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Mittlerweile hat die Droge γ-Hydroxybutyrat (GHB), auch als „liquid ecstasy“ bekannt, Europa erreicht. γ-Hydroxybutyrat ist, insbesondere in flussiger Form, schwer dosierbar, so dass es in Unkenntnis der genauen Konzentration zu einer unbeabsichtigten Intoxikation kommen kann. Wir haben auf unserer Intensivstation wiederholt junge Patienten mit GHB-Intoxikation aufgenommen. Wir beschreiben exemplarisch den Verlauf und die Therapie einer GHB-Intoxikation bei 3 jungeren Patienten. Wurde eine Alkohol- bzw. Mischintoxikation mit derzeit im Urin-Drogen-Screening nachweisbaren Substanzen als Ursache einer Bewusstlosigkeit bei vorwiegend jungeren Discobesuchern ausgeschlossen, so sollte auch an eine Intoxikation mit GHB gedacht werden. Die Therapie ist symptomatisch unterstutzend. Es bedarf einer intensivmedizinischen Uberwachung mit ggf. kurzfristiger Beatmungstherapie. Serum und Urin direkt bei Aufnahme entnommen, sollten zum Nachweis von GHB z. B. an rechtsmedizinischen Instituten asserviert werden.

The OSSS methodology defines a seamless design flow for embedded HW/SW systems. It enables the effective use of high-level SystemCTM and C++ features like classes (object-oriented design paradigm), templates and method based communication for the description of SW and HW. Furthermore, it supports the OSCI SystemC Synthesis Subset for low-level HW description and HW IP integration. With Fossy we provide a tool for the automatic transformation of a system description in OSSS to an implementation. In this paper we present a top-down design flow using the OSSS methodology for the implementation of an adaptive video filter. The last step of the proposed design flow has been performed automatically by Fossy. We have targeted a Xilinx FPGA to proof the usability of a physical implementation for future SoC designs.

In sub-100 nm technologies, leakage related problems are based on the standby current's exponential dependency on both, parameter scaling and parameter variation. Countermeasures, reducing the standby current and its spread can be classified into 3 categories: First, improved devices can reduce leakage sources by orders of magnitude, requiring completely new process steps. Next, performance and leakage can be traded off for conventional technologies. Low leakage devices control standby currents but their performance loss will reduce applicability. Finally, power management implements and controls circuits, where leakage and performance can be tuned at run-time, saving power on idle. This part of the special session will focus on design of new devices, reducing the negative dependence on channel length, oxide thickness, and body potential and improving the switching behavior. Afterwards, device and circuit level techniques tackling drawbacks of popular power management techniques are presented. For power gating, this means a reduction of the recovery current, a circuit style having a predictable timing and low area overhead, and a design stabilizing the interface towards ungated parts. For body biasing, body currents dominating reverse bias and even influencing forward bias have to be regarded and controlled. The gain of state assignment techniques, which are easy to use with conventional EDA tools, needs to be boosted to justify their application.

The entire verification of simple and complex constraints is crucial to the development of highly reliable microelectronic systems as they are demanded by the zero defect policy in the automobile industry. The increasing requirements on electronic components and the rapid technological progress necessitate the compliance with all specified functional and non-functional properties. This paper describes a constraint verification method based on a unified representation of constraints enabling multi-tool verification tasks. With the constraint engineering system (CES) we present a new verification method, which provides flexible, extensible, and multi-tool definitions of complex constraints. The CES does not replace existing verification and simulation tools. It rather offers a method to combine these tools. The CES is based on the approaches of constraint logic programming and is capable of processing verification tasks on a much higher level of abstraction than usually found in existing verification tools. First tests of practical applications prove the power, flexibility, practicability, and potential of our approach.

