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Durch die digitalen Medien hat sich das klassische Mobbing erweitert: Täter können anonym bleiben, körperliche Überlegenheit ist nicht notwendig, Nachrichten sind unbegrenzt speicherbar und kaum zurücknehmbar. Cybermobbing hat schwerwiegende Probleme für Opfer bzw. Täter zur Folge und beeinträchtigt deren physische und psychische Gesundheit. Dabei sind präventive Maßnahmen verfügbar. Sie können (Cyber-)Mobbing verhindern und zu einem besseren schulischen und innerfamiliären Klima beitragen.

Inwieweit nutzen jüngere Kinder elektronische Medien? Und überhaupt – welche Bedeutung haben die neuen Medien und die zunehmende Medialisierung der kindlichen Lebenswelt für die Entwicklung und Gesundheit eines Kindes? Ein Überblick über aktuelle Studien und Handlungsempfehlungen.

This review summarizes the state of knowledge of use of new media on the development in early childhood in 6 sections: descriptive utilization data, psychosocial and emotional development, cognition and language, motor development, nutrition and sleep, and influence of parental media consumption.The review is based on a literature search of this topic in peer-reviewed journals. We included 87 articles, books, and book chapters. The used literature data bases were ERIC, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO and PSYNDEX.Manifold studies describe in young children's utilization data the pervasive nature of digital exposure and impressive usage times and availability. They confirm adverse influences of electronic media use (television, video games) on children's emotional and behavioral problems and well-being, e. g. on physical activity, sleep and obesity. In general a positive effect in sense of knowledge transfer of age could be found for high quality educational media, however predominantly the impact of media use at younger age was negative.High frequent media use in early childhood is likely to have a negative impact on psychosocial development, positive effects such as knowledge transfer may be seen beyond the age of 18 months. As parental media use is a strong predictor of child media habits, reducing parental media use and enhancing parent-child interactions might be important areas to address when trying to change the media behavior of young children. In view of the scarcity of studies for early childhood, it is advisable to use digital play and communication devices cautiously and restrictively in this vulnerable development phase.Dieses Review fasst den aktuellen Wissensstand zum Gebrauch neuer Medien in der frühen Kindheit für 6 Bereiche zusammen: Deskriptive Gebrauchsdaten, psychosoziale und emotionale Entwicklung, Kognition und Sprache, motorische Entwicklung, Ernährung und Schlaf, Einfluss des elterlichen Medienkonsums.Das Review basiert auf einer Literaturrecherche in peer reviewed Zeitschriften. Insgesamt wurden 87 Artikel, Bücher und Buchkapitel eingeschlossen. Durchsucht wurden die Literaturdatenbänke ERIC, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO und PSYNDEX.Die Studien dokumentieren die Allgegenwärtigkeit der Mediennutzung im frühen Lebensalter und weisen eindrucksvolle Nutzungszeiten und Verfügbarkeiten auf. Sie bestätigen ungünstige Einflüsse der elektronischen Medien (Fernseher, Videospiele) auf emotionale und Verhaltensprobleme und auf das Wohlergehen der Kinder, wie z. B. körperliche Aktivität, Schlaf und Übergewicht. Es konnten auch positive Einflüsse von pädagogisch hochwertigen Medien identifiziert werden. Jedoch überwiegen die negativen Effekte der Mediennutzung im jungen Alter deutlich.Ein hoher Medienkonsum in der frühen Kindheit hat negative Auswirkungen auf die psychosoziale Entwicklung, wohingegen positive Effekte wie bspw. Wissenstransfer erst ab einem Alter von 18 Monaten beobachtet werden können. Eine reduzierte Nutzung seitens der Eltern und eine verbesserte Eltern-Kind Interaktion sind wichtige Bereiche für eine Veränderung der kindlichen Mediennutzung. Wegen des Mangels an Studien ist es ratsam digitale Spiel- und Kommunikationsgeräte nur mit Vorsicht zu nutzen.

