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Insulin resistance is frequently associated with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. The cytochrome P450 (CYP) arachidonic acid epoxygenases (CYP2C, CYP2J) and their epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) products lower blood pressure and may also improve glucose homeostasis. However, the direct contribution of endogenous EET production on insulin sensitivity has not been previously investigated. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that endogenous CYP2C-derived EETs alter insulin sensitivity by analysing mice lacking CYP2C44, a major EET producing enzyme, and by testing the association of plasma EETs with insulin sensitivity in humans. We assessed insulin sensitivity in wild-type (WT) and Cyp2c44 −/− mice using hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamps and isolated skeletal muscle. Insulin secretory function was assessed using hyperglycaemic clamps and isolated islets. Vascular function was tested in isolated perfused mesenteric vessels. Insulin sensitivity and secretion were assessed in humans using frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests and plasma EETs were measured by mass spectrometry. Cyp2c44 −/− mice showed decreased glucose tolerance (639 ± 39.5 vs 808 ± 37.7 mmol/l × min for glucose tolerance tests, p = 0.004) and insulin sensitivity compared with WT controls (hyperinsulinaemic clamp glucose infusion rate average during terminal 30 min 0.22 ± 0.02 vs 0.33 ± 0.01 mmol kg−1 min−1 in WT and Cyp2c44 −/− mice respectively, p = 0.003). Although glucose uptake was diminished in Cyp2c44 −/− mice in vivo (gastrocnemius Rg 16.4 ± 2.0 vs 6.2 ± 1.7 μmol 100 g−1 min−1, p

The rising demand for processing small charges of ASICs, FPGAs or optolectronic devices at reduced costs promotes the application of e-beam direct-write lithography. This technology requires automated tools which integrate the overall processing sequence: coating, baking, developing, wet etching, stripping and cleaning. These tools should also enable clustering with e-beam writers and dry etchers for seamless processing. The novel integrated STEAG HamaTech ModuTrack track system enables automated processing of a batch of single substrates like wafers or photomasks, while for each substrate different processing methods and sequences may be chosen. The processing modules may also be operated individually. This integrated tool concept is demonstrated referring to the recently installed 8" wafer and 6" photomask ModuTrack at ITRI (Industrial Technology Research Institute of Taiwan), where the process development for wafer e-beam direct-write (EBDW) lithography and photomask processing is ongoing. The processing modules deliver outstanding capabilities, like coating resist with 50nm thickness within a total range of 1% uniformity, and developing 45nm resist dense lines both uniform and repeatable.

It was the purpose of this study to give a survey of standards of hygiene in homes for the aged as well as nursing homes and to find out whether there is any need of appropriate training measures. Furthermore, we tried to compile a brief standard of assessment that should enable public health officers to draw up a standardised documentation of inspections. Four homes of the aged or nursing homes were chosen. At a cursory inspection two of them seemed properly run, whereas the other two showed certain deficiencies. Using a questionnaire that covered 11 fields of interest each home was registered 5-fold at intervals of 6 weeks and once again 22 months later. 3 training courses were held at one home of each type (properly run, less properly run). Urine analyses served as indicators for the success of these courses. The most important and relevant points of each field of hygiene were chosen to compile a short schedule of assessment. By means of the detailed questionnaire it was possible to register completely the standard of hygiene and to check on the nursing of the patient. Inspections alone improved the standards of hygiene of those homes where no training courses had been held (homes B and C). With the other two homes the attitude towards hygiene improved even if the staff was less motivated (less properly run home D, trained). When the regular inspection and training measures had been interrupted for a longer time, the standards of hygiene were maintained only partially in some areas of interest.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Inhalt: Nach Einbringen von tiefgefrorenem (—196° C) Samen-Pellets in den Zervikalkanal von 24 Kuhen warden nur die gleichen geringgradigen submukosen, petechialen Blutungen an der Schleimhaut festgestellt wie bei 14 Kontrolltieren, die man mit Flussigsamen besamt hatte oder bei denen lediglich eine Pipette intrazervikal eingefuhrt worden war. Contents: After the introduction of deep-freeze (—196° C) semen pellets into the cervical canal of 24 cows, the same slight degree of submucous petechial bleeding of the mucous membrane was observed as in 14 control animals inseminated with liquid semen or in which only a pipette had been introduced intracervically.

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