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To explore the feasibility of the Internet + nursing service mode in family rehabilitation of elderly patients with osteoarthritic diseases.The control group (n=50) received routine rehabilitation treatment procedures and discharge guidance. For the observation group (n=50), extended nursing rehabilitation service was conducted through the Internet + nursing service platform based on the routine treatment in the control group.(1) The compliance with follow-up of the patients in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group; (2) The total satisfaction of patients in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group; (3) The VAS (1 month: 4.36±1.15 vs. 5.86±1.61, p0.05; 3 months 4.36±1.15 vs. 5.86±1.61, p0.05), SAS (1 month: 37.21±14.16 vs. 49.31±13.45, p0.05; 3 months 26.73±8.25 vs. 40.33±9.50, p0.05), SDS (1 month: 32.36±10.15 vs. 46.32±12.61, p0.05; 3 months 27.11±8.08 vs. 40.62±11.40, p0.05) and PSQI (1 month: 13.64 ± 1.13 vs. 16.31 ± 3.45, p0.05; 3 months 11.54 ± 1.87 vs. 15.74 ± 1.36, p0.05) scores in the observational group were significantly lower than that in control group at one month and three months after discharge. The ADL (1 month: 86.86 ± 4.13 vs. 74.33 ± 3.44, p0.05; 3 months 90.34 ± 7.87 vs. 78.52 ± 6.36, p0.05) scores in the observational group were significantly higher than that in control group at one month and three months after discharge.The extended rehabilitation nursing management for family rehabilitation of elderly patients with osteoarthritic diseases through the Internet + nursing service is a family rehabilitation model suitable for elderly patients with osteoarthritic diseases in China and has positive significance in developing a diversified medical nursing model.

During the prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic, identifying and controlling the source of infection has become one of the most important prevention and control measures to curb the epidemic in the absence of vaccines and specific therapeutic drugs. While actively taking traditional and comprehensive "early detection" measures, Yinzhou district implemented inter-departmental data sharing through the joint prevention and control mechanism. Relying on a healthcare big data platform that integrates the data from medical, disease control and non-health sectors, Yinzhou district innovatively explored the big data-driven COVID-19 case finding pattern with online suspected case screening and offline verification and disposal. Such effort has laid a solid foundation and gathered experience to conduct the dynamic and continuous surveillance and early warning for infectious disease outbreaks more effectively and efficiently in the future. This article introduces the exploration of this pattern in Yinzhou district and discusses the role of big data-driven disease surveillance in the prevention and control of infectious diseases.在新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）疫情防控中，在没有疫苗和特异性治疗药物的情况下，控制传染源成为遏制疫情流行的最重要的防控措施之一。宁波市鄞州区在积极落实传统"早发现"综合措施的同时，通过联防联控机制实现了部门间数据信息共享，依托融合了医疗、疾控以及非卫生部门数据的健康大数据平台，创新性地探索开展大数据驱动的线上可疑病例筛选、线下核实处置的COVID-19病例发现工作模式，为今后实现更有效和高效的动态、持续的传染病监测预警奠定工作基础、积累经验。本研究对宁波市鄞州区的这一模式探索进行介绍，并对大数据驱动的监测模式在传染病防控中的作用进行讨论。.

To explore the influence of micro ribonucleic acid (miR)-101 on breast cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis via nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway.All MCF-7 cells were divided into 3 groups, namely control group, miR-101 mimic group (the cells were treated with 50 nmol/L miR-101 mimic), and miR-101 inhibitor group (the cells were treated with 50 nmol/L miR-101 inhibitor). The impact of miR-101 expression level on MCF-7 cell proliferation was evaluated via cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and colony formation assays. After the MCF-7 cells in the three groups were treated with 100 nM H2O2 for 12 h, the change in the apoptosis rate was detected via flow cytometry. Moreover, the influence of miR-101 expression level on the Nrf2 signaling pathway was detected via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting.According to the CCK-8 assay results, compared with that in control group, the proliferation rate of cells notably declined at 48, 72, and 96 h in miR-101 mimic group, and the difference was statistically significant (p0.01), while it was substantially raised in miR-101 inhibitor group, showing a statistically significant difference (p0.01). Compared that in control group, the cell colony formation rate was remarkably lowered in miR-101 mimic group, and the difference was statistically significant (p0.01), while it was substantially raised in miR-101 inhibitor group (p0.01). According to the flow cytometry assay results, compared with that in control group, the apoptosis of MCF-7 cells was markedly enhanced in miR-101 mimic group, showing a statistically significant difference (p0.01), while it was weakened in miR-101 inhibitor group, with a statistically significant difference (p0.01). The influence of miR-101 on the expression level of Nrf2 was detected via RT-PCR, and it was found that the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression level of Nrf2 was notably lower in miR-101 mimic group than that in control group (p0.01), while it was raised in miR-101 inhibitor group. Western blotting results showed that compared with control group, miR-101 mimic group had a substantially lowered protein expression level of Nrf2 in the cell nucleus, with a statistically significant difference (p0.01), while it was notably raised in miR-101 inhibitor group and the difference was statistically significant (p0.01), indicating that miR-101 can remarkably lower the nucleoprotein expression level of Nrf2.The results of this study imply that miR-101 can inhibit the expression of Nrf2 to suppress the proliferation of breast cancer cells and enhance their sensitivity to oxidative stress, which provides a theoretical basis for reversal of tumor resistance.

