Search

Fahrüddîn Benâkıtî, muhtemelen h. VII. yüzyılın ortalarından sonra Mâverâünnehir’e bağlı bir Türk yerleşim yeri olan Benâket’te dünyaya gelmiştir. İlhanlı Devleti’nin önemli şairlerinden birisi olan Benâkıtî aynı zamanda tarihçiliği ile de ön plana çıkmıştır. İlhanlı hükümdarlarından Gazan Han’ın (1295-1304) korumasına mazhar olup iltifat gören müellif onun yakın adamlarından biri olmayı başarmıştır. Olcaytu Han (1304-1316) zamanında saraydaki durumu kötüye gitse de Ebû Sa’id Bahadır Han (1317-1335) zamanında tekrardan yıldızı parlamıştır. Bu hükümdar tarafından bir tarih kitabı yazmakla görevlendirilen Benâkıtî, Târîh-i Benâkıtî adlı eserini tamamlayarak 1317 yılında Ebû Sa‘id Bahadır Han’a sunmuştur. Eser ihtiva etmiş olduğu bilgilerle bir umumî tarih olma özeliğini taşımıştır. Dokuz bölümden oluşan Târîh-i Benâkıtî’nin dördüncü bölümünde Abbasîlere bağlı hanedanlıklardan bahsedilmiştir. Bunlardan birisi de Ortaçağ Türk-İslâm devletlerinden olan Gaznelilerdir. Eser Gazneliler tarihi açısından oldukça muhtasar bir görünüm arz etmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra aktarmış olduğu bilgilerin tarihi açısından sıhhati de teyide muhtaçtır. Bu çalışmada eserin Gazneliler kısmı incelemeye tabi tutulmuştur. Bahsi geçen bölümün tercümesi yapılmış ve devrin diğer kaynakları ile mukayese edilerek değeri ortaya çıkarılmaya çalışılmıştır.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) essential oil on duodenal and colonic contractions of broilers in vitro. For this purpose, 10 broiler intestines (42 days old) obtained from a slaughterhouse were brought to the laboratories by immersed in Krebs solution (NaCl, 118 mmol/L; KCl, 4.7 mmol/L; CaCl2, 2.5 mmol/L; MgSO4, 1 mmol/L; KH2PO4, 1 mmol/L; glucose, 11 mmol/L; NaHCO3, 25 mmol/L) at +4°C. Isolated duodenal and colon tissue strips were placed in a fourchannel, isolated organ bath system, where they were exposed to Krebs solution aerated with a gas mixture of 95% O2 - 5% CO2, at 39°C. The effect of peppermint essential oil (PEO) obtained by hydrodistillation method on spontaneous duodenum and colon contractions was evaluated in the concentration range of 0.1-1000 μg/mL. Subsequently, the effects of 300 and 1000 μg/mL PEO were reevaluated on acetylcholine-induced contractions after incubation with Nω-Nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, NOS inhibitor) and Methylene Blue (MB, cGC inhibitor). It was determined that the PEO dose-dependently decreased the amplitude of spontaneous and acetylcholine-induced contractions in both isolated tissues. This relaxant effect persisted after L-NNA and MB incubations. In conclusion, PEO induced relaxation in isolated duodenum and colon intestinal smooth muscles not through the nitric oxide-sGMP pathway.

Byline: S. Sander (1), O. Vural (1), M. Unal (1) Keywords: Key words Rectal prolapse; Transanal rectopexy; Ekehorn operation; Surgical indications Abstract: Although surgical intervention is occasionally required for rectal prolapse (RP), there is both vagueness as to the indications for surgery and confusion as to the technique that should be used for children who need surgical treatment. Using Ekehorn's transanal suture rectosacropexy technique, 56 children with RP were treated surgically between 1987 and 1998 at our hospital. There were 36 boys and 20 girls, the average age was 4.5 years, and the duration of the recurrent prolapse prior to admission ranged from 3 to 8 months. The technique consists of simply inserting one 'U'-shaped suture through the rectal ampulla and tying the strands of the suture outside at the level of the sacrococcygeal junction. In this series, follow-up periods ranged from 1 to 10 years and there were no recurrences. We believe that surgical indications for RP need to be defined more clearly and that Ekehorn's technique offers a simple and effective method for the surgical treatment of complete RP in children. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Pediatric Surgery, SSK BakA+-rkoy Dogumevi, KadA+-n ve Cocuk HastalA+-klarA+- Egitim Hastanesi, Cocuk Cerrahisi Klinigi, Adegstanbul, Turkey, TR Article note: Accepted: 4 September 1998

