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An attempt was made to determine the effects of strength training on elbow flexor stiffness of Down syndrome, non-Down syndrome mentally handicapped, and nonhandicapped subjects. It was hypothesized that stiffness would be affected by the training. Results showed that only half of the individual subjects increased their maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) level as a result of the training and that premeasures and postmeasures of MVC were not significantly different for any of the three groups. As expected, for both premeasures and postmeasures, nonhandicapped subjects had a significantly higher MVC than the other groups who were not significantly different. An important finding was that measures of stiffness (slopes of the IEMG × Torque) were not significantly different for the three groups. This finding is consistant with recent studies (DavisKelso, 1982; Shumway-CookWoollacott, in press) but raises serious doubts about the popularly held opinion that Down syndrome individuals are hypotonic. It was also found that both the Down syndrome and other mentally handicapped subjects produced significantly less torque at the maximum level than the nonhandicapped subjects. These findings suggest that deficits in mentally handicapping conditions result from a decrease in the range of a primary motor control parameter λ (see Feldman, 1986).

Objective: To quantify accurately the suprahyoid and inferior constrictor releases, which are used to decrease tension across a tracheal anastomosis performed after tracheal resection. Design: Intraoperative tension measurements at 0.5-cm intervals of the released laryngotracheal unit were obtained using a spring balance after division of the trachea. Subjects: A selected series of eight patients undergoing total laryngectomy for laryngeal carcinoma, excluding those with cervical soft-tissue involvement, tongue-base involvement, or a history of radiation therapy to the head and neck. Results: The suprahyoid and inferior constrictor releases together permit a tension-free, inferior displacement of 2 cm. The suprahyoid release alone permits an inferior laryngotracheal displacement of 3.5 cm without exceeding the critical, anastomotic failure tension of 1700 g. Using the releasing techniques together permits inferior displacement of 4 cm without notably exceeding this critical tension. Conclusions: The closure of 2-cm defects without a releasing procedure is supported by this study. Larger defects of 3.5 cm, and occasionally 4 cm, can be closed safely without exceeding the critical tension level using a suprahyoid release. This study supports the use of the suprahyoid and inferior constrictor releases together for the uncomplicated closure of 4-cm defects. (Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;121:1310-1313)

The construction and capabilities of a new instrument combining infrared and mass spectrometry to simultaneously examine the effluent from a single capillary column gas chromatographic injection are described. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is performed in the conventional manner. However, the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) portion of the instrument employs a new sampling method involving low-temperature trapping of the effluent from the gas chromatograph. The mass spectrometer was over two orders of magnitude more sensitive (161 fg detection limit for naphthalene) than the infrared (40 pg). The qualitative capabilities of infrared spectrometry, particularly when isomerspecific identifications are necessary, are shown to be highly complementary to the usual GC-MS method for analyzing complex mixtures

This study used 102 male, veteran, psychiatric inpatients to describe patterns of MMPI-2 clinical and content scales that most accurately discriminate among patients diagnosed with PTSD, schizophrenia, and depression. Single scale accuracy classification using scales PK and PS was unacceptably low. Optimally weighted scales, including PK, Sc, BIZ, and ANX, correctly classified 70% of the patients. Suggestions for facilitating the use of formal decision rules are offered.

The purpose of the experiment was threefold: (a) To find evidence that grasping is body-scaled and thus remains invariant during development; (b) to seek evidence that the body-scaled ratio of cube and hand size serves as a control parameter for the phase transition from one-handed to two-handed grasping by identifying the presence of sudden jump, enhanced variance, multistability, and hysteresis; and (c) to examine whether the stability properties of the observed grasping patterns increase with age. Thirty-three children aged 5, 7, and 9 years old were required to grasp and lift 14 cardboard cubes of different sizes (2.2, 3.2, 4.2, etc. to 16.2 cm diameter). Three conditions were used: (a) an increasing condition with sizes ordered from the smallest size to the largest; (b) a decreasing condition, with the sizes ordered from the largest to the smallest; and (c) twice in a different random order. Video recordings were analyzed and scored for the percentage of one-handed grasps. The results showed that the shift from one-handed to two-handed grasping occurred at the same body-scale ratio between cube size and finger span for all three age groups. Evidence was found for the presence of a sudden jump, enhanced variance, multistability, and hysteresis, indicating that the body-scaled ratio of cube and hand size serves as a control parameter. No change with age for the stability properties of the grasping patterns were observed.

