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Centromere positions on 7 maize chromosomes were compared on the basis of data from 4 to 6 mapping techniques per chromosome. Centromere positions were first located relative to molecular markers by means of radiation hybrid lines and centric fission lines recovered from oat-maize chromosome addition lines. These centromere positions were then compared with new data from centric fission lines recovered from maize plants, half-tetrad mapping, and fluorescence in situ hybridizations and to data from earlier studies. Surprisingly, the choice of mapping technique was not the critical determining factor. Instead, on 4 chromosomes, results from all techniques were consistent with a single centromere position. On chromosomes 1, 3, and 6, centromere positions were not consistent even in studies using the same technique. The conflicting centromere map positions on chromosomes 1, 3, and 6 could be explained by pericentric inversions or alternative centromere positions on these chromosomes.

Sustainable mining concepts are being applied to current mining practices; however, assessment tools or criterion for best available mining and reclamation practices are needed. Environmental regulations and market incentives must align with these assessment tools before enhanced environmental performance and sustainable mining practices can be realized. This paper uses an environmental management system methodology to evaluate the sustainability of pollution prevention practices, such as in-situ mining and mineral processing circuits that produce desulfured tails, and ameliorative practices that employ mine waste covers and reclamation. This paper also discusses the conflict between the current regulatory process and the need for more innovative mining practices.

This paper describes theoretical and experimental data characterizing the sensitivity of nMOS and CMOS digital circuits to substrate coupling in mixed-signal, smart-power systems. The work presented here focuses on the noise effects created by high-power analog circuits and affecting sensitive digital circuits on the same integrated circuit. The sources and mechanism of the noise behavior of such digital circuits are identified and analyzed. The results are obtained primarily from a set of dedicated test circuits specifically designed, fabricated, and evaluated for this work. The conclusions drawn from the theoretical and experimental analyses are used to develop physical and circuit design techniques to mitigate the substrate noise problems. These results provide insight into the noise immunity of digital circuits with respect to substrate coupling.

Morbidity and mortality attributable to chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are increasing in many countries as the infected population ages. Models were developed for 15 countries to quantify and characterize the viremic population, as well as estimate the number of new infections and HCV related deaths from 2013 to 2030. Expert consensus was used to determine current treatment levels and outcomes in each country. In most countries, viremic prevalence has already peaked. In every country studied, prevalence begins to decline before 2030, when current treatment levels were held constant. In contrast, cases of advanced liver disease and liver related deaths will continue to increase through 2030 in most countries. The current treatment paradigm is inadequate if large reductions in HCV related morbidity and mortality are to be achieved.

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a leading cause of liver related morbidity and mortality. In many countries, there is a lack of comprehensive epidemiological data that are crucial in implementing disease control measures as new treatment options become available. Published literature, unpublished data and expert consensus were used to determine key parameters, including prevalence, viremia, genotype and the number of patients diagnosed and treated. In this study of 15 countries, viremic prevalence ranged from 0.13% in the Netherlands to 2.91% in Russia. The largest viremic populations were in India (8666000 cases) and Russia (4162000 cases). In most countries, males had a higher rate of infections, likely due to higher rates of injection drug use (IDU). Estimates characterizing the infected population are critical to focus screening and treatment efforts as new therapeutic options become available.

Y-STRs are valuable in the investigation of sexual assaults in which autosomal STR genotype interpretation is challenging. To detect male DNA from compromised sexual assault evidence, 45 non-suspect samples were differentially extracted and analyzed with 10 Y-STRs. These samples were positive for the presence of human seminal fluid, but were negative for spermatozoa by microscopic examination. Y-STR data were obtained in ∼86.2% of the epithelial or sperm fractions. On samples yielding incomplete profiles, results were obtained on an average of 5 loci per sample. The inability to obtain results may be due to insufficient amplifiable male DNA, PCR inhibition, or unfounded accusations of sexual assault. This study indicates that it is possible to obtain a male STR profile even in the absence of visually identifiable spermatozoa. Furthermore, Y-STR loci should become components of CODIS if they are to be used in solving non-suspect sexual assaults.