In this study, it was aimed to investigate Adropin levels in kidney tissues after Methotrexate (MTX) administration to identify potential changes following administration of agents with antioxidant/anti–inflammatory potential. Twenty four adult rats male albino Wistar rats were used in this study, and randomly divided into four groups. Control: These rats did not receive any treatment during the 14–day (d) experiment. N–acetylcysteine (NAC): These rats were administered 100 mg·kg-1·day-1 NAC intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 14 d. MTX: A single dose of 20 mg·kg-1 MTX was administered i.p. at the beginning of the study. MTX+ NAC: A single dose of 20 mg·kg-1 MTX was administered i.p. at the beginning of the study, and the rats were given 100 mg·kg-1·day-1 NAC i.p. for 14 d. Total antioxidant, and serum Adropin levels were found to be the lowest in the MTX group while the oxidant levels were significantly lower in the MTX group than in the MTX+NAC group (P

Öz: Afganistan ile Herat arasındaki dağlık bölgede hüküm süren Gurlular (552-612/1157-1216), bağımsız ve müstakil bir devlet haline geldikleri zamana kadar Gazneliler Devleti’nin (352-582/963-1186) tabiiyeti altında kalmışlardır. Gazneli hükümdarı Sebüktegin’den (366-387/977-997) başlamak üzere Sultan Mahmud (388-421/998-1030), Sultan Mesûd (421-432/1030-1041) ve Sultan İbrahim (451-492/1059-1099) dönemlerinde Gur bölgesine çeşitli seferler düzenlenmiştir. Bu seferler neticesinde Gurlular itaat altına alındığı gibi bu coğrafyada İslamiyet’in yayılması da hız kazanmıştır. Gaznelilerin gerileme dönemi hükümdarlarından Sultan Behramşâh (511-552/1117-1157) zamanında ise Gazneli-Gurlu mücadeleleri farklı bir safhaya girmiştir. Behramşâh’ın tâbi Gurlular aleyhine dış siyasette almış olduğu yanlış kararlar iki devleti karşı karşıya getirmiş ve taraflar arasında meydana gelen savaşlar Gaznelilerin çöküş sürecini hızlandırmıştır. Bu dönemde Gurlular tahtında bulunan Alâeddin Hüseyin b. İzzeddin Hüseyin’in (544-556/1149-1161) iki kardeşinin Behramşâh tarafından öldürülmesi, kendisinde bu devlete karşı büyük bir intikam hırsına sebebiyet vermiştir. Gaznelilere karşı elde etmiş olduğu zaferlerden sonra Gazne şehrini yakıp yıkması tarihlerde kendisinin Cihansûz lakabıyla anılması ile sonuçlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada Sultan Alâeddin Hüseyin Cihânsûz’un Gaznelilerle mücadelesi ve Gazne şehrini istilası ele alınmıştır. Abstract: The Ghurids (552-612/1157-1216), which reigned in the mountainous region between Afghanistan and Herat, remained under the domination of the Ghaznavids State (352-582/963-1186) until they became an independent and detached state. Various compaigns were organized to the Ghur region during the reign of Sultan Maḥmūd (388-421/998-1030), Sultan Masʿūd (421-432/1030-1041) and Sultan Ebrāhīm (451-492/1059-1099), starting from the Ghaznavid ruler Sebüktigin (366-387/977-997). As a result of these expeditions, the Ghurids were obeyed and the spread of Islam in this geography also gained speed. In the time of Sultan Bahrāmšāh, who was ruler of the period of decline, the Ghaznavids-the Ghurids struggles entered a different phase. The wrong decisions taken by Bahrāmšāhagainst the Ghuridsin foreign politics confronted the two states and the wars between the parties accelerated the collapse of the Ghaznavids. In this period, the killing of two brothers of ʿAlāʾ-al-dīn Ḥosayn Jahānsūzb. ʿEzz-al–Dīn Ḥosayn(544-556/1149-1161), who was under the throne of the Ghurids, by Bahrāmšāh, caused a great ambition for revenge against this state. After the victories against the Ghaznavids, the burning of the city of Ḡazna resulted with mention as his nickname “Jahānsūz”. In this study, the struggle of Sultan ʿAlāʾ-al-dīn Ḥosayn Jahānsūzwith the Ghaznavids and the invasion of the city of Ḡaznawere discussed.

