois par la communauté à laquelle il appartient et par un certain rapport au réel, et qui, formant un « schème conceptuel », règlera les usages possibles des énoncés dans cette communauté de langage, tout en déterminant l'ontologie du langage de cette communauté. Cette idée consistant à renoncer à une signification indépendante du langage dérive, chez Quine, de deux thèse fortes, toutes les deux motivées par son empirisme foncier : un béhaviorisme strict dans les considérations linguistiques ; une expérience de pensée forte, prenant appui sur ce béhaviorisme et communément appelée la « traduction radicale ». Cette expérience de pensée entend montrer qu'il est possible de traduire de plusieurs façons différentes un même énoncé d'un langage radicalement étranger. Ce qui est important, c'est que l'on obtient alors plusieurs traductions incompatibles entre elles, mais, pour autant, tout à fait correctes, en tant que traductions de la langue étrangère. Cette expérience de pensée est liée à cette autre thèse quinienne, l'inscrutabilité (ou indétermination) de la référence, qui semble elle-même faire peser un risque certain d'incompréhension entre deux locuteurs de langue différente. Il semble en effet suivre de cette expérience de pensée que nous ne puissions jamais connaître ce que veut vraiment dire le locuteur d'une langue étrangère et que, à terme, nous ne puissions jamais saisir de quoi il parle. La relativité linguistique, sinon culturelle, menace. Il conviendra alors de montrer qu'en toute rigueur, ce risque, en tant que tel, n'est pas réel, car il se dissout dès lors que l'on a compris que la signification est un mythe et qu'il n'y a rien à propos de quoi se tromper quand on traduit une langue étrangère. Toute traduction relève en effet d'un processus de projection de notre propre langue dans la langue indigène, qui, dès lors, est toujours atteignable. Bref, la signification se réduisant à des comportements verbaux dont le critère de réussite est la communication, il doit être possible de comprendre comment la multiplicité possible du rendu des comportements verbaux étranger n'est en rien une trahison du langage étranger (langage objet de la traduction), puisqu'il n'y a rien à trahir – ou rien d'autre à atteindre qu'une communication aisée avec les étrangers linguistiques, critère de réussite identique à celui qui prévaut au sein de notre propre communauté linguistique. Sera tout d'abord exposée la compréhension quinienne du fonctionnement linguistique, qui explique en quoi la langue maternelle n'acquiert un sens pour ceux qui la parlent qu'en étant liée à des stimulations sensorielles situées dans des situations partagées. Nous verrons ainsi la signification se réduire, dans notre propre langue, à l'usage de certains comportements verbaux face à certaines situations, usage lui-même contrôlé par la communauté des locuteurs. Nous comprendrons ensuite comment, la signification se réduisant à la synonymie, il est possible de trouver des énoncés synonymes d'une langue à une autre, et donc comment procéder à l'exercice de la traduction. Cela nous prouvera qu'il est impossible de trouver une véritable synonymie, et devrait nous enlever définitivement l'illusion d'une unité de sens objective. Toutefois, cette ruine de l'idée de signification indépendante ne conduira pas à une incompréhension de l'autre, mais bien plutôt à une sorte d'éthique de ou dans la traduction.
- Published
- 2009
28. Fühlen oder Hinsehen?
- Author
-
Müller, Olaf L., Döring, Sabine, and Mayer, Verena
- Subjects
Beobachtung ,Ethik ,Holism ,Holismus ,Observation ,Metaethics ,400 Sprachwissenschaft, Linguistik ,Morton White ,Feeling ,ddc:150 ,Beobachtungssatz ,Hintergrund-Information ,Background Information ,Emotion ,Ethics ,Gefühl ,Ethical Emotion ,100 Philosophie ,Moral Observation ,Quine/Duhem Thesis ,Moral ,Science/Ethics Distinction ,Quine/Duhem-These ,Metaethik ,Observation Sentence ,150 Psychologie ,ddc:100 ,W.V.O. Quine ,ddc:400 - Abstract
Nach Morton White können wir die holistische Quine/Duhem-These auf ethische Sätze genauso anwenden wie auf wissenschaftliche. Demzufolge mögen sich die meisten ethische Sätze zwar nicht einzeln testen lassen, wohl aber im Zusammenhang einer kompletten Theorie, die sowohl deskriptive als auch normative Sätze enthält. Ich diskutiere zwei Vorschläge dafür, wie dieser Vergleich durchbuchstabiert werden könnte. Laut Whites eigenem Vorschlag lassen sich einige normative Konsequenzen des Gesamtsystems durch Konfrontation mit den emotionalen Reaktionen des Sprechers testen. Laut meinem Vorschlag sind einige normative Konsequenzen des Systems bereits Beobachtungssätze in Quines Sinn und können genauso getestet werden wie naturwissenschaftliche Beobachtungssätze, nämlich durch Sinneserfahrung. Kurzum, es gibt moralische Beobachtungssätze. Quine bezeichnet diejenigen Sätze als Beobachtungssätze, die alle anwesenden Sprecher einer Gemeinschaft stets gleich beurteilen und die der einzelne Sprecher ausschließlich aufgrund momentaner Sinnesreizung bejaht oder verneint (also unabhängig von Hintergrund-Informationen). In Quines