Published in the series Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Air, Vol. 3 (1999) The article contains sections titled: General principles Equipment and chemicals Equipment Chemicals Sampling and sample transfer into the long-path gas cuvette Analytical determination Calibration Calculation of the analytical result Continuous measurements Discontinuous measurements with gas collecting bags Discontinuous measurements with gas collecting tubes Reliability of the method Precision Detection limit Sources of error Discussion Keywords: infrared spectrophotometry; workplace measurement; air analysis; occupational monitoring; analytical method; hazardous substance; measurement procedure; uncertainty; personal sampling

Published in the series Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Air, Vol. 2 (1993) The article contains sections titled: General principles Equipment and chemicals Equipment Chemicals Sampling and sample trasfer into the long-path gas cuvette Analytical determination Calibration Calculation of the analytical results Continuous measurements Discontinuous measurements using gas-collecting bags Discontinuous measurements using gas-collectiong tubes Reliability of the method Precision Detection limit Sources of error Discussion of the method Keywords: infrared spectrophotometry; workplace measurement; air analysis; occupational monitoring; analytical method; hazardous substance; measurement procedure; uncertainty; personal sampling

BACKGROUND: The power of a genetic test battery to exclude a pair of individuals as grandparents is an important consideration for parentage testing laboratories. However, a reliable method to calculate such a statistic with short-tandem repeat (STR) genetic markers has not been presented. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Two formulae describing the random grandparents not excluded (RGPNE) statistic at a single genetic locus were derived: RGPNE = a(4 − 6a + 4a2– a3) when the paternal obligate allele (POA) is defined and RGPNE = 2[(a + b)(2 − a − b)][1 − (a + b)(2 − a − b)] + [(a + b)(2 − a − b)] when the POA is ambiguous. A minimum number of genetic markers required to yield cumulative RGPNE values of not greater than 0.01 was calculated with weighted average allele frequencies of the CODIS STR loci. RGPNE data for actual grandparentage cases are also presented to empirically examine the exclusionary power of routine casework. RESULTS: A comparison of RGPNE and random man not excluded (RMNE) values demonstrates the increased difficulty involved in excluding two individuals as grandparents compared to excluding a single alleged parent. A minimum of 12 STR markers is necessary to achieve RGPNE values of not greater than 0.01 when the mother is tested; more than 25 markers are required without the mother. Cumulative RGPNE values for each of 22 nonexclusionary grandparentage cases were not more than 0.01 but were significantly weaker when calculated without data from the mother. CONCLUSION: Calculation of the RGPNE provides a simple means to help minimize the potential of false inclusions in grandparentage analyses. This study also underscores the importance of testing the mother when examining the parents of an unavailable alleged father (AF).

Y-chromosome short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) provide valuable information in cases of rape and questioned paternity, and they allow for the genetic identification of male lineages. The present study validated a Y-STR 10-plex on the ABI PRISM 3100 Genetic Analyzer for use in forensic and paternity laboratories at Orchid Cellmark. Following optimization of the polymerase chain reaction, father-son pairs were analyzed to ensure that each pair generated identical haplotypes. This study demonstrated that the 10-plex is sensitive to 0.125 ng of input DNA and that female samples mixed with male samples did not interfere with Y-STR haplotyping. In a sample of 525 males, there were three instances of locus multiplication, two at DYS19 and one at DYS435. Overall, haplotype diversity was 0.996, suggesting that the 10-plex can effectively distinguish among male lineages.

The behavior of digital circuits in a noisy environment in mixed-signal smart-power systems is described in this paper. Several models and mechanisms explaining the process in which substrate noise affects on-chip digital circuits as well as the noise immunity behavior of digital circuits are presented and discussed. The models and mechanisms are demonstrated by simulations and by extensive test chip-based experimental data.

Experimental data describing circuit and physical design issues that influence the noise immunity of digital latches in mixed-signal smart power circuits are described and discussed. The principal result of this paper is the characterization of the conditions under which substrate noise generated by high power analog circuitry affects digital latches. The experimental data characterize a variety of different noise mitigation techniques for the particular process technology circuit structures, signal/clocking interdependencies, and related conditions.