Gurlular 552-612/1157-1216 yılları arasında Gazne ve Herat sınırlarında bulunan Afganistan’ın dağ-lık bölgesinde bağımsız bir devlet kurmuşlardır. Bu devletin kuruluşundan önce hanedana mensup şahsiyetlerin bölgede federatif bir şekilde hüküm sürdükleri bilinmektedir. Bağımsızlığa giden süreç yaklaşık olarak iki yüz yıl sürmüştür. X. asrın ortalarından itibaren Gur hanedan üyelerinin komşu devletlerle birtakım mücadelelere giriştikleri görülmektedir. Bunlardan ilki Gazneliler Devleti’dir. 352/963 yılında Gazne şehrinde Alptegin tarafın-dan temelleri atılan bu devlet, Sebüktegin zamanında sağlam temeller üzerine oturtulmuş ve teşkilatlı bir yapı-ya bürünmüştür. Mahmud b. Sebüktegin’in hüküm sürdüğü yıllar ise (388-421/998-1030) Gazneli Devleti’nin en parlak dönemini ihtiva etmektedir. Gurlu-Gazneli münasebetlerinin Sebüktegin’in iktidarı zamanında başla-dığı, kaynaklardan anlaşılmaktadır. Karşılıklı ilişkilerin pek de dostane bir hal almadığı bu dönem ve yaşanan savaşlar Gur bölgesinin doğu kısmının Gaznelilerin hâkimiyeti altına geçmesi ile neticelenmiştir. Ancak Sultan Mahmud döneminde Gurluların itaatten çıkmaları iki devleti bir kez daha karşı karşıya getirmiş ve yeni bir mücadele safhası başlamıştır. Gurlu-Gazneli askerî harekâtlarının en somut örneklerinden biri olarak sayılabi-lecek Âgengerân Savaşı, neticeleri itibarı ile her iki devlet için de en önemli savaşlardan biridir. Bu çalışmada zikredilen savaşa giden süreç ve bu savaşın sonuçları değerlendirilmiştir.

Van Gölü’nün doğusundaki çarpışma ile ilişkili Otlakbaşı volkanizması farklı açılma çatlaklarından püskürerek meydana gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Otlakbaşı bazaltik volkanizmasının yeni yaş verisi ve ana oksit, iz ve nadir toprak element jeokimyasal karakteristikleri incelenmiştir. Ar-Ar yaş verisi bu bazaltik volkanizmanın bilinen Kuvaterner yaşının aksine Erken Pliyosende püskürdüğüne işaret eder. Volkanik ürünleri alkali-subalkali ayrım çizgisine yakın ve bazaltik bileşimdedirler. Fraksiyonel kristallenme ile birleşik kıtasal kirlenme (AFC) modellerinin sonuçları, magma odası evrim süreçlerinde fraksiyonel kristallenmenin kıtasal kirlenmeye göre ihmal edilebilir olduğuna ve kıtasal kirlenmenin fraksiyonel krsitallemeye oranının (r değeri) 0.1 ile 0.35 arasında değiştiğine işaret eder. Büyük iyon yarıçaplı litofil elementlerin ve (BİYL) hafif nadir toprak elementlerin (HNTE) yüksek alan şiddetli elementlere (YAŞE) göre zenginleşmesi ve hareketli iz elementlerin (Ba, Th) davranışı, Otlakbaşı bazaltik volkanizmasının manto kaynak bölgesinin dalmış sedimentlerden türeyen ergiyikler ile zenginleştiğini ortaya koymuştur. Fraksiyonlanma doğrulaması yapılan örneklerin Rb ve K elementlerindeki tüketilme, manto kaynak alanında flogopit ve/veya amfibolün var olabileceğine işaret eder. Kısmi ergime modelleme çalışmalarının sonuçları, bu bazaltik volkanizmanın baskın olarak spinel peridotit kaynağının ergimesi ile üretilebileceğini göstermiştir. Metasomatize olmuş spinelce zengin litosferik mantonun ergimesi, Otlakbaşı bazaltik volkanizmasının püskürmesinden sorumlu olabilir.