In accordance with U.S. Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 61, "National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants," Subpart H, U.S. Department of Energy stack emissions which have the potential to cause an exposure > or = 1 muSv y-1 to the offsite maximally exposed individual must meet the continuous monitoring requirements dictated therein. Since February 1993, all 125 stacks operated by the Westinghouse Hanford Company on the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Site have been assessed for their potential unabated radionuclide emissions using one of six methods approved for use by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10. These potential emissions combined with the CAP88 code were used to produce dose estimates to the maximally exposed individual. Results show there are 106 stacks in compliance and below the potential to emit greater than the EPA threshold. The 19 remaining stacks will be brought into full compliance under a Federal Facilities Compliance Agreement which was established in February, 1994. While each method maintains the safety and protection of the occupational worker, the public, and the environment, significant cost benefits may be derived by applying the best available technology. The CAP88 code and the methods for estimating potential emissions are presented, as well as the associated results.

This article portrays the anatomy of the ethmoid bone and lateral nasal wall in a detailed, but easily digested form. Understanding the anatomy of the lateral wall of the nose is the cornerstone of competent paranasal sinus surgery.

A technique for removing part of the inferior turbinate with a powered instrument is presented. This new technique is safe, quick, easy to teach, predictable and enables removal of the same amount of tissue and bone as is removed with other techniques of partial inferior turbinectomy.

Osteochondral fragments detected in the proximal interphalangeal joint in the pelvic limbs of 3 horses (2 Standardbreds and 1 Thoroughbred) caused joint enlargement and lameness. Fragments were removed by use of arthroscopy. Accurate placement of the arthroscope into the dorsal joint space was necessary to obtain an adequate view of the fragments. After surgery, 2 of the horses resumed racing without joint problems, and the third was in training to race. High-detail radiographs are necessary to detect osteochondral fragments in horses with joint enlargement or lameness localized to the proximal interphalangeal joint.

We report on a series of 33 consecutive cases of antrochoanal polyp (ACP) treated by endoscopic sinus surgery over a five-year period. All but one patient was treated by endoscopic sinus surgery alone. This method of treatment was quite effective for ACPs. These 33 patients represent 22.3% of all nasal polyp patients on whom we operated during the same period. This incidence of ACP is greater than that generally reported in the literature. Some authors have attempted to distinguish ACPs from common nasal polyps primarily on the basis of morphology, histology, and the clinical behavior of the ACPs. In our series, a multivariate analysis, including histopathologic correlation, did not support the notion that ACPs are clearly distinct from common nasal polyps. Some interesting differences between the polyp groups did, however, become evident in our data analysis. Generally, ACPs are not thought to be associated with allergic disease; however, in our series we found the association of allergic disease with ACPs to be statistically significant (Chi-square = 4.575, p.05).

Barium Chloride dihydrate (BaCl2.2H2O) was given for 92 days to B6C3F1 mice and Fischer 344/N rats in their drinking water at levels of 0, 125, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 ppm. The no-effect level for this study was 2000 ppm BaCl2.2H2O in the drinking water. At 4000 ppm, daily consumption for mice was 436 to 562 mg/kg barium, up to four times more chemical than rats. Mortality ranged from 60 to 70% in mice and from 10 to 30% in rats in the 4000 ppm groups. Deaths in mice were associated with a treatment-related renal toxicity. Renal lesions in rats were much less severe than in mice and did not contribute to the treatment-related deaths seen in the high dose group. Body weights of both species and sexes in the 4000 ppm groups were lower than controls at 92 days. Male and female rats in treated groups exhibited higher serum phosphorus than controls. Serum sodium, potassium, and calcium levels in rats were unchanged by barium treatment, as were hematological values. In both species at 4000 ppm, motor activity, grip strength, and thermal sensitivity were marginally affected. These effects were probably secondary changes resulting from BaCl2 toxicity observed at this dose level. In a mating trial, no anatomical effects on offspring of rats or mice were seen. Rats receiving 4000 ppm exhibited marginal reductions in pup weights. No effects were seen on reproductive indices.

This study compared the ability of the MCMI personality scales to accurately predict anger and psychosis in White (n = 778) and Black (n = 272) psychiatric inpatients. Race-adjusted norms (Millon, 1984) were used to compute patients' scale scores. The MCMI successfully predicted anger and psychosis for both races (p less than .001). No difference was found in accuracy of prediction between Whites and Blacks (p greater than .40). In addition, the scales important for prediction were similar for Whites and Blacks. The Passive-Aggressive Scale best predicted anger, whereas the Avoidant Scale best predicted psychosis. The results suggest that the MCMI does predict accurately two important characteristics with both Black and White patients, but some racial bias remains.

The Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) Psychotic Thinking scale previously was found insensitive in the detection of schizophrenia. The MCMI also was shown to be susceptible to undetected "faking good." We hypothesized that the insensitivity of the MCMI Psychotic Thinking scale was due to an unwillingness of schizophrenic patients to report psychotic symptoms. The MCMI was administered to 258 male schizophrenic inpatients who were classified as symptom-reporters or nonreporters based upon whether they endorsed psychotic symptoms on a separate problem checklist. Willingness to report psychotic symptoms was a significant factor in MCMI Psychotic Thinking scale scores as well as many other MCMI scales.