Zusammenfassung. Um psychische Störungen bei jungen Kindern zu erfassen, wurde das Klassifikationssystem DC: 0 – 5 entwickelt. Das Ziel dieser Studie war es, Diagnosen nach DC: 0 – 5 und ICD-10 zu vergleichen. Bei 176 konsekutiv vorgestellten Kindern (70,5 % Jungen) mit einem mittleren Alter von 3,96 Jahren wurden Diagnosen nach ICD-10 und DC: 0 – 5 vergeben. 78,4 % der Kinder hatten eine Diagnose nach ICD-10, 88,1 % der Kinder nach DC: 0 – 5. Die häufigste ICD-10 Diagnose war Störung des Sozialverhaltens mit oppositionellem Verhalten (ODD; 28,4 %), gefolgt von Schlafstörungen (21,0 %), ADHS (14,8 %) und Angststörungen (6,8 %). Die häufigsten DC: 0 – 5 Diagnosen waren ADHS (30,7 %) und die Dysregulierte Ärger- und Aggressionsstörung (31,3 %), gefolgt von Schlaf-‍, Angst-‍, Ess- und Traumafolgestörungen. Zusammengefasst ist die DC: 0 – 5 das spezifischste Klassifikationssystem zur Diagnose psychischer Störungen bei jungen Kindern. Es hat sich in Kombination mit der ICD-10 in der klinischen Praxis bewährt. Wünschenswert wäre die weitere Verwendung und Überprüfung der DC: 0 – 5 in klinischen Studien.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGMobbing beinhaltet aggressive Handlungen mit dem Ziel, eine andere Person zu verletzen, zu demütigen oder einzuschüchtern. Die digitale Revolution hat die Möglichkeiten des klassischen Mobbings erweitert. Täter können anonym bleiben, körperliche Überlegenheit ist nicht notwendig, ein größeres Publikum kann erreicht werden, Nachrichten sind unbegrenzt speicherbar und nicht zurücknehmbar. Cybermobbing hat schwerwiegende Probleme für Opfer bzw. Täter zur Folge und beeinträchtigt deren physische und psychische Gesundheit, ihre sozialen Beziehungen und ihre Lebensqualität. Folgen können bei Opfern Depressionen, Ängste, PTBS, intensiver Stress, Schlafstörungen, Selbstverletzungen, Suizidalität und Suizid sein. Die komorbiden psychischen Störungen sind so früh wie möglich zu erkennen und angemessen zu behandeln. Wirksame Maßnahmen zur Prävention sind verfügbar, werden jedoch nicht ausreichend intensiv und flächendeckend durchgeführt. Anti-Mobbing-Maßnahmen verhindern nicht nur (Cyber-)Mobbing, sondern tragen auch zu einem besseren schulischen und innerfamiliären Klima bei und begünstigen Einstellungen gegen Mobbing und die Lebensqualität von Beteiligten.

Background Risk factors for the prediction of late-onset tumor recurrence in meningioma patients are sparse but needed to estimate duration and control intervals during long-term follow-up in meningioma patients. In this study, we therefore analyzed the value of established risk factors for postoperative meningioma recurrence for the prediction of long-term prognosis in a large, single-center series. Material and methods Correlations of established clinical (age, sex, tumor location, extent of resection), radiological (postoperative tumor volume) and histopathological variables (WHO grade, brain invasion) with tumor relapse were analyzed separately after 3, 5, and 10 years following microsurgery for primary diagnosed intracranial meningioma between 1991 and 2021 in uni- and multivariate analyses. The prognostic value was compared to findings in the entire cohort. Results Within a median follow-up of 29 months (range: 0-307 months), recurrence was observed in 141 patients (12%) after a median PFS of 36 months. PFS among the entire cohort (n=1218) at 3, 5, 10 and 15 years postoperatively were 90%, 84%, 74% and 70%, respectively. Among all patients included, skull base location (HR: 1.51, 95%CI 1.05-2.16; p=.026), Simpson ≥IV resections (HR: 2.41, 95%CI 1.52-3.84; p.05). In 147 patients with a follow-up of ≥ ten years, ten recurrences occurred, and no correlation was found with any of the analyzed variables. Conclusion Skull base tumor location and high-grade histology but not the extent of resection should be considered when planning follow-up duration and intervals following ≥5 years after meningioma surgery. Tumor relapses following more than ten years after surgery are very rare, and corresponding predictors are lacking.