The global bioeconomy is generating new paradigm-shifting practices of knowledge co-production, such as collective innovation; large-scale, data-driven global consortia science (Big Science); and consortia ethics (Big Ethics). These bioeconomic and sociotechnical practices can be forces for progressive social change, but they can also raise predicaments at the interface of law, human rights, and bioethics. In this article, we examine one such double-edged practice: the growing, multivariate exploitation of Big Data in the health sector, particularly by the private sector. Commercial exploitation of health data for knowledge-based products is a key aspect of the bioeconomy and is also a topic of concern among publics around the world. It is exacerbated in the current age of globally interconnected consortia science and consortia ethics, which is characterized by accumulating epistemic proximity, diminished academic independence, “extreme centrism”, and conflicted/competing interests among innovation actors. Extreme centrism is of particular importance as a new ideology emerging from consortia science and consortia ethics; this relates to invariably taking a middle-of-the-road populist stance, even in the event of human rights breaches, so as to sustain the populist support needed for consortia building and collective innovation. What role do law, human rights, and bioethics—separate and together—have to play in addressing these predicaments and opportunities in early 21st century science and society? One answer we propose is an intertwined ethico-legal normative construct, namely trustworthiness. By considering trustworthiness as a central pillar at the intersection of law, human rights, and bioethics, we enable others to trust us, which in turns allows different actors (both nonprofit and for-profit) to operate more justly in consortia science and ethics, as well as to access and responsibly use health data for public benefit.

Purpose We aimed to compare the effect and feasibility of a combined therapy with tamsulosin hydrochloride plus meloxicam, and tamsulosin hydrochloride alone in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia symptoms and impact on nocturia and sleep quality. Materials and Methods Four hundred male patients were included in this study between 2008 and 2011. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: one received tamsulosin hydrochloride 0.4 mg (Group 1, 200 patients) and the other tamsulosin hydrochloride 0.4 mg plus meloxicam 15 mg (Group 2, 200 patients) prospectively. Patients were evaluated for benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) symptoms according to the American Urological Association clinical guidelines and sleep quality according to Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Patients were reevaluated after three months of treatment. The International Prostatic Symptom Score (IPSS), IPSS-Quality of Life (IPSS-QoL), maximal urinary flow rates (Qmax), average urinary flow rates (AFR), post void residual urine volumes (PVR), nocturia and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Score (PSQS) were recorded at baseline and after three months. Results Mean age was 63.3 ± 6.6 and 61.4 ± 7.5 years in groups 1 and 2, respectively (p = 0.245). There were no statistically significant differences between both groups. Also, baseline prostate specific antigen (PSA), prostate volume, creatinine, International Prostatic Symptom Score (IPSS), IPSS-Quality of Life (IPSS-QoL), maximal urinary flow rates (Qmax), average urinary flow rates (AFR), post void residual urine volumes (PVR), nocturia and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Score (PSQS) were similar in both groups. In addition, the total IPSS, IPSS-QoL, PVR, nocturia, and PSQS were significantly lower in Group 2 compared with Group 1 after treatment (p < 0.05). Qmax and AFR were higher significantly in Group 2 compared with Group 1 after treatment (p < 0.05). Conclusions Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors in combination with an alpha blocker may decrease benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms and increase sleep quality without serious side effects.

Access to clean water is a grand challenge in the 21st century. Water safety testing for pathogens currently depends on surrogate measures such as fecal indicator bacteria (e.g., E. coli). Metagenomics concerns high-throughput, culture-independent, unbiased shotgun sequencing of DNA from environmental samples that might transform water safety by detecting waterborne pathogens directly instead of their surrogates. Yet emerging innovations such as metagenomics are often fiercely contested. Innovations are subject to shaping/construction not only by technology but also social systems/values in which they are embedded, such as experts' attitudes towards new scientific evidence. We conducted a classic three-round Delphi survey, comprised of 107 questions. A multidisciplinary expert panel (n = 24) representing the continuum of discovery scientists and policymakers evaluated the emergence of metagenomics tests. To the best of our knowledge, we report here the first Delphi foresight study of experts' attitudes on (1) the top 10 priority evidentiary criteria for adoption of metagenomics tests for water safety, (2) the specific issues critical to governance of metagenomics innovation trajectory where there is consensus or dissensus among experts, (3) the anticipated time lapse from discovery to practice of metagenomics tests, and (4) the role and timing of public engagement in development of metagenomics tests. The ability of a test to distinguish between harmful and benign waterborne organisms, analytical/clinical sensitivity, and reproducibility were the top three evidentiary criteria for adoption of metagenomics. Experts agree that metagenomic testing will provide novel information but there is dissensus on whether metagenomics will replace the current water safety testing methods or impact the public health end points (e.g., reduction in boil water advisories). Interestingly, experts view the publics relevant in a "downstream capacity" for adoption of metagenomics rather than a co-productionist role at the "upstream" scientific design stage of metagenomics tests. In summary, these findings offer strategic foresight to govern metagenomics innovations symmetrically: by identifying areas where acceleration (e.g., consensus areas) and deceleration/reconsideration (e.g., dissensus areas) of the innovation trajectory might be warranted. Additionally, we show how scientific evidence is subject to potential social construction by experts' value systems and the need for greater upstream public engagement on metagenomics innovations.