A 2 x 2 x 3 MANOVA was applied to MCMI BR scores obtained from 310 newly admitted psychiatric inpatients. The study's purpose was to test the effect of patients' age (age less than 36 vs. age greater than = 36), race (White/Black), and diagnosis (paranoid schizophrenic/nonparanoid schizophrenic/non-psychotic, nonaffectively disturbed) across MCMI personality and clinical syndrome scales. On the MCMI personality syndrome scales, age, race, and diagnosis were significant. Racial differences were consistent with recently reported research (Davis, Greenblatt,Pochyly, 1990), but the significant differences in diagnosis were opposite the direction that might be predicted from the MCMI manual. Older patients tended to produce lower symptom scale scores than younger patients, with the most meaningful difference found on the Drug Abuse scale.

Z-plasty is one of the oldest plastic surgery techniques. Z-plasty is a basic technique that has numerous applications in plastic surgery of the head and neck. The principles of Z-plasty are reviewed, and variations in the basic principles are explored.

A 2 x 2 x 2 MANOVA was used to analyze the effects of race (Black vs. White), education (high school graduate vs. less than high school education), and diagnosis (schizophrenic vs. nonschizophrenic) on the MCMI Asocial, Avoidant, Schizotypal, Psychotic Thinking, and Psychotic Delusions scales that were obtained from 310 newly admitted psychiatric patients. The scales were selected because, according to the MCMI manual (Millon, 1983), they would be most apt to show differences between the schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic patients who participated in this study. The special norms for Black and White patients provided in the MCMI manual supplement (Millon, 1984) were used to compute the scale scores for the patients in this study. Race was the only significant (p less than .001) effect. Blacks scored higher than Whites on the Asocial, Avoidant, Psychotic Thinking, and Psychotic Delusions (p less than .04 for all scales). The results are discussed in terms of racial bias diminishing the usefulness of the MCMI.

Airborne gamma-ray measurements were made aboard the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) DC-3 and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) King Air research aircraft before and during the first passage of the Chernobyl radioactive cloud over the west coast of the North American continent. Measurements were made from Anchorage, Alaska south to Reno, Nevada. Calculated trajectories were used to estimate the location of the Chernobyl plume. The in-situ gamma-ray analysis systems first detected the cloud on May 8, 1986. Subsequent analysis of concurrently collected air filters indicated that the leading edge of the plume was just reaching the west coast of the United States on May 6, 1986. The ratios of the observed volatile radionuclides (131I and134Cs normalized to137Cs) agreed with the reported discharge ratio.

The most common cause of parotid fistula is trauma. Other causes include operative complications, infection, and malignancy. In the acute phase of ductal injury, primary reconstruction, if possible, is the treatment of choice. Acute parenchymal injury is treated by tight closure and expectancy. When diverting or flow-blocking measures fail to correct chronic ductal fistula, the treatment of choice for this situation as well as for chronic parenchymal fistula may be tympanic neurectomy, which can be done under local anesthesia, is associated with low morbidity, is relatively uncomplicated and has given excellent results to date in our hands.

In a previous paper (2) it was shown that dormancy may be induced in the after-ripened embryos of ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.) by means of high temperature germination in connection with restricted oxygen supply to the embryos due to the fruit and seed membranes that envelop them. These embryos, however, were dormant at maturity and the induced secondary dormancy was evidently merely a reversal of the essential changes through which the embryos had gone in the after-ripening process or the removal of the original or primary dormancy. The embryos of seeds of Xanlhium canadense and X. commune have at no time during periods of dry storage of seeds in the burs exhibited any tendency to dormancy when placed under germinating conditions. No doubt this is also true of other species of Xanthium. Shull (4) compared the germination of embryos of seeds of X. glabratum, when quite green, with those of fully ripened seeds and of seeds one year old and was able to detect no perceptible after-ripening in passing from the unripe to the ripe and year-old conditions. The so-called dormancy or delay in the germination of these seeds at certain temperatures is due, as pointed out first by Crocker (i), to the restriction of the oxygen supply to the embryos by the seed coats for when the seed coats are removed and the naked embryos are placed under suitable conditions, germination usually takes place within 24 to 48 hours.

Results are presented from a model developed to evaluate deposition of cosmogenic radionuclides picked up by cloud water. The results are an in-cloud scavenging coefficient of >10−4 sec−1 for 24Na and >10−3 sec−1 for 38Cl and 39Cl.