Argument gegen moralische Beobachtungssätze steckt folgender Fehler: Quine glaubt, dass sich moralische Fragen immer nur angesichts von Hintergrund-Informationen beurteilen lassen. Bei vielen moralischen Sätzen mag das so sein; aber es gibt Gegenbeispiele, in denen Hintergrund-Informationen ausgeschaltet sind, z.B. "Dies ist sichtbares Unrecht". According to an interesting suggestion by Morton White, the Quine-Duhem thesis might be applied to ethical sentences in the same holistic spirit in which Quine applied it to scientific sentences. Thus, ethical sentences might not be testable one by one; they could be tested when conjoined to larger bodies of belief that contain ethical and descriptive elements. I consider two versions of this suggestion. According to the first version (which is White's own proposal), some of the system's normative consequences can be tested by way of confronting them with the emotional reactions of the speaker; according to the second version, some of the system's normative consequences are observation sentences (in Quine's sense) and can be tested in the same way observation sentences are tested in the sciences. I argue against the first version of the suggestion and opt for the second one. According to Quine’s definitions, an observation sentence commands the very same verdict of all competent speakers who are on the spot when the sentence is uttered; and the individual speaker's verdict on the sentence depends merely on momentary sensory input, not on background information. There is a mistake in Quine's argument against moral observation sentences: According to Quine, our moral judgments always depend upon background information. This may be so with many moral sentences; but there are counterexamples (where background information is explicitly excluded). Here is one: "This is visibly wrong".
- Published
- 2002
29. Fühlen oder Hinsehen?
- Author
-
Döring, Sabine, Mayer, Verena, Müller, Olaf L., Döring, Sabine, Mayer, Verena, and Müller, Olaf L.
- Abstract
Nach Morton White können wir die holistische Quine/Duhem-These auf ethische Sätze genauso anwenden wie auf wissenschaftliche. Demzufolge mögen sich die meisten ethische Sätze zwar nicht einzeln testen lassen, wohl aber im Zusammenhang einer kompletten Theorie, die sowohl deskriptive als auch normative Sätze enthält. Ich diskutiere zwei Vorschläge dafür, wie dieser Vergleich durchbuchstabiert werden könnte. Laut Whites eigenem Vorschlag lassen sich einige normative Konsequenzen des Gesamtsystems durch Konfrontation mit den emotionalen Reaktionen des Sprechers testen. Laut meinem Vorschlag sind einige normative Konsequenzen des Systems bereits Beobachtungssätze in Quines Sinn und können genauso getestet werden wie naturwissenschaftliche Beobachtungssätze, nämlich durch Sinneserfahrung. Kurzum, es gibt moralische Beobachtungssätze. Quine bezeichnet diejenigen Sätze als Beobachtungssätze, die alle anwesenden Sprecher einer Gemeinschaft stets gleich beurteilen und die der einzelne Sprecher ausschließlich aufgrund momentaner Sinnesreizung bejaht oder verneint (also unabhängig von Hintergrund-Informationen). In Quines Argument gegen moralische Beobachtungssätze steckt folgender Fehler: Quine glaubt, dass sich moralische Fragen immer nur angesichts von Hintergrund-Informationen beurteilen lassen. Bei vielen moralischen Sätzen mag das so sein; aber es gibt Gegenbeispiele, in denen Hintergrund-Informationen ausgeschaltet sind, z.B. "Dies ist sichtbares Unrecht"., According to an interesting suggestion by Morton White, the Quine-Duhem thesis might be applied to ethical sentences in the same holistic spirit in which Quine applied it to scientific sentences. Thus, ethical sentences might not be testable one by one; they could be tested when conjoined to larger bodies of belief that contain ethical and descriptive elements. I consider two versions of this suggestion. According to the first version (which is White's own proposal), some of the system's normative consequences can be tested by way of confronting them with the emotional reactions of the speaker; according to the second version, some of the system's normative consequences are observation sentences (in Quine's sense) and can be tested in the same way observation sentences are tested in the sciences. I argue against the first version of the suggestion and opt for the second one. According to Quine’s definitions, an observation sentence commands the very same verdict of all competent speakers who are on the spot when the sentence is uttered; and the individual speaker's verdict on the sentence depends merely on momentary sensory input, not on background information. There is a mistake in Quine's argument against moral observation sentences: According to Quine, our moral judgments always depend upon background information. This may be so with many moral sentences; but there are counterexamples (where background information is explicitly excluded). Here is one: "This is visibly wrong"., Peer Reviewed
- Published
- 2002
30. A Transcendental Argument against Utilitarianism
- Author
-
Müller, Olaf L.