Background DNA methylation profiling has emerges as a powerful approach to CNS tumor classification and the discovery of novel, molecularly distinct entities. With the release of the 12.5 version of the Heidelberg Brain Tumor Classifier, some unclassifiable cases can be assigned to novel methylation classes. We retrospectively reviewed our databases and identified 16 previously unclassifiable cases, all of which belong to the provisional methylation class “adult-type diffuse high-grade glioma, IDH-wildtype, subtype F (HGG_F)”. Material and Methods We clinically, radiologically and morphologically characterized 16 HGG_F cases and compared them to 347 glioblastomas. We additionally analyzed copy-number alterations and performed DNA exome sequencing. Results Median age at diagnosis of the 12 males and 4 females was 65 years. Upon initial diagnostic workup, specimens were classified as CNS tissue with reactive changes (n=3) or suspicious for the infiltration zone of a diffuse glioma (n = 13). None of the cases demonstrated endothelial proliferation or necrosis and 10/16 tumors had flat copy number profiles. Radiological characteristics were reminiscent of gliomatosis cerebri in eight cases and 9/9 cases had normal FET-PET scans. Whole-exome sequencing revealed genetic alterations frequently found in IDH-wildtype glioblastomas, including TERT promoter mutations in 11/14 (78.6%) and PIK3 mutations (10/14, 71.4%). Outcome was significantly better compared to TCGA IDH-wildtype glioblastomas with a median progression-free survival of 58 months and overall survival of 73 months (both p Conclusion We provide evidence that TERT promoter mutations in diffusely infiltrating gliomas without further morphological or molecular signs of high-grade glioma should be interpreted in the context of the clinico-radiological presentation as well as epigenetic prolife and may not be suitable as standalone diagnostic marker for glioblastoma, IDH wildtype.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of early Emotional Dysregulation (ED) at preschool age as a risk factor or predictor of later media use behavior and Gaming Disorder (GD) in school age.Methods: 80 patients (63.7% male; mean age = 4.2, SD = 1.23) who had attended a special outpatient program for preschoolers at measuring point time t1 were contacted at measuring point time t2 (mean age = 9.2, SD = 2.03). At t1, the comprehensive clinical assessment comprised Child Behavior Checklist—Dysregulation Profile (CBCL-DP). At t2, parents completed a questionnaire on their children's media availability, usage times, and GD.Results: ED predicts a more intense use of digital media in the future. The daily average screen-use time at t2 varies significantly between the groups (148 min for children with ED at t1 and 85 min for children without ED at t1). The intensity of media use can be considered a significant predictor for the presence of a GD in dimensional assessment. When GD is classified categorically, according to the DSM-5 criteria, there is no significant correlation between ED and later GD diagnosis, neither between screen-use time and GD diagnosis. However, at dimensional level, preschool children with ED show significantly higher GD symptom scores at 9 years of age.Conclusion: ED at preschool age is strongly associated with time spent video gaming and GD symptoms 5 years later. Our results strongly indicate that emotion dysregulation in preschool children is a risk factor for later problematic video game playing behavior. This strengthens the concept of ED in the etiology of media use and provides potential targets for early GD prevention.

Computerspielabhangigkeit („gaming disorder“, GD) ist eine relativ „neue“ kinder- und jugendpsychiatrische Erkrankung, die, mit regionalen Unterschieden, etwa 2 % der Jugendlichen betrifft und oft auf der Grundlage vorbestehender psychosozialer Probleme zu schweren physischen und psychischen Beeintrachtigungen fuhren kann. Die Abgrenzung von „lustvollem“ Spielverhalten wird nicht einheitlich akzeptiert; Diagnoseinstrumente sind nicht ausreichend standardisiert; Krankheitsmodelle, Praventions- und Therapiekonzepte nicht ausreichend evaluiert; insbesondere Langzeitstudien fehlen. Pravention und Therapie erfordern die Einbindung von Schulen und Familien, die Beschrankung des Zugangs zu elektronischen Medien und eine Berucksichtigung komorbider Storungen. Unter den Therapiekonzepten, die sich vorwiegend an anderen Suchterkrankungen orientieren, haben sich kognitiv-behaviorale Therapie und Elemente der „motivierenden Gesprachsfuhrung“ zumindest kurzfristig bewahrt.

Aim Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is a serious disorder leading to and maintaining pertinent personal and social impairment. IGD has to be considered in view of heterogeneous and incomplete concepts. We therefore reviewed the scientific literature on IGD to provide an overview focusing on definitions, symptoms, prevalence, and aetiology. Method We systematically reviewed the databases ERIC, PsyARTICLES, PsycINFO, PSYNDEX, and PubMed for the period January 1991 to August 2016, and additionally identified secondary references. Results The proposed definition in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition provides a good starting point for diagnosing IGD but entails some disadvantages. Developing IGD requires several interacting internal factors such as deficient self, mood and reward regulation, problems of decision-making, and external factors such as deficient family background and social skills. In addition, specific game-related factors may promote IGD. Summarizing aetiological knowledge, we suggest an integrated model of IGD elucidating the interplay of internal and external factors. Interpretation So far, the concept of IGD and the pathways leading to it are not entirely clear. In particular, long-term follow-up studies are missing. IGD should be understood as an endangering disorder with a complex psychosocial background. What this paper adds In representative samples of children and adolescents, on average, 2% are affected by Internet gaming disorder (IGD). The mean prevalences (overall, clinical samples included) reach 5.5%. Definitions are heterogeneous and the relationship with substance-related addictions is inconsistent. Many aetiological factors are related to the development and maintenance of IGD. This review presents an integrated model of IGD, delineating the interplay of these factors.