In this work, we report a new finding that thiophene can be used as an electrolyte additive to form simultaneously protective cathode film and conductive polymer and thus to improve significantly the cyclic stability and rate capability of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode for a high-voltage lithium-ion battery. The contribution of thiophene is evaluated in a Li/LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cell, with charge/discharge test, cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier-transformed infrared spectra (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The charge/discharge tests demonstrate that the capacity retention of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 with 1-C (1 C = 147 mA g−1) rate is improved from 37.2 to 78.8 % at 55 °C after 100 cycles, and the discharge capacity with 10-C rate is enhanced from 83 to 111 mAh g−1 when adding 0.5 % thiophene into 1 M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate (EC)/ dimethyl carbonate (DMC) (1/2, v/v) solution. CV shows that thiophene is oxidized at 4.5 V (vs. Li/Li+), forming a protective film on and conductive polymer among LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 particles, which can be confirmed by EIS, XRD, SEM, TEM, FTIR, and XPS.

Apis mellifera ligustica and A. cerana cerana exhibit differences in olfactory sensitivity to odors from nectariferous plants and diseased broods. It is presumed that the differences in odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) between these 2 species contribute to their olfactory sensitivity. We compared the sequences, temporal expression pattern, and binding properties of the 2 OBP-encoding genes. We cloned the Amobp5 and Acobp5 genes. Among the ligands tested, phenethyl acetate was the most variable, with AcOBP5 showing high affinity and AmOBP5 having no apparent affinity for this ligand. While AmOBP5 had high affinity to both benzyl alcohol and 2-phenylethanol, the binding affinity of AcOBP5 to these compounds was moderate. However, the fluorescence intensity of these compounds was not decreased below 50%; thus, the dissociation constants could not be calculated. The Amobp5 gene showed significantly higher expression in 10- and 15-day-old workers than in other stages, while the Acobp5 gene had the highest expression in 30-day-old workers. Both the Amobp5 and Acobp5 genes had the lowest expression level in 1-day-old workers. These results suggest that the binding properties and temporal expression patterns of the obp5 genes in A. mellifera and A. cerana play a critical role in the olfactory sensitivity of workers.

By using the Vlasov equation, Landau damping of dust acoustic waves is investigated by assuming Maxwell velocity distribution of dust grains for a three component, unmagnetized and collisionless dusty plasma consisting of extremely massive, high negatively charged inertial dust grains, inertialess Boltzmann distribution of ions and electrons with charge neutrality at equilibrium. It is observed that for long wave length, Landau damping is weak, while it is strong for short wave length. Landau damping in a dusty plasma is also explained.

Piglet diarrhea is one of the most common factors that affects the benefits of the swine industry. Although recent studies have shown that exon 2 of SLA-DQA is associated with piglet resistance to diarrhea, contributions of genetic variation in the additional exon coding regions of this gene remain unclear. Here, we investigated variation in exons 1, 3 and 4 of the SLA-DQA gene and evaluated their effects on diarrheal infection in 425 suckling piglets. No variation was identified in exon 1. In exon 3, there were eight alleles detected, generated by 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and three nucleotide deletions, eight SNPs being newly identified. Four allele sequences and three SNPs were identified in exon 4, only one SNP being newly identified. Statistical analysis showed that the genotypes of exon 3 are significantly associated with piglet diarrhea; indeed, genotypes DQA*wb01/wb02 and wb04/wb05 are clearly associated with resistance to piglet diarrhea, as they have the lowest probabilities of infection (P 0.05). However, no significant association was found between the genotypes of exon 4 and diarrhea (P 0.05). These results provide important new information concerning the level of genetic diversity at the SLA-DQA locus and suggest that further genetic association studies of piglet diarrhea resistance should include analyses of both exons 2 and 3 of this locus.

Invasions by exotic plant species can alter ecosystem properties, including important soil functions and characteristics. As a result, decomposition of litter from the exotic, as well as native plants, can also be altered, leading to more profound changes in ecosystem functioning. We present here a study of eight enzyme activities during the decomposition of litter from four plant species, two of which are successful exotic invaders in Northeastern USA deciduous forests. The four studied species are: Japanese barberry (exotic), Japanese stilt grass (exotic), chestnut oak (native) and black birch (native). We measured enzyme activities in the decomposing litter at two locations (exotics infested and native vegetation) in two parks in Northeastern New Jersey. In the first 2 years of decomposition, patterns of enzyme activites changed significantly among the four types of litter, however, they were not affected by the location (exotic/native) where decomposition was taking place. Our results clearly show that litter chemistry and site characteristics are strong determinants of enzyme activity in decomposing litter. The microbial community in the litter quickly adapted to the differences in litter chemistry, as patterns of enzyme activity in decomposing litter from the two exotic species were virtually indistinguishable between exotic and native locations.

SUMMARYSevere fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) has been prevalent for some time in China and it was first identified in 2010. However, the seroprevalence of SFTSV in the general population in southeastern China and risk factors associated with the infection are currently unclear. Blood samples were collected from seven counties across Zhejiang province and tested for the presence of SFTSV-specific IgG antibodies by ELISA. A total of 1380 blood samples were collected of which 5·51% were seropositive for SFTSV with seroprevalence varying significantly between sites. Seroprevalence of SFTSV in people who were family members of the patient, lived in the same village as the patient, or lived in a different village than the patient varied significantly. There was significant difference in seroprevalence between participants who bred domestic animals and participants who did not. Domestic animals are probably potential reservoir hosts and contact with domestic animals may be a transmission route of SFTSV.