- Subjects
Dieter Birnbacher ,Externalismus ,utilitarianism ,Skeptizismus ,Donald Davidson ,ideal level of ethical thought ,skepticism ,radikale Interpretation ,promise ,Behauptung ,assertion ,externalism ,lying ,ideal agent ,Hilary Putnam ,Peter Singer ,Versprechen ,transcendental argument ,Utilitarismus ,transzendentales Argument ,Richard Hare ,ideale Ebene des ethischen Denkens ,Idealnorm ,100 Philosophie ,radikale Übersetzung ,David Lewis ,Lüge ,D.H. Hodgson ,principle of charity ,Gehirn im Tank ,brain in a vat ,ddc:100 ,Möglichkeitsbedingung ,W.V.O. Quine ,radical interpretation ,idealer Akteur ,Prinzip des Wohlwollens - Abstract
Der Handlungs-Utilitarismus lässt sich mithilfe eines neuen, transzendentalen Arguments widerlegen: Wer stets den Nutzen maximiert, auch beim Reden, der kann seine moralische Position (aus interpretationstheoretischen Gründen) weder formulieren noch haben – der Utilitarismus unterminiert die Bedingungen der Möglichkeit seiner eigenen Artikulation. In Abschnitt I charakterisiere ich die Form von Utilitarismus, um die es gehen wird – Handlungs-Utilitarismus auf der idealen Ebene des ethischen Denkens. In Abschnitt II werde ich einen älteren Widerlegungsversuch dieses idealen Akt-Utilitarismus vorstellen und entkräften. Er stammt von Hodgson und ähnelt meinem Argument. Wer Hodgsons Widerlegungsversuch entrinnen will, ist gut beraten, sich auf eine Sprachphilosophie à la Quine einzulassen. Im Abschnitt III tritt Quines Prinzip des Wohlwollens ("principle of charity") auf den Plan. Hier werde ich mithilfe dreier Gedankenexperimente die Beweistechniken vorführen, die meinem Argument zugrundeliegen. Das Argument selber formuliere ich in Abschnitt IV. Ich werde zeigen, dass handlungsutilitaristische Akteure weder Versprechen noch Behauptungen formulieren können. Diese These werde ich in Abschnitt V gegen sechs kleinere Einwände und in Abschnitt VI gegen einen gewichtigen Einwand verteidigen. Im Abschnitt VII werde ich das Argument vervollständigen. I want to explore a new way of refuting act-utilitarianism. My claim is that nobody maximizing utility can possibly be said to believe in act-utilitarianism. In section I, I shall circumscribe the sort of utilitarianism with which we'll be concerned: Act-utilitarianism on the ideal level of ethical thought. Section II is devoted to an earlier attempt of refuting act-utilitarianism, which resembles the argument from this paper. I shall try to show that the proposed refutation (due to Hodgson) is not convincing because it leaves out half of the story. In that section, I shall also motivate the theoretical (Quinean) background of my own argument. The main hero of section III will be Quine's principle of charity; we'll be concerned with three preliminary thought experiments so as to become familiar with the dialectical techniques that will be needed for refuting act-utilitarianism. The core of my paper can be found in section IV. I shall demonstrate that act-utilitarian agents can express neither promises nor assertions. After having defended the latter claim (as regards assertions) against six small objections (section V) and one big objection (section VI), I shall complete my argument in section VII.
- Published
- 1998
31. Philosophy of Linguistics
- Author
-
Stainton, Robert J., book editor
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Logique, vérité et descente sémantique
- Abstract
Dans cet essai, nous voudrions contribuer à offrir une compréhension adéquate de l’usage par Quine du prédicat de vérité dans la formulation des lois logiques. L’enjeu est central : puisque la « logique poursuit la vérité dans l’arbre de la grammaire » en généralisant sur des phrases exemplifiant la même structure logique au moyen du prédicat de vérité, commettre un contresens sur ce point, c’est se rendre incapable de comprendre adéquatement la relation interne entre logique et vérité. La méthode adoptée consiste à corriger certaines confusions répandues au sujet de la relation entre logique, vérité et montée sémantique., In this essay, I would like to contribute to an correct understanding of Quine’s use of the truth predicate in the formulation of logical laws. The issue at stake is central: since “logic chases truth up the tree of grammar” by generalizing over sentences instantiating the same logical structure by means of the truth predicate, to commit a misunderstanding on this point is to render oneself unable to adequately understand the internal relation between logic and truth. The method adopted in this essay consists in correcting some widespread confusions about the relation between logic, truth, and semantic ascent.
33. Plugging the Leaks in Neurath's Ship: A Defense of Naturalistic Epistemology
- Author
-
Sas, Peter Jacco
- Published
- 1999
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