The extent of consensus (or the lack thereof) among experts in emerging fields of innovation can serve as antecedents of scientific, societal, investor and stakeholder synergy or conflict. Naturally, how we measure consensus is of great importance to science and technology strategic foresight. The Delphi methodology is a widely used anonymous survey technique to evaluate consensus among a panel of experts. Surprisingly, there is little guidance on how indices of consensus can be influenced by parameters of the Delphi survey itself. We simulated a classic three-round Delphi survey building on the concept of clustered consensus/dissensus. We evaluated three study characteristics that are pertinent for design of Delphi foresight research: (1) the number of survey questions, (2) the sample size, and (3) the extent to which experts conform to group opinion (the Group Conformity Index) in a Delphi study. Their impacts on the following nine Delphi consensus indices were then examined in 1000 simulations: Clustered Mode, Clustered Pairwise Agreement, Conger's Kappa, De Moivre index, Extremities Version of the Clustered Pairwise Agreement, Fleiss' Kappa, Mode, the Interquartile Range and Pairwise Agreement. The dependency of a consensus index on the Delphi survey characteristics was expressed from 0.000 (no dependency) to 1.000 (full dependency). The number of questions (range: 6 to 40) in a survey did not have a notable impact whereby the dependency values remained below 0.030. The variation in sample size (range: 6 to 50) displayed the top three impacts for the Interquartile Range, the Clustered Mode and the Mode (dependency = 0.396, 0.130, 0.116, respectively). The Group Conformity Index, a construct akin to measuring stubbornness/flexibility of experts' opinions, greatly impacted all nine Delphi consensus indices (dependency = 0.200 to 0.504), except the Extremity CPWA and the Interquartile Range that were impacted only beyond the first decimal point (dependency = 0.087 and 0.083, respectively). Scholars in technology design, foresight research and future(s) studies might consider these new findings in strategic planning of Delphi studies, for example, in rational choice of consensus indices and sample size, or accounting for confounding factors such as experts' variable degrees of conformity (stubbornness/flexibility) in modifying their opinions.

To gauge the current commitment to scientific research in the United States of America (US), we compared federal research funding (FRF) with the US gross domestic product (GDP) and industry research spending during the past six decades. In order to address the recent globalization of scientific research, we also focused on four key indicators of research activities: research and development (R&D) funding, total science and engineering doctoral degrees, patents, and scientific publications. We compared these indicators across three major population and economic regions: the US, the European Union (EU) and the People's Republic of China (China) over the past decade. We discovered a number of interesting trends with direct relevance for science policy. The level of US FRF has varied between 0.2% and 0.6% of the GDP during the last six decades. Since the 1960s, the US FRF contribution has fallen from twice that of industrial research funding to roughly equal. Also, in the last two decades, the portion of the US government R&D spending devoted to research has increased. Although well below the US and the EU in overall funding, the current growth rate for R&D funding in China greatly exceeds that of both. Finally, the EU currently produces more science and engineering doctoral graduates and scientific publications than the US in absolute terms, but not per capita. This study's aim is to facilitate a serious discussion of key questions by the research community and federal policy makers. In particular, our results raise two questions with respect to: a) the increasing globalization of science: "What role is the US playing now, and what role will it play in the future of international science?"; and b) the ability to produce beneficial innovations for society: "How will the US continue to foster its strengths?"