Previous studies of the invasion of two exotic plants – Berberis thunbergii and Microstegium vimineum – in hardwood forests of New Jersey have shown a significant increase of pH in soils under the invasive plants as compared with soils from under native shrubs (Vaccinium spp). We present a further investigation of soil properties under the exotic plants in question. We measured the densities of earthworms in the soil under the two exotics and the native shrubs in three parks in New Jersey. In the same populations we also measured the extractable ammonium and nitrate in the top 5 cm of the soil, as well as the respiration of the soils and the potential rates of mineralization (aerobic lab incubation). In addition, we measured the nitrate reductase activity in leaves of the two exotic plants and several native shrubs and trees. Although there were differences between parks, we observed significantly higher earthworm densities in the soil under the exotic species. The worms were all European species. Soil pH, available nitrate and net potential nitrification were significantly higher in soils under the two exotic species. In contrast, total soil C and N and net ammonification were significantly higher under native vegetation. Nitrate reductase activities were much higher in the leaves of exotic plants than in the leaves of native shrubs and trees. Changes in soil properties, especially the change in nitrogen cycling, associated with the invasion of these two plant species may permit the invasion of other weedy or exotic species. Our results also suggest that even if the two exotic species were removed, the restoration of the native flora might be inhibited by the high nitrate concentrations in the soil.

Two exotic plant species, Berberis thunbergii and Microstegium vimineum, recently have invaded deciduous hardwood forests in the Northeast. We examined changes in soil properties that maybe associated with this invasion in three parks in northern New Jersey. In each park, we collected soil and vegetation data along transects that were established across heavily infested areas and extended into uninvaded forest. The data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Significant differences were found between invaded and uninvadcd plots in both soil and vegetation characteristics. Invaded areas have fewer oaks (Quercus spp.) in the canopy, and lack the native understory shrubs (Vaccinium spp.). The pH of soils in the invaded areas is significantly higher than in the uninvaded areas, and the litter and organic horizons are thinner. The data cannot show that the exotic species have caused these changes. However, the occurrence of contrasting soils in adjacent areas of native vegetation, with no evidence of differences in land-use history between areas, suggests that such a cause-and-effect relationship exists. We propose a feedback loop involving the exotic plants, and the presence of earthworms to explain these dramatic soil differences.

Two-photon absorption initiating crosslinking of diacrylate mesogen RM257 has been studied. Two-photon absorption process in the diacrylate mesogen is trigged by a low-power continuous laser irradiation at 632.8 nm wavelength. In order to manipulate the diacrylate mesogen to contain local structures, a thin layer of RM257 was exposed to a holographic irradiation produced by means of two-beam interferometry, in which the two coherent beams were provided by a HeNe laser. The holography irradiation acts double as the optical source that provides energy to produce freeradicals for initiating the crosslinking of the acrylate units and the driving force for the alignment of mesogenic groups in the diacrylate mesogen. The regions in the resultant diacrylate polymer exposed to the constructive fringes are found to contain ordered polymer network whose mesogenic groups orient perpendicular to the polarization of the holographic field, whereas those regions exposed to the destructive fringes present isotropic polymer networks.

he decay of 53,54Ni, 52,53Co, 51Fe, and 50Mn was investigated via the fragmentation of a 58Ni primary beam with an energy of 68.6 MeV/u. The proton- coincidences of 53Ni -delayed proton emission were observed. Based on the analysis of the proton- coincidence events, it was inferred that the previous assignment of the excitation energy for the isobaric analog state in 53Co may be problematic. The half-lives of these nuclei were obtained, in which the uncertainty of 52Co half-life was reduced by a factor of 3. The half-lives were evaluated and used as inputs of nucleosynthesis calculations of the rapid proton-capture process in an x-ray burst.

We have measured the β decay half-lives of 50Mn, 51Fe, 52,53Co, and 53,54Ni produced via the 58Ni projectile fragmentation. The uncertainty of 52Co half-life was reduced by a factor of 3 compared to the previous result. The half-lives were evaluated with the previous values and used as inputs of nucleosynthesis calculations of the rapid proton-capture process in an x-ray burst.

A new method for microsite assessment of soil nutrient supply in forest soil was developed. The method involves the use of ion exchange membranes to assess differences in soil nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) supply rates in‐field over small depth increments in the forest floor (i.e., the L, F, and H horizons). Ion exchange membranes were buried and retrieved from the forest floor in an aspen forest stand in Saskatchewan, Canada. Small (6 mm diameter) sections of the membrane were cut out and ion concentration on the sections measured to provide a nutrient supply rate at that location. Soil nutrient supply rates at the site ranged from 4.6–6.0, 7.3–8.5, 11.6–21.5, and 122–196μg 10 cm2#lb2 h‐1 for NH4 +‐N, NC3 ‐‐N, P, and K, respectively. On average, the highly humified H horizon had the highest N and P supply rates, followed by the F horizon, with the surface litter (L horizon) having the lowest N supply rates. The simplicity and sensitivity of the procedure make this method approp...

We consider the best entropic estimation to a unknown density¯x, given some of its algebraic or trigonometric moments. A uniform convergence theorem is established in this paper for such problems using Fermi-Dirac type entropic objectives.

We developed and assessed a method for simultaneous extraction of plant available nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and potassium using anion and cation exchange membranes (ACEM). The technique was found to be highly suitable for routine soil testing due to its simplicity, rapidness and accuracy. The study compared the amount of nutrients extracted by ACEM with conventional chemical‐based extractants for P and K (0.5M NaHCO3) and N and S (0.001M CaCl2) for 135 soil samples representing a wide range of soil types in Western Canada. The nutrient availability predicted by ACEM was significantly correlated with the conventional methods. The correlation was not affected by the two different shaking times tested (one hour and 15 minutes), suggesting that extraction times as short as 15 minutes could be used in ACEM extraction. To evaluate the relative ability of ACEM and the conventional tests to predict actual nutrient availability to plants, canola plants were grown on soils in the growth chamber and actu...