Cyberbullying, die missbrauchliche Verwendung elektronischer Kommunikationsmedien mit dem Ziel, andere zu verletzen, zu demutigen oder einzuschuchtern, fuhrt zu langfristigen Traumatisierungen mit schwerwiegenden, z. T. lebensbedrohlichen Konsequenzen. Im Durchschnitt ist etwa ein Viertel aller Jugendlichen von diesem Problem betroffen. Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen Uberblick uber Phanomenologie, Symptome, Hintergrunde, Konsequenzen und Praventionsmoglichkeiten, um zur aussichtsreichen Bekampfung gegen dieses bisher praktisch vollig vernachlassigte Phanomen aufzurufen. Ziele sind die Einfuhrung flachendeckender Masnahmen zur Pravention von Cyberbullying sowie das Erkennen bereits eingetretener Folgen und ihre Behandlung.

As new mass media has become a common activity already in nursery school, this study aimed to analyze computer game playing, addiction, and ADHD in a representative population-based sample of young children. Parents filled out a standardized questionnaire including items for ADHD, media use, and computer gaming disorder. The response rate was 83.2% (N = 1271). The mean age was 5.8 years (SD 0.38). Boys play computer games more often and longer than girls. In consequence, boys were rated more often to be at risk or to have a computer gaming disorder than girls. Children with elevated ADHD scores showed significantly higher computer gaming disorder scores. Clinically relevant inattention scores were associated with longer and more computer gaming. In a multiple regression analysis, problem game playing was best explained by a combination of frequency, gender, inattention, and hyperactivity-impulsivity score (p

IntroductionHigh frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation induces excitation when applied to the motor cortex as reflected by the increase MEP amplitudes after the stimulation. The effects differ according to pulse width, probably due to higher content of energy in the wider pulses and their ability to cause wider activation in comparison to shorter pulse shapes. Here we focus on the aftereffects generated with high frequency controllable pulse TMS (cTMS) with different pulse widths.ObjectivesTo investigate the influence of pulse energy by using different stimulation intensities and pulse widths on the excitatory plastic aftereffects of high frequency (HF) rTMS.MethodsUsing a controllable pulse stimulator TMS (cTMS), we stimulated the hand motor cortex with 5 Hz rTMS applying 1200 bidirectional pulses with the main component widths of 80, 100 and 120 microseconds. 14 healthy subjects were initially investigated for six randomized sessions first with 80% RMT for anterior-posterior (AP) and posterior-anterior (PA). Then three more sessions using same pulse widths were added for 90% RMT anterior-posterior (AP).Results80% HF rTMS did not produce any significant excitation in either AP or PA direction. 90% RMT AP stimulation with 100 and 120 microsecond-wide pulses were more excitatory, when compared to the 80 microsecond-wide pulses. We also found a correlation between the individual pulse energy and the plastic outcome of each session.ConclusionsHF rTMS with wider pulses is more effective in producing excitatory aftereffects, an effect that correlated with the higher energy content of wider pulses and higher intensity.SignificanceThe findings here suggest that wider pulses are capable of inducing more excitation, a fact that could contribute to better results in future clinical studies performed with wider pulses.

Abstract. Background: This study investigates how children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) make use of computer gaming and computer-mediated communication (CMC) in comparison to their nonautistic peers. Method: Parents filled out a standardized questionnaire on media use, gaming disorder (GD), and CMC. Sixty-two boys with a diagnosis of ASD aged 4 to 17 years (mean = 11.5; SD = 3.2) were compared to 31 healthy control boys (mean = 11.5; SD = 3.7). Results: Children and adolescents with ASD used CMC less frequently than their nonautistic peers but played video games for longer times than the controls. They preferred playing alone rather than in company of others and less frequently in multiplayer mode. Levels of GD symptoms were higher in boys with ASD. Conclusions: Children and adolescents with ASD seem to be an especially vulnerable subpopulation for GD. For them, the gaming situation (alone and in single-player mode) and CMC behavior seem to correspond to social patterns in real life. Our findings also provide support for the inclusion of offline gaming in the GD definition.

School-based interventions (SBIs) are well-established and effective treatments for improving child mental health. Specific school-based topics include prevention (Tier I-III) and interventions (e.g. cognitive-behavioural programmes and daily report cards).We performed a systematic literature search in five commonly used online databases (ERIC, MEDLINE, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO and PSYNDEX) for English-language articles published between 1993 and 2015. Additional sources included reference lists of relevant articles and book chapters.We identified a number of successful behavioural or cognitive-behavioural programmes yielding moderate to strong effects for a range of emotional and behavioural problems. The implementation of these programmes and the collaboration of the involved settings (school and home) and persons are important factors for their effectiveness under real-life conditions.Effective SBIs are valuable tools for students with mental health problems if evidence-based cognitive-behavioural interventions are applied and rules of translational algorithms and implementation science are respected.