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The representational world of the mother has long been at the center of clinical discussions regarding the quality of parenting. However, assessing mother's representation of role-confusion in her relation with her child has yet to be investigated, even if parent-child role-confusion can lead to maladaptive pathways. As part of a larger study we developed the Maternal Role-Confusion Scale (PARC) to assess role-confusion in the way a parent talks about her relationship with the child on the Experience of Caregiving Interview (ECI). The ECI, a semi structured interview probing the mothers' representations of her relationship with her child (Solomon, J., & George, C. (1996). Defining the caregiving system: Toward a theory of caregiving. Infant Mental Health Journal, 17(3), 183-197), is very clinically relevant and parts of the interview can easily be adapted for use in counselling and psychotherapy settings. Here, we first define role-confusion, its socio-economic and family dynamic aspects, and its impact on child development and adulthood. We then present our Parental Role-Confusion coding Scale (PARC). Next we describe two profiles of role-confused mothers from our sample, as well as evidence validating these maternal responses as predictors of role-confused distortions in observed interactions with the child. We call attention to the dimension of sexualisation in the relationship, a high indicator of Role-Confusion. This emerging body of work points to the importance of being alert to indicators of role-confusion in the clinical setting. The findings can inform and enrich counselling and psychology practice by familiarizing clinicians with how to listen for indicators of role-confusion while talking with parents about their relationship with the child. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-reports of role confusion with the parent in childhood are associated with a variety of adverse outcomes. However, role-confusion has been studied primarily from the point of view of the child. The current study evaluated an instrument for assessing role confusion from maternal interviews rather than from child observations or self-reports in adulthood. Fifty-one mothers participating in a longitudinal study since their own child's infancy were administered the Experiences of Caregiving Interview (C. George & J. Solomon, 1996) when the child was age 20. Interviews were coded using the newly developed Parental Assessment of Role Confusion (PARC; L. Vulliez-Coady & K. Lyons-Ruth, 2009). Maternal PARC scores were related to observational measures of role-confusion in interaction with the child both in infancy and late adolescence. PARC scores also were related to mothers' hostile-helpless states of mind on the Adult Attachment Interview (C. George, N. Kaplan, & M. Main, 1984, 1985, 1986) and to the extent of Unresolved loss, but not Unresolved Trauma. PARC scores also were related to mothers' self-reports of helplessness experienced in the parenting role. Discriminant validity of the PARC was demonstrated in that role confusion on the PARC was not related to hostile or disoriented forms of parent-child interaction. Implications for clinical assessment of role confusion are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract According to attachment theory, attachment representations influence emotion regulation (ER) across the lifespan. However, research into attachment-related ER in adolescence is still scarce. The aim of this study was to assess attachment-related ER using a multimodal approach, relying on behavioral and neurophysiological parameters. Attachment styles in eighty-one adolescents were assessed with the Attachment Style Interview (ASI). A distress-then-comfort paradigm based on visual stimuli (the Besancon Affective Picture Set-Adolescents) was employed to "activate" then "deactivate" the attachment system. Gaze and neurophysiological parameters of ER strategies were assessed using eye-tracking synchronized with a physiological device. During the first phase "distress exposure", attachment style was associated with the early stage of distress processing indexed by first fixation duration. Withdrawn adolescents fixated distress pictures less than other groups. Fearful adolescents showed a longer first fixation duration than withdrawn adolescents. During the following phase, "comfort-seeking", all groups initially fixed joy-complicity and comfort pictures earlier than neutral pictures, except for withdrawn adolescents, who fixated comfort pictures later than neutral pictures. Additionally, withdrawn adolescents explored comfort pictures less than enmeshed adolescents. Enmeshed adolescents explored neutral pictures less than comfort and joy-complicity pictures. Concerning neurophysiological parameters, first fixation duration correlated positively with Skin Conductance Response (SCR) rise time in fearful adolescents, while glance count correlated negatively with SCR latency in withdrawn adolescents. This study provides an innovative and objective evaluation of behavioral and neurophysiological parameters for attachment-related ER in adolescents, with a temporal resolution. These parameters constitute potential biomarkers that could contribute to our understanding of ER differences in insecure adolescents. This study was registered with the clinical trials database ClinicalTrials.gov on August 01, 