Tissue analysis is a diagnostic tool which can be used in identifying S deficiencies and predicting S fertilizer requirements of crops. A water extraction procedure for removal and measurement of inorganic sulfate in plant leaves was developed and assessed as a measure of S availability in four legume crops. Relationships between sulfate concentration and yield were determined for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), faba bean (Vicia faba) and lentil (Lens culinaris) grown on two Saskatchewan soils, with five rates of S fertilizer supply, in a growth.chamber experiment The sulfate concentration in the leaf tissue was measured at the time of seventh leaf and early flowering stages to estimate the current S status of the plants. The results showed significant relationships between the water extractable sulfate in the leaf and the supply of available S in the soils. The water extraction procedure is recommended for routine analyses because of its simplicity and sensitivity.

A method of different values (MDV) was developed for diagnosis of potassium deficiency in bananas (Musa sp.). Potassium concentrations were compared in laminas and midribs of the youngest fully expanded leaf (the first leaf and the fifth leaf blow the first leaf at the fifth to twenty‐first leaf growth stages of banana grown at four levels of potassium supply in a potassium deficient soil. A rapid method of analysis for potassium was adopted in this study. The results of the study showed that there were significant relationship between the potassium in the laminas and the midribs and the amounts of potassium supply. However, the degree of sensitivity of the different organs responses to potassium were: the fifth leaf > the first leaf, midrib > lamina. When the potassium content in the midribs and laminas was compared, the different values of K between the midrib and the lamina of the fifth leaf showed the most sensitive response to potassium supply. As for potassium in the midribs, midrib of the ...

The emergence of peer-to-peer (P2P) applications has posed a threat to the operating cost of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) due to the large amount of inter-ISP traffic generated. The problem stems from the mismatch between the P2P overlay network formed randomly and the underlying physical network. Recently, BitTorrent has attracted enormous users by its convenience of large-scale content distribution and has also become a major challenge for ISPs. Therefore, in this paper we proposed an effective B-Proxy scheme to evaluate through realistic simulation on PlanetLab, where hundreds of BitTorrent clients were executed during the experiment. Simulation results show that more than thirty percent of inter-ISP traffic could be saved in a torrent with a relatively small cache size consumed which is only eighth times that of the original file.

Three techniques were evaluated as soil P tests for western Canadian soils: anion‐exchange membrane (AEM), water, and bicarbonate extraction. The AEM, water, and bicarbonate‐extractable total P represented novel approaches to compare to the widely used bicarbonate‐extractable inorganic P (traditional Olsen) soil test. In a range of Saskatchewan soils, similar trends in predicted relative P availability were observed for AEM, water extraction, bicarbonate‐extractable total P, and bicarbonate‐extractable organic P. Correlations between soil test values revealed AEM and water‐extractable P to be most closely correlated, consistent with the similar manner of P removal in the two tests. Phosphorus availability, as predicted by the tests, was compared to actual P uptake by canola and wheat grown on 14 soils in a growth chamber experiment. P uptake by canola was highly correlated with AEM (r2 = 0.86–0.90), water (0.87 ‐0.94), and bicarbonate‐extractable total (0.91) and inorganic (0.92) P. Uptake of P b...

The concentration of suspended solids of effluent from secondary clarifiers often varies in a wide range, therefore the dose of ultraviolet light (UV) disinfection process need to be adjusted to meet the disinfection criterion at high frequency, and the desired disinfection effect is difficult to be ensured. The particles size and particle-associated Fecal Coliform (F.C.) contribution, and their influence on UV disinfection effects were investigated, and chlorination/UV combined disinfection process (chlorination/UV disinfection process) was used. The results showed that suspended solids content has a major impact on UV disinfection efficiency, especially the large particle size fraction. D>10µm particles associated F.C. is difficult to be disinfected and is the main part of the tailings of F.C. inactivation curve. Pre-chlorination could reduce the number of particles in effluent, and make large particles decrease to small ones. Therefore, the influence of particles on UV disinfection could be reduced after pre-chlorination, and the resistance ability to particle loadings of combined process was enhanced. Furthermore, the combined process has the advantage of low toxicity, low operational/maintenance costs, and is easy to be established not only in wastewater plants constructed already but ones to be about to be constructed.

Laser plasma produced with high-intensity picosecond laser pulse like proton source for radiography was investigated. It was found that maximum particle output and best possible spatial uniformity of proton beam took place for two-layer target when the front layer was the high-Z film. It was shown that the ion radiography of the convenient objects with using the two-layer targets allow to get the projecting pictues with high spatial resolution that was about one micron. The explanation of such high spatial resolution is in laminar motion of ion flow. Threshold spatial sensitivity of proton radiography is estimated.

To study the chemical constituents of EtOH extract from heartwood of Maackia amurensis.Silica gel column chromatography and Sephadex LH-20 were employed to separate, and the compounds obtainedere elucidated by means of UV, IR, MS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR.4', 8-dihydroxyl-7-methoxylisoflavone (I), tectorigenin(II), glycitein(III) and resveratrol (IV) were isolated and identified.Among them, Compound I was a new isoflavone and compound III was obtained from M. amurensis for the first time.