Aim: This study was carried out to determine the effects of combined safflower-sunflower meal (SSM) supplementation in quail diets on fattening performance and some carcass quality parameters. Materials and Methods: A total of 300 three-day-old Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica), including both males and females were divided into one control group and four treatment groups containing 60 quails in each. Each group was sub-divided into five replicates each containing 12 quails. The control group was fed corn-soybean meal based diet without SSM. The SSM was used at level of 10% (SSM10), 20% (SSM20), 30% (SSM30) and 40% (SSM40) in treatment diets (in each treatment S and SF ratio is 1:1). The experimental period was lasted for 5 weeks. Results: There were no changes in terms of body weights, body weight gain and feed intake as well as carcass weights, relative weight of liver, heart, spleen, gizzard, proventriculus and abdominal fat in all experimental groups with SSM supplementation (P>0.05). Feed conversion ratio impaired in the SSM40 group compared with the control and the other groups (P Conclusions: It may be stated that the supplementation of safflower-sunflower meal (C:S, 1:1) in combination to diets has no any adverse effect on the some performance and carcass quality characteristics, and as well as the supplementation of up to 30% of these might be more effective on feed conversion ratio in quails.

Aim: Aim of this research was to investigate the capability of Cavalieri principle (unbiased and efficient method using to volume measurement) for the in vitro estimation of the volume of the dog. Materials and Methods: Five male adult dog testes were used. First, testis volumes were measureament by water displacement method (Archimedes principle), then cavalieri method used to estimate the volume of same testis. Afterwards, the results of these methods were compared. Results: The mean volume of the left and right testis together was found 18.72 cm3 according to Archimedean principle and 18.25 cm3 according to Cavalieri principles. Statistical difference was not found (p Conclusion: The direct volume measurement method “water displacement” could not be Performed on the small testis because of the “capillary effect”. However Cavalieri principle runs free from the shape and orientation of the material. The study showed that Cavalieri principle was capable to measure the testis volume.

The aim ol this study was to investigate the origines, courses and innervation areas of the cranial nerves, innervating the tongue in Anatolian Buffaloes, The lingual nerve terminated in the rostral two thirds of the tongue. The chorda tympani joined to Ihe lingual nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve stemmed from the medulla oblongata, then, dispersed in the caudal one third of the tongue. The hypoglossal nerve scattered in the tongue muscles after arising from the medulla oblongata.

The aim of this study is to investigate macroscopicaily blood supply to the facial region of Anatolian buffaloes. A total of 8 buffalo heads were used. It was observed that the main vessel of facial region is facial artery, in addition to this a. mentalis, a. masseterica, a. transversa faciei and branches of infraorbital, superficial temporal and malar arteries were join to blood supply of facial region.

Aim: The aim of this study was investigated the bones which formed the skull in chinchilla and compared the results with other rodents and same carnivores. Material and method: In this study, 10 adult chinchilla (S female. 5 male) were used. The animals were euthanatized by ordinary methods, Maceration method was used to show skull Result: It was observed that the important features of skull were a wide orbita, long and sharp incisive tooth, and well developed tympanic bulla at the behind of parietal bones. Protuberantia occipitalis externa was well developed and crista facialis was absent. Dental formula was found as II CO P1 M3 in upper and lower jaw. In conclusion, becomes a member of suborder of Rodentia. Chinchilla has nearly same macroanatomic features of bones which consist of skull like their relatives such as Squirrel and Hystrix cristata.

ln this study, it was exceminated bones which consisted of the vertebral column and thorax in chinchilla. It was determined that chinchilla had C7,T14,L6,S2,C22 vertebras. Atlas has foramen vertebrale laterale, foramen alare and foramen transversarium. Proccessus transversus of axis is well expanded. It was observed that anticlinal vertebra was 11. vertebra and Processus accessroius was present only in L1-L4 vertebra. Proccessus transversus and corpus of sacral vertebra only were joined one another.lt was found out that ossa arcus hemalis were present ventral aspect of joints which were consisted of vertebra between S2 and S10. The body of the sternum was consisted of 5 sternebras.