2016, under the number NCT02851810. Highlights • Studying emotion dysregulation is of particular importance as it is one of the risk for the development of psychopathology. • Attachment representation (secure or insecure: withdrawn, fearful, or enmeshed) is likely to influence the way of ER. • Gaze and neurophysiological patterns could provide markers to objectively evaluate attachment-related ER in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • BAPS-Adult is a new collection of 256 visual stimuli. • BAPS-Adult allows to select pre-rated, highly discriminated, attachment-related pictures. • BAPS-Adult was validated according to dimensional, categorial and discrete emotions approaches. Abstract We developed and validated a new picture database of attachment-related photographs, the BAPS-Adult. Participants (N = 315) rated 256 pictures, according to dimension (valence, arousal, and dominance) using Self-Assessment Manikins (SAM), emotional category (positive, negative, mixed, and neutral) using labels, and discrete emotion (comfort, joy, complicity, distress, horror, and hate) using linear scales. Pictures were then classified into four types, depending on content (distress, comfort, complicity-joy, and neutral). Dimensional ratings of valence, arousal, and dominance, as well as discrete emotion ratings, differed significantly from each other between picture types. The BAPS-Adult is a new, highly discriminated database, allowing researchers to select from a variety of pre-rated, attachment-related pictures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxytocin (OT), often called the 'hormone of love' or 'hormone of attachment,' plays a fundamental role in the establishment and quality of parent-infant bonding. However, emerging evidence indicates that OT can also produce antisocial behavior. To clarify these effects, we review studies examining the role of endogenous and exogenous OT on several determinants of attachment: parental sensitivity, and bonding or synchrony in parent-child dyads. Contextual and individual factors moderating the effect of intranasal OT and its peripheral levels are also reviewed. Finally, potential therapeutic applications for OT and current limitations in human OT research are examined. This systematic literature review was based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, with two electronic databases and other bibliographic sources. We identified a total of 47 relevant studies for inclusion in our review. Most of the findings are in accordance with recent ideas that OT administration may increase parent-child prosocial interaction, showing that OT exerts beneficial effects on processes thought to promote bonding, sensitivity, and synchrony. However, we found that OT can induce antisocial behavior (e.g., anxiety) or adverse effects (modulation of maternal care recollections) that are moderated by different contextual (e.g., maltreatment level, presence of unfamiliar people) and individual (attachment style) factors. This review reinforces the importance of context- and individual-dependent factors, which must be taken into account when analyzing the psychophysiological effects of OT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Objectifs La théorie de l’attachement dans le domaine du vieillissement propose une approche nouvelle et pertinente pour comprendre la clinique du sujet âgé et les enjeux de ses relations à autrui. La vieillesse rend parfois le sujet vulnérable physiquement et psychiquement et l’inscrit dans une relation de dépendance à autrui. Cet article pose l’hypothèse d’une spécificité de l’attachement chez le sujet âgé. Méthode Cet écrit rend compte des premiers résultats d’une étude en cours visant à évaluer l’attachement chez des sujets âgés de plus de 65 ans. En utilisant une procédure d’analyse d’entretiens semi-structurés, inspirée du paradigme de l’attachement (Edicode), deux situations cliniques parmi les vingt situations rencontrées sont présentées pour illustrer deux profils d’attachement particuliers. Les sujets de cette étude ont participé à un entretien clinique semi-structuré enregistré, retranscrit puis analysé selon la méthode d’évaluation Edicode en double cotation, ont rempli avec l’aide du chercheur une échelle d’attachement (Questionnaire des Échelles de Relations), une échelle de santé (Indicateur de Santé Perceptuelle de Nottingham) et une échelle d’anxiété et de dépression (HAD). Résultats Les données issues de ces deux illustrations montrent l’importance de considérer les formes d’énonciation du récit et la mise en forme des expériences subjectives souvent douloureuses chez le public âgé. Ce récit permet d’évaluer le niveau d’élaboration des pertes liées à l’âge et la capacité pour le sujet d’y associer des affects. Nous observons également un lien entre ce degré d’élaboration des pertes et le profil d’attachement du sujet. Discussion À partir du constat d’un grand nombre de sujets détachés au grand âge comparativement à la population générale, nous discutons l’hypothèse d’une spécificité de l’attachement détaché dans la vieillesse. Le détachement serait une tentative plus ou moins opérante pour le sujet de lutter contre l’effondrement et la dépression liés aux pertes mais aussi à la raréfaction des relations. Conclusion Il n’existe pas d’effet de causalité simple du passé sur le présent dans l’attachement et le détachement peut s’entendre comme un mécanisme de dégagement ultime. L’