To explore the biological effect of Q-wave millimeter microwave (QWMM).The QWMM was used to irradiate the acupoints Xuehai (Sp10) and Geshu (B17) in treating post-operational and chemotherapy treated stomach cancer and colorectal cancer patients. The effect of irradiation on chemotherapy affected peripheral white blood cells was observed. 62 cases (stomach cancer 42, colorectal cancer 20) in total were divided into two groups: group A, 21 cases (stomach cancer 15, colorectal cancer 6) the irradiation began 10 days after operation, and on the 16th day the chemotherapy combined with irradiation started. Group B had 41 cases (stomach cancer 27, colorectal cancer 14), in which the irradiation began immediately after the occurrence of chemotherapy induced peripheral WBC reduction, which persisted for at least 12 days.The effective rate for the group A and B was 85.7% (18/21) and 73.2% (30/41) respectively. The total effective rate of the two groups was 77.4% (48/62). The effective rate of group A was significantly higher than that of group B, P0.01.GWMM irradiation at acupoints could promote the hematopoietic function of bone marrow, and the irradiation performed 1 week before chemotherapy yielded even better protection on bone marrow.

The characteristics of proton beam generated in the interaction of an ultrashort laser pulse with a large prepulse with solid foils are experimentally investigated. It is found that the proton beam emitted from the rear surface is not well collimated, and a “ring-like” structure with some “burst-like” angular modulation is presented in the spatial distribution. The divergence of the proton beam reduces significantly when the laser intensity is decreased. The “burst-like” modulation gradually fades out for the thicker target. It is believed that the large divergence angle and the modulated ring structure are caused by the shock wave induced by the large laser prepulse. A one-dimensional hydrodynamic code, MED103, is used to simulate the behavior of the shock wave produced by the prepulse. The simulation indicates that the rear surface of the foil target is significantly modified by the shock wave, consequently resulting in the experimental observations.

The reflectivity of the 28.5nm Mo/Si multilayer mirrors are measured at Xingguang-Ⅱ laser facility using a flat-field grating spectrograph with the Ne-like Cr x-ray laser as a soft x-ray source. The reflectivities obtained for two samples are 0031 and 0096.

Summary Seeds of Johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.] germinated to higher percentages (20–30% higher) when incubated at 28 and 35° C than at 10 or 22° C. After-ripening was accelerated by dry storage of these seeds at 50°C. Seeds pre-chilled at 6°C for 2–4 weeks followed by incubation at 28°C germinated 40–60%. Light effects on germination were related to incubation temperatures; inhibitory at 22°C; no response at 28°C; and stimulatory at 35°C. Effects of gibberellin A3 (GA3) also varied depending on incubation temperature, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) immersion and light conditions. Immersion of dry seeds in either 700 mM NaOCl, 900 mM H2O2 or concentrated H2SO4 before incubation in water was effective in breaking dormancy. This result suggests the modes of action of H2SO4 in the termination of dormancy may be similar to those of NaOCl and H2SO4 as previously suggested by Hsiao & Quick (1984), that is by modification or scarification of the hull or seed coat membranes, and also by the supply of additional oxygen to the seed.

Summary. When sequential single-node shoot segments (third to fifteenth node, counting from the apex) of the perennial grass weed Paspalum distichum L. were buried in soil, new shoot growth was significantly correlated with initial segment length. Growth from the youngest segment (third), which was about 2 cm long, was only half as great as that from segments 8 to 15, which were initially 2–3·5 times longer. When 14-node shoot segments were buried in soil, the apical bud exerted a dominating influence on shoot emergence and new shoot growth of axillary buds. The degree of suppression increased gradually up to node 8 and then decreased as the distance from the apex increased. A similar result was obtained in these shoot segments following decapitation. However, the degrees and patterns of apical and bud dominance varied in shoots collected during different seasons and also in shoots with different node numbers, node position, cutting and chilling treatments. A possible role of apical and bud dominance in P. distichum in keeping aerial shocks in reserve under adverse conditions, thus providing a survival mechanism for this weed, is discussed. Resume. Dominance apicale dans les pousses et son role possible dans la survie de Paspalum distichum L. Quand des segments sequentiels de pousse a I noeud (troisieme au quinzieme noeud, comptes a partir de l'apex), de l'adventice perenne Paspalum distichum L. etaient enterees dans te sol, la croissance de nouvelles pousses est correlee de facon significative avec la longueur du noeud initial. La longueur a partir du noeud le plus jeune (troisieme) qui est environ de 2 cm de long, etait seulement moitie aussi grande que celles a partir des huitiemes aux quinzieme noeuds qui sont au debut 2 a 3,5 fois plus longs. Quand un segment a 14 noeuds est entere dans le sol. le bourgeon apical exprime une influence dominante sur la sortie des pousses et sur les nouvelles pousses issues des bourgeons axillaires. Le degre de suppression augmente graduellement jusqu'au huitieme noeud puis decroit avee l'augmentation de la distance avee l'apex, Un resultat analogue est obtenu dans ces segments de coupe avec leur decapitation. Cependant, les degres et processus de la dominance apicale et bourgeonnaire varient entre des pousses collectees pendant differentes saisons et aussi entre des pousses avec des nombres de noeuds differents, des positions de noeud differentes et avec les traitements de coupe et de mise au frais. Un role possible de dominance apicale et bourgeonnaire chez P. distichum de maintien des pousses aeriennes en reserve sous des conditions defavorables, fournissent ainsi un mecanisme de survie pour cette adventice est discute. Zusammenfassung. Apikaldominanz bei Paspalum distichum L. Es wurden 1-Knoten-Halmabschnitte des ausdauernden Grases Papalum distichum L. in ihrer Reihenfolge vom 3. bis zum 15. Knoten, gezahlt von der Sprosspitze, im Boden ausgelegt. Das Wachstum der danach gebildeten Sprosse war mit der Lange des ursprunglichen Internodiums signifikant korreliert: Bei Sprossen aus dem jungsten, dem 3. Knoten (Lange etwa 2 cm) war das Wachstum nur halb so stark wie bei Sprossen aus dem 8. bis 15. Knoten, deren Internodien ursprunglich 2- bis 3,5mal so lang waren. Bei Ablage von 14-Knoten-Abschnitten im Boden ging von der apikalen Knospe ein dominanter Einflus auf die Bildung von neuen Sprossen und auf das Sproswachstum aus. Die unterdruckende Wirkung nahm bis zum 8. Knoten zu, um dann mit zunehmendem Abstand von der Sprosspitze abzunehmen. Ein ahnliches Ergebnis wurde an diesen Sprossen nach Entfernen der Sprosspitze erreicht. Die Auspragung der Apikal- und Knospendominanz variierte jedoch je nach Jahreszeit und Zahl der Knoten je Spros, ihrer Lage und Vorbehandlung. Die mogliche Rolle der Apikalund Knospendominanz bei Paspalum distichum in Hinblick auf die Bildung neuer Sprosse unter ungunsligen Bedingungen (Uberlebensstrategie) wird diskutiert.