A comparative study of the behavior of NMOS and CMOS digital circuits in terms of the ability to tolerate substrate noise is presented. Theoretical and simulation results are confirmed by experimental data gathered from the analysis of NMOS and CMOS test chips. It is shown that while the noise sensitivity of NMOS digital circuits is influenced by a variety of factors, the primary phenomenon responsible for the noise integrity of the CMOS digital circuits is latch-up.

The placement of substrate contacts in epi and non-epi technologies in order to control and reduce the substrate noise amplitude and spreading is analyzed. The choice of small or large substrate contacts or rings for each of the two major technologies are highlighted. Design guidelines for placing substrate contacts particularly appropriate to improving the noise immunity of digital circuits in mixed-signal smart-power systems are also presented.

Theoretical, simulation and experimental analysis and data are presented, discussing physical design techniques which influence the noise behavior of digital circuits in a mixed-signal smart-power system. Several physical design strategies are presented to improve the noise immunity of digital circuits in smart-power systems.

Cooling of Gas turbine buckets to ensure adequate life margin with coolants at advanced engine conditions of pressure and temperature requires that the internal heat transfer as influenced by rotation be known with sufficient accuracy. The existing data base, comprised of information readily available in the open literature has limited advanced design applicability considering the range of geometric and fluid-thermal dimensionless parameters of interest. Further, studies conducted with the aid of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) have demonstrated that, as the range of such parameters is extended, the characteristics of the predicted heat transfer capability change significantly, to the extent that bucket coolant passage designs that are fully acceptable at state-of-the-art conditions are marginal or unacceptable at advanced conditions. The purpose of this paper is threefold, to: a) demonstrate the need for extending the current internal heat transfer data base, accounting for the effects of rotation, b) provide a physical understanding of the expected heat transfer characteristics at advanced conditions, and c) describe a test rig and test program focused on obtaining the data of interest.Copyright © 1995 by ASME

Y-chromosome short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) provide valuable information in cases of rape and questioned paternity, and they allow for the genetic identification of male lineages. The present study validated a Y-STR 10-plex on the ABI PRISM 3100 Genetic Analyzer for use in forensic and paternity laboratories at Orchid Cellmark. Following optimization of the polymerase chain reaction, father-son pairs were analyzed to ensure that each pair generated identical haplotypes. This study demonstrated that the 10-plex is sensitive to 0.125 ng of input DNA and that female samples mixed with male samples did not interfere with Y-STR haplotyping. In a sample of 525 males, there were three instances of locus multiplication, two at DYS19 and one at DYS435. Overall, haplotype diversity was 0.996, suggesting that the 10-plex can effectively distinguish among male lineages.

More than a dozen composite mafic-granitic dikes crop out along the northern margin of the San Isabel batholith, Wet Mountains, Colorado. The dikes crosscut and contain xenoliths of 1441 Ma granitic dikes and are in turn intruded by, but probably are coeval with, late-stage granitic dikes of the 1360 Ma San Isabel batholith. Only two other mafic representatives of the mid-Proterozoic anorogenic suite are known from Colorado. In the field, the dikes contain up to one-third granitic material by volume. Textures range from a swirling, lacy, mortarlike granite within basalt to subovoid pillows of basalt in granite. Many of the pillows contain small ovoids of the granite. The mutual inclusions and rounded to cuspate liquidlike contacts with minor mechanical mixing strongly indicate that these dikes formed through commingling of mafic and granitic liquids. The mafic dikes have the mineralogy and chemistry of lamprophyres, containing andesine, amphibole, biotite, sphene, and magnetite, with minor quartz and epidote and rare K-feldspar. Chemically, they average average 52% SiO2, and they are enriched in incompatible elements including the light rare earth elements. They are tholeiitic, compositionally similar to within-plate basalts with rift affinity. They partially mixed with the granite to produce intermediate-composition rock with 56% SiO2. The granite is a monzogranite with biotite, hornblende, and sphene. Its mineralogy and chemistry are characteristic of the San Isabel batholith. The lamprophyres may be related to mantle-derived mafic liquids that were hypothesized to have melted lower crust to produce the San Isabel batholith. The lamprophyres may have migrated up around the margin of the batholith and mixed with late-stage granite to form these composite dikes.