The aim of this study ıs to investigate macroscopically blood supply to the linguae ol Anatolian buffaloes. A total of 8 buffalo heads were used. It was observed that the main vessel ol linguae is lingual artery, and this artery ramified rr. perihyoidei, a. sublingualis, a. profunda linguae and rr. dorsales linguae.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to show macroanatomical conformation of saphenous and popliteal artery in Angora Rabbits and to compare results with other domestic animals. Material and method: fn this study 10 adult Angora Rabbits of both sexes were used. The animals were sacrtficsd by ordinary method and injected colored latex by means of the abdominal aorta. Results: Giving the highest (descending) genicular artery, saphenous artery coursed superficially to medial surface of the leg and then gave off lateral and medial plantar arteries on the one of fourth distal surface of tibia. Highest genicular artery had two branches which were called superficial and prolund. First branch supplied to fascia and subcutan tissue on the medial surface of the stifle joint. Second branch gave branches which supplied to femoropatellar joint and cranial region of the stifle joint. Flexor tendons and their tendovagina which passed through plantar surface of tarsal joint and this joint were mostly supplied by lateral plantar artery. Alter giving branches to heel plexus, medial plantar artery divided into profund and superficial ramit. First branch joined arcuate artery lor composing of deep plantar arch. Second branch initially supplied to sole and then gave off plantar common digital arteries to supply to digits. After giving lateral proximal and medial proximal and middle genicular, sural and caudal tibial arteries, popliteal artery continued as cranial tibial artery. Caudal tibial artery vascularized popliteal and some llexor muscles which placed on caudal region of calf. Cranial tibial artery gave medial distal genicular and recurrens crania! tibial arteries and nutrient artery to the libula behind crus and then divided into proximal and distal branches. These branches reached front of the crus by perforating interosseal membran. After giving branches which supply extensor muscles on the lateral surface of tibia, proximal branch reached upper surface of foot as superficial ramus and composed of dorsal common digital arteries. Distal branch initially gave nutrient artery of the tibia and then passed front of the crus and continued its course as dorsal pedal artery to the tarsal joint. Conclusion: The findings o( our study suggest that the origin, movement and vascularization area of saphenous and popliteaı artery ot this stsecies demonstrated closely resembles to that of the New Zealand white rabbits.

Macro-anatomic structure of end-branches of aorta abdominalis in chinchilla was examined in this study. Five healthy, adult chinchilla obtained from the Experimental Animal Unit of Afyon Kocatepe University. After injecting latex, that coloured with red ink, into the arteria carotis communis, dissection was carried out under a loop. Arteria iliaca communis, arteria iliaca externa and arteria iliaca interna, and arteria sacralis mediana were examined. The end-branch of arteria abdominalis was divided into two divisions as arteria iliaca communis dexter and sinister. These branches were further divided into two branches as arteria iliaca externa and interna. Arteria umbilicalis became a ligament that was originated from arteria iliaca externa. Arteria abdominalis caudalis rooted from arteria iliaca externa in 2 cadavers but it was not the case in 3 cadavers. Arteria sacralis mediana originated from aorta abdominalis in 2 cadavers whereas it originated from arteria iliaca communis sinister in 3 cadavers.

Aim: In this study, it was aimed that stereolojically investigation to effect of soybean extract to renal tissue in female rats. Materials and Methods: Totally 16 female Sprague Dawley rats were used. Rats were divided into control and soy extract groups. In Control group, 1 mL solvent was given perorally, while 200 mg/kg/day doses soybean extract were given to experiment group orally for 1 month. Finally, the kidneys taken from rats were analyzed by using stereological methods. Results: Morphometric features and diameters of glomerulus in medulla and cortex were failing a change in rats of experiment groups. Conclusion: As a result, it may be stated that ethyl acetate extract of the soybean has no effect to the glomerulus and morphometric features of the renal tissue.

Aim: The effects of plant soya (Glycine max L.) on the female genital system have been investigated. Materials and Methods: n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol extracts of soya plant were administered to the rats by oral route at 100 and 200 mg/kg doses (SID) for 1 month. By monitoring the menstrual cycle with vaginal smear method, diestrus stage of the rats were determined. At the end of experimental period the animals were euthanized. Genital system organs taken of rats were analyzed by stereological methods. Follicules were counted with optical dissector method in the ovaryum stereologically, the weights of the ovaries, uterus were also evaluated. Results: Some changes occured in genital system of the rats which were given at 200 mg/kg dose of soy ethanol extract. In test groups vaginal aperture increased, uterine appeared likehyperemia while significant weight increase did not occur. The weight of relative ovarium, uterus weight increased, coarsening of epithelial cells was observed. No significant difference was observed in all groups regarding the numbers of primordial, primary follicles. Diameter of secondaryfollicule reduced while the number of secondary follicule increased in 200 mg/kg ethanol extract administered group, when compared to control group. The amount of isoflavone content was determined by using high pressure liquid chromatography technique on the active extract. The amount of daidzein, genistein were found to be 3.851 μg/gand 3.127 μg/g, respectively in the ethanol extract. Conclusion: It could be stated that phytoestrogens in soya plant dose-dependently affect the female genital system.