Summary: Resume: Zusammenfassung California-grown seeds of Paspalum distichum L., incubated at the optimum temperatures between 28°C and 35°C, gave 14% germination in darkness and 40% germination at 16-h day length. The maximum and minimum limits for germination with light were >45°C and 10–22°C, respectively. The process of after-ripening was accelerated by dry storage of the seeds at 50°C. Pre-chilling at 6°C and a 2-h heat treatment at 40°C had no effect on germination. Gibberellin A3 increased germination only up to 10%. The treatments that caused greater than 40% germination of seeds in the dark were immersion of the dry seeds in concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4) for 30–60 min, giving 60–95% germination; or in 700 mM sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 1–8 h. giving 53–80% germination. The clearest results were obtained by treating the dry seeds with oxidants. H2SO4 being the most effective, followed by NaOCl and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); the latter being effective only in the presence of light. The light-induced stimulatory effect was decreased with increasing exposure of dry seeds to both H2SO4 and NaOCl. However, the light effect was still apparent in imbibed dormant seeds with 2-h NaOCl immersion but not in dry seeds with the same treatment. The results of this study suggested that the seed dormancy in P. distichum was mainly imposed by seed coverings, including hull and seed coat membranes. Facteurs influencant la dormance et la germination des graines de Paspalum distichum L. Les semences d'origine californienne de Paspalum distichum L. incubees a des temperatures optimales entre 28 et 35°C, ont donne 14% de germination dans l'obscurite et 40% avec une longueur de jour de 16 heures. Les limites maximales et minimales pour la germination avec lumiere etaient respectivement >45°C et entre 10 et 22°C. Le processus de maturation a ete accelere par un stockage des graines a 50°C. Un passage au froid a 6°C puis un traitement a chaud de 2 heures n'ont pas eu d'effet sur la germination. La gibberelline A3 a augmente la germination de seulement 10%. Les traitements qui ont entraine plus de 40% de germination dans l'obscurite sont l'immersion des graines seches dans l'acide sulfurique concentre (H2SO4) pendant 30 a 60 minutes avec 60 a 95% de germination ou l'immersion dans l'hypochlorite de sodium 700 mM (NaOCl) pendant 1 a 8 heures avec 53 a 80% de germination. Les resultats les plus clairs ont ete obtenus en traitant les grains secs avec des oxydants. H2SO4etant le plus efficace, suivi par NaOCl et le peroxyde d'hydrogene (H2O2); ce dernier etant efficace seulement en presence de lumiere. L'effet inducteur de la lumiere a moins d'importance avec une exposition accrue des graines seches a H2SO4 et NaOCl. Cependant, l'effet lumiere etait encore apparent pour des graines en dormance immergees pendant 2 heures dans NaOCl mais pas pour des graines seches ayant subi le meme traitement. Les resultats de cette etude donnent a penser que la dormanee des graines chez P. distichum est due principalement a la couverture des graines teguments et gousses incluses. Faktoren. welche bei Paspalmn distichum Samenruhe und Keimung beeinflussen Samen von Paspalum distichum L. kalifornischer Herkunft, optimalen Temperaturen zwisehen 28 und 35°C ausgesetzt, keimten in der Dunkelheit zu 14% und zu 40% bei einer Tageslange von 16 h. Die Maximal- und Minimalgrenzen fur die Keimung in Gegenwart von Licht lagen >45°C and zwischen 10 und 22°C, Der Nachreifeprozess wurde durch eine trockene Lagerung der Samen bei 50°C beschleunigt. Eine, einer 2-stundigen Warmebehandlung bei 40°C, vorausgegangene Kuhlung bei 6°C hatte keine Veranderung der Keimungsrate zur Folge. Gibberellin A3 bewirkte nur eine Steigerung der Keimung von bis zu 10%. Behandlungen, welche hohere Keimungsraten als 40% in Dunkelheit verursachten, waren: (a) Eintauchen der trockenen Samen in konzen-trierte Schwefelsaure (H2SO4) wahrend 30–60 min., was zur Keimung von 60 bis 95% der behandelten Samen fuhrte, oder (b) Eintauchen in 700 mM Natriumhypochlorit (NaOCl) wahrend 1–8 h; diese Behandlung erhohte die Keimung auf 53–80%. Die eindeuligsten Resultate ergaben die Behandlungen der trockenen Samen mit Oxydationsmitteln, wobei H2SO4 am wirksamsten war, gefolgt von NaOCl und Wasserstoffperoxyd (H2O2); letzteres zeigte nur in Gegenwart von Licht eine Wirkung. Die durch Licht induzierte Keimungsstimulation wurde durch eine zunehmende Einwirkungsdauer von H2SO4 Oder NaOCl verringert. Allerdings war der ‘Lichteffekt’ bei dormanten, wahrend 2 h in NaOCl eingetauchten Samen noch feststellbar, nicht aber bei trockenen Samen, welche derselben Behandlung unterworfen worden waren. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuehung lassen vermuten, dass die Samcnruhe bei P. distichum hauptsachlich durch die Umhullungen des Samens, einschliesslich der Membranen der Samenschale, beeinflusst wird.