The drug gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB), also known as liquid ecstasy, has now reached Europe. Estimating the dosage of liquid GHB is especially difficult leading to unintentional intoxication because the exact concentration is not known. We repeatedly had to treat young patients intoxicated by GHB in our intensive care unit. We describe the course and treatment of three patients with GHB intoxication. If alcohol or mixed intoxication with drugs detected in traditional hospital toxicological assays has been excluded as the cause of unconsciousness in young patients from disco's, an intoxication with GHB should be considered. The therapy is mainly symptomatic and supportive but monitoring in an intensive care unit with the option of short term respirator therapy is necessary. Serum and urine samples taken on arrival should be conserved for further investigation in a forensic institute.

A new method for the description of generalized layout/circuit relations is introduced. Using an EDIF like notation, all information needed to drive technology independent extractors, can be specified. The method presented is based on structural descriptions without any restrictions of device models and parameter evaluation.

2-[(2-Methoxy-4-methylsulfinyl)phenyl]-1H-imidazo [4,5-b]pyridine (AR-L 115 BS) in a single dosage of 0.75 mg/kg body weight was given i.v. to 8 patients with acute myocardial infarction confirmed clinically, electrocardiographically and enzymatically. Hemodynamic measurements were performed before and 2, 5, 15, 30 and 60 min after administration. At the maximum effect the mean pulmonary enddiastolic pressure had fallen from 27 to 19 mm Hg, whilst the mean cardiac index and the mean stroke volume index had increased from 3.8 to 4.6 l/min/m2 and from 37 to 44 ml/m2, respectively. The mean heart rate increased only slightly and the mean average blood pressure did not change essentially. The duration of action was not longer than 1 h. No side effects were reported. AR-L 115 BS was shown to reduce the preload of the heart and to increase the cardiac output. AR-L 115 BS seems to combine a positive-inotropic and vasodilating action.

After application of ipratropium bromide (Itrop) a long-time increase of frequency and left ventricular ejection time can be observed. Beside a vagolytic effect a sympathomimetic action of the drug could be demonstrated by experimental investigations. In 10 patients hemodynamics in comparison to arteficial atrial pacing and after parenteral administration of 0.5 mg ipratropium bromide were investigated. The intervention by the drug led to an increase of heart rate from 54 to 93 beats/min. Cardiac index showed an increase from 2.40 to 2.96 l/min/m2, while stroke volume decreased from 82.0 to 59.1 ml. Compared to hemodynamic parameters measured under atrial pacing at the same heart rate no significant differences could be found. It could be demonstrated, that ipratropium bromide showed no positive inotropic effect of clinical relevance. The increase of cardiac index is referred to an augmented cardiac output due to a rise of heart rate.

We present a case of solitary nonspecific ileal ulcer found by coloileoscopy in a patient with previously assumed irritable bowel syndrome. Follow-up endoscopies two weeks after initiation of short-term prednisone therapy, and again four months later, demonstrated rapid and persistent healing. This observation raises the question of whether or not primary ileal ulcers are indeed as rare as previously assumed when only surgical and autopsy findings were taken into consideration. Also, the natural history of this clinical entity, in general, could be somewhat more benign than suggested by those ulcers in which complications make surgery necessary, since these cases may not adequately reflect the full clinical spectrum of nonspecific small-bowel ulcers.

It is our central therapeutic task to prepare amputees for old age in order to avoid a premature need for nursing care. More than 15000 limb amputees were treated for more than 20 years with the objective of preserving the pillar function of the stump for the prosthesis. For this purpose, we have worked out a special program of gymnastic training. A few, specific exercises are intended to enable every amputee to learn to improve his physical performance and also to maintain it in old age.

International audience; We propose an SMT-based system synthesis approach where the logic solver performs static binding and routing while the background theory solver computes global time-triggered schedules. In contrast to previous work, we assign additional time to the logic solver in order to refine the binding and routing such that the background theory solver is more likely to find a feasible schedule within a reasonable amount of time. We show by experiments that this coordination of the two solvers results in a considerable reduction of the overall synthesis time.