(1978). What would Ernie say is fair? Theory Into Practice: Vol. 17, The Schools and The Courts, pp. 329-332.

Theatrical performance has often played an important role in communicating the manners and morals of one culture to another. In the main the information so communicated is valid and the impact is positive. There are instances, however, where one culture's theatre, yielding to its popular nature, has been too quick to apply the assumptions of its own concept of what foreign cultures ought to be. The effect then may be widespread misinformation about other peoples.

The generalized application of the drift velocity approach to gas—solids flow is given, together with supporting data and suggested parameter evaluation techniques, to allow the prediction of the phase densities, phase flow rates and allowable operating conditions related to gas—solids flow in vertical pipe systems. Both steady-state and transient flow conditions are considered in co-current and countercurrent flow. Continuity wave velocities are employed to determine the stability of the flow and the presence of flooding. The method of analysis outlined here, previously used successfully in gas—liquid systems, is shown to also hold for gas—solid systems.

A moving finite element method that calculates the transient temperature distribution, the density distribution and the stress distribution during the sintering cycle has been developed. Coupled two-dimensional axisymmetric energy, continuity and stress equilibrium equations along with a constraint, specifying the direction of the initial material velocity, are solved in a Lagrangian co-ordinate system. The nodes move at the same speed as the material and therefore the convective terms in the differential equations drop out. At every time step, the energy equation is solved, and the computed temperatures are then used to find the densification rate. In two-dimensional problems, the continuity equation is not sufficient to calculate the two components of material velocity. Here, it is assumed that the diffusion caused by the density gradient is the driving force. This implies that the velocity vector of the material is perpendicular to the lines of constant density. Therefore, the combination of the diffusion and continuity equations will generate the initial sintering strains. The elastic stress equilibrium equations are then solved using the thermal and initial sintering strains as the driving forces. As a result, the final shape of the material and the stresses are determined.

In gas fluidized beds of large particles, a change in flow regime from bubbling flow to turbulent flow has been observed as the superficial gas velocity is increased. Solids flow and heat transfer models based on the bubbling flow regime are not generally adequate in the turbulent flow regime. A turbulent flow model is given here that is supported by limited solids flow measurements. A simplified model of the heat transfer to tube banks immersed in fluidized beds, that employs the solids flow model, is also given and is shown to be supported by data over a wide gas pressure and temperature range with particles in the 350μm to 2600μm size range.

The local characteristics of heat transfer from horizontal tubes immersed in fluidized beds were investigated experimentally. Steady-state heat transfer measurements were obtained in air-fluidized beds of glass beads, both for a single tube and a ten-row bare tube bundle. The test results indicated that local heat transfer coefficients are strongly influenced by angular position and gas flow rate, as well as by particle size and system pressure. The heat transfer coefficients, averaged around the circumference of the tube, exhibited a general tendency to increase with decreasing particle size and increasing system pressure. The heat transfer coefficients for a tube in an inner-row position within the bundle were found to be slightly higher than those for a tube in the bottom-row. Comparison of the average heat transfer coefficient data obtained in this study with some of the existing correlations for heat transfer from horizontal tubes showed that the correlations are unsatisfactory.

The present study reports on the use of visual screening, a mildly aversive response suppression procedure, as a treatment for reducing compulsive behaviors in a four and one-half year-old developmentally disabled boy. Two distinct patterns of compulsive responding were observed: repetitive (stereotyped) shoe-related behaviors and a ritualistic shoe-related act. The effect of visual screening on repetitive shoe-related responses was initially evaluated in a laboratory setting under A-B-A-B-B1 experimental conditions and systematically extended to the classroom setting in multiple baseline fashion. Visual screening was also contingently applied as treatment for the shoe-related ritual, with the effects analyzed using a similar multiple baseline format across hospital residential unit and natural home settings. Results of the study indicated that visual screening was an effective treatment for suppressing both forms of the subject's compulsive responding and that it was an easily learned and administered procedure from both staff and parent perspectives. Follow-up data across 12 months were obtained and indicated that the effect of treatment was exceptionally durable.