Summary The rate of sprouting, rooting and early growth of both single-node stem and rhizome segments of Paspalum distichum L. increased as incubation temperatures increase to about 30°C and then declined at 40°C. There was little growth at 10°C. Single-node shoots remained viable at cooler temperatures after 1 days’incubation at 45°C, and 35% remained viable after 2 days’incubation at 45°C. Both shoot and rhizome segments sprouted and rooted at alternating temperatures of 45°C/28°C and 45°C/22°C. Generally sprouting and rooting of shoot segments were faster than in rhizome segments, but the response to temperature was similar for both sprouting and rooting of single-node shoot and rhizome segments. Single-node shoot segments sprouted faster in 16-h day lengths than in the dark. Rooting was better in the dark at 10°C, unaffected by light at 22 and 28°C, and faster in the light at 35 and 40°C. Sprouting, rooting and early growth were enhanced by gibberellin A3, kinetin and indole-3-acetic acid. Shoots collected at different seasons differed in their sprouting and rooting responses at various incubation temperatures. These patterns varying in response to seasonal temperature fluctuations may provide a survival mechanism for P. distichum. Resume Effets de la temperature, de la lumiere et de certains regulateurs de croissance sur le bourgeonnement, l'euracinement et la croissance de segments de rhizomes a un seul weud et de tiges de Paspalum distichum L. La vitesse du bourgeonnement, de l'enracinement et de la croissance initiale de fragments a un noeud de tiges et de rhizomes de Paspalum distichum L. augmentaient avec la temperature d'incubation jusqu'a 30°C environ, puis declinaient a 40°C. La croissance etait faible a 10°C. Des fragments de tige a un noeud restaient viables a des temperatures plus basses apres 1 jour d'incubation a 45°C, et 35% restaient viables apres 2 jours d'incubation a 45°C. Les segments de tiges et de racines bourgeonnaient et racinaient sous des alternances de temperature de 45/28°C et de 45/22°C. Generalement, le bourgeonnement et l'enracinement etaient plus rapides chez les fragments de tige que chez les fragments de rhizome, mais la reponse a la temperature etait similaire a la fois pour le bourgeonnement et l'enracinement, chez les fragments de tige et de rhizome. Les segments de tige a un noeud bourgeonnaient plus vite sous une photoperiode de 16 h qu'a l'obscurite. L'enracinement etait meilleur a l'obscuritea 10°C, insensible a la lumiere a 22 et 28°C, et plus rapide a la lumiere pour des temperatures de 35 et 40°C. Le bourgeonnement, l'enracinement et la croissance initiale etaient stimules par la gibberel-line A3, la kinetine et l'acide indole-3-acetique. Les tiges collectees a differentes saisons differaient par leurs capacites de bourgeonnement et d'enracinement sous diverses temperatures d'incubation. Les variations des reponses aux fluctuations saisonnieres de temperature pourraient constituer un mecanisme de survie pour P. distichum. Zusammenfassung Wirkung von Temperatur, Licht und einigen wachstumsregulierenden Substanzen auf Austrieb, Wurzelbildung und Wachstum von Rhizom- und Stengelsegmenten von Paspalum distichum L. Die Starke von Austrieb, Wurzelbildung und erstem Wachstum von Rhizom- resp. Sprossegmenten mit einem Knoten nahm mit steigenden Inkubationstemperaturen bis 30°C zu, sank aber bei 40°C wieder ab. Bei 10°C war nur geringes Wachstum festzustellen. Sprossegmente blieben nach einer 1-tagigen Inkubation bei 45°C bei tieferen Temperaturen lebensfahig, nach einer Inkubationsdauer von zwei Tagen bei 45°C uberlebten 35%. Bei alternierenden Temperaturen von 45/28 oder 45/22°C bildeten sowohl Spross-, als auch Wurzelsegmente Austriebe und Wurzeln. Im allgemeinen traten bei Sprossegmenten Wurzelbildung und Austreiben rascher ein als bei Rhizomsegmenten; ihre Temperaturabhangigkeit war aber bei beiden Segmenttypen ahnlich. Sprossegmente trieben in einem 16-Stunden Tag rascher aus als im Dunkeln. Die Wurzelbildung war bei Dunkelheit und 10°C starker; sie blieb unbeeinflusst im Licht und bei 22 resp. 28°C, war aber rascher bei Belichtung und 35 resp. 40°C. Austrieb, Wurzelbildung und erstes Wachstum wurden durch Gibberellin A3, Kinetin und Indol-3-essigsaure verstarkt. Sprosse, die in verschiedenen Jahreszeiten gesammelt worden waren, unterschieden sich in ihrem Verhalten bezuglich Austrieb und Wurzelbildung unter dem Einfluss verschiedener Inkubationstemperaturen. Diese unterschiedlichen Reaktionsweisen auf saisonale Temperaturveranderungen mogen Grundlagen fur einen Ueberlebensmechanismus bei P. distichum bilden.

Summary: Resume: Zusammenfassung Germination of skotodormant (imbibed or redried dormant in the dark) seeds of Johnson grass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.] is temperature dependent. There was better germination at 40°C than at lower temperatures. Alternating temperatures of 40/28 and 35/22°C were best, overall, for imbibed and re-dried dormant seeds, respectively. For the imbibed, dormant seeds, there was apparent stimulation of germination by light, gibberelent A3 (GA3) and immersion in 700 mm sodium hypochlorite (NaOC1). However, the combinations of GA3+light, NaOC1+light, and NaOC1+GA3+light all had synergistic effects on the stimulation of germination of imbibed, dormant seeds. Germination of dry seeds treated with 900 min H2O2 was not affected, whereas the same treatment given to imbibed, dormant seeds resulted in about 40–60% germination. Stimulation of germination by H2O2 depends not only upon seed moisture content, but also upon concentration of H2O2 and previous NaOC1 immersion. Dry seeds immersed for 15 min in concentrated H2SO4 and incubated on water gave almost complete germination while no imbibed, dormant seeds germinated following this treatment. However, as little as 4 h of re-drying of these imbibed, dormant seeds, prior to the same H2SO4 treatment, stimulated about 40% germination. It is suggested that the induction and breakage of skotodormancy in imbibed or re-dried seeds in response to seasonal fluctuations in temperature and moisture may provide a survival mechanism for S. halepense. Induction de la germination des graines dormantes de Sorgho D'Alep, Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. La germination de graines dormantes (imbibees ou ressechees a l'obscurite) de Sorgho d'Alep depend de la temperature. La germination est meilleure a 40°C qu'a des temperatures plus basses. Des alternances de 40/28 et 35/22C etaient optimales respectivement pour les graines imbibees ou ressechees. Pour les imbibees, il y a une stimulation par la lumiere, la gibberelline A3 (GA3) et l'immersion dans une solution 700 mm d'hypochlorite de sodium (NaOC1). Cependant, les combinaisons GA3+lumiere; NaOC1+lumiere, et NaOC1+GA3+lumiere ont toutes des effets de synergisme de la stimulation de la germination des graines dormantes imbibees. La germination des graines seches traitees avec une solution 900 mm de H2O2 n'est pas affectee tandis que le meme traitement applique aux imbibees resulte dans 40 a 60%de germination des semences dormantes. La stimulation de la germination pour H2O2 ne depend pas uniquement de la teneur en humidite de la graine, mais egalement de la concentration en H2O2 et de la preimmersion dans NaOC1. Des graines seches immergees pendant 15 min dans H2SO4 concentre et incubees a l'eau, donnent une germination presque complete tandis que des graines imbibees ne germent pas apres ce traitement. Cependant, apres un resechage aussi petit que 4 h, les graines imbibees apres un meme traitement a H2SO4 germent a environ 40%. On peut conclure que l'induction et la levee de dormance des graines en relation avec les fluctuations saisonnieres de temperature et d'humidite, fournissent un moyen de survie au Sorgho d'Alep. Keimungsinduktion bei skotodormanten Samen der Aleppo-Hirse (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Die Keimung skotodormanter, d.h. im Dunkeln dormanter Samen (gequollen oder wiedergetrocknet) der Aleppo-Hirse (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) ist temperaturabhangig: Die Keimung war bei 40°C besser als bei niedrigen Temperaturen, und Wechseltemperaturen von 40/28 und 35/22°C waren allgemein am wirkungsvollsten fur vorgequollene bzw. wiedergetrocknete dormante Samen. Fur gequollene donnante Samen waren offensichtlich Licht, Gibberellin A3 (GA3) und Tauchen in 700 mm Natriumhypochlorit (NaOC1) keimungswirksam, und die Kombinationen GA3+Licht, NaOC1+Licht und NaOC1+GA3+Licht hatten alle eine synergistische Wirkung auf die Stimulation der Keimung vorgequollener dormanter Samen. Die Keimung trokener Samen blieb von einer Behandlung mit 900 mm H2O2 unbeeinflusst, wahrend sie bei vorge-quollenen dormanten Samen zu etwa 40 bis 60% Keimung fuhrte. Diese Art Keimungsstimulation hangt nicht nur vom Feuchtigkeitsgehalt der Samen ab, sondern auch von der H2O2-Konzentration und einer vorausgehenden Behandlung mit NaOC1. Wurden trockene Samen 15 Minuten in konzentrierte H2SO4 getaucht und danach uber Wasser inkubiert, keimten sie fast vollzahlig, wahrend vorgequollene dormante Samen nach dieser Behandlung nicht keimten, doch keimten sie zu etwa 40%, wenn sie vor derselben H2O2-Behandlung nur 4 h getrocknet wurden. Es wird angenommen, dass die Induktion und Brechung der Skotodormanz der je nach jahreszeitlichem Wechsel der Temperatur und Feuchtigkeit gequollenen oder wiedergetrockneten Samen einen Uberlebensmechanismus fur Sorghum halepense bilden.