(1927). Secretary’s Report for 1927. Journal of the British Archaeological Association: Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 388-391.

The fruits of Ambrosia trifida are dormant at maturity. The dormancy is in the embryo since germination does not take place even when the embryos are freed from all enveloping structures. An after-ripening process must precede germination, but even when the seeds are after-ripened their germination, especially at high temperatures, may be considerably delayed or prevented altogether due to the fruit and seed coats. Failing to germinate under such conditions the embryos develop a second dormant condition more pronounced than the initial or primary dormancy. Since after-ripening, germination, the development of secondary dormancy, and possibly the primary dormancy of the embryo during its period of growth and maturity on the plant are more or less influenced by these membranes, a brief description of the embryo with its accompanying structures will be given at this place.

1. By means of the compression technique with “aimed exposures,” it is possible to demonstrate theniche in a large percentage of duodenal ulcers. 2. Control examinations where theniche has been demonstrated are of great value in determining activity or progress in healing while under treatment. 3. A large percentage of cases shows persistence of theniche for a considerable period of time after symptoms are clinically relieved. 4. After a sufficiently long period has elapsed, complete healing may be demonstrated in these cases by X-ray. 5. Localization of the ulcer is of value in the prognosis of complications.

Distribution of scores on the Bem Sex Role Inventory obtained from 69 randomly selected alcoholics was found not to differ significantly from that reported in normative data (Bem, 1974). Sexually androgynous alcoholics (N = 21), those able to affirm about themselves characteristics ordinarily attributed to both males and females, scored significantly lower on MMPI scales D, PD, PT, and SI and and higher on MA than a nonandrogynous group (N = 21) of alcoholics. The results were discussed in terms of alcoholics varying along psychopathological and nonpsychopathological scales in a manner similar to "normal" Ss.

Large ablative surgical tissue defects of the lateral face and head can pose a difficult task for the reconstructive surgeon who must choose from among a large variety of possible reparative techniques. In many situations the temporalis pericranial muscle flap offers the outstanding feature of providing a large amount of soft tissue at no direct expense of donor site skin cover. It is easily obtained and results in negligible functional loss. With care taken to preserve the neurovascular pedicle, this flap may be rotated in multiple directions and even overturned as either surface can receive surface skin closure. The amount of operative time and effort required is much less than for many of the more elaborate reconstructive flaps. Five representative cases are presented.

Scientists at the National Toxicology Program are studying the toxicologic properties of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) with and without 320-400 nm UV (UVA). The combination of psoralen and UVA is a promising treatment for psoriasis. In this study, 8-MOP was administered to male and female Fischer 344 rats without subsequent UVA exposure for the determination of toxic effects of the psoralen alone. The drug (in corn oil) was administered by gavage 5 days/week for 90 days at doses of 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. The effects of toxicity were seen primarily in the 200- and 400-mg/kg dose groups, which included mortality, decreased body weight gain, and dose-related increases in liver:body ratios. On histopathology, target organ toxicity was seen in the liver, testes, and adrenals. In this study, relatively high doses of 8-MOP were tolerated in comparison to the dose of psoralen used in combination therapy clinically.

Hemifacial spasm is a rare disease. Usually a specific etiologic factor is not found and nonspecific treatments are used. A case of hemifacial spasm secondary to a middle ear cholesteatoma is presented. This origin should be considered in any patient who has hemifacial spasm.

This study, which is part of the 1985 Assessment on Current Damages of Acid Deposition, examines uncertainty due to treating transport processes using a single-layer model compared to a multilayer model. The Multilayer Regional Air Pollutant Transport Model, MLRAPT, was run in both modes, single layer and multilayer, using 224 sources during a 22-day period in July 1978 for the northeastern United States. Comparison between the two modes indicated that the average air concentrations were highly correlated (a correlation coefficient of 0.98). However, for wet deposition of SO 4 = , a correlation coefficient of 0.55 between the two predicted wet deposition fields was obtained. Results of the comparison of the two modes with the observed air concentration fields and with a limited comparison of observed wet deposition indicate that caution should be used when interpreting results of a single-layer model to develop source/receptor relationships.

From the relatively few studies of motor development with persons labeled as mentally handicapped, it is abundantly clear that motor deficiency is concomitant with a deficiency in cognitive development. There are, of course, wide variations within this population. However, virtually all studies comparing mentally handicapped subjects to non-handicapped subjects find a definite and often marked performance difference on a variety of motor development measures. Most of these measures provide only global descriptions, offering little insight into the underlying problems of motor coordination and control in mentally handicapped populations (see Henderson, 1985; Newell, 1985 for reviews). There have been few “explanations” of the motor deficiency of mentally handicapped subjects and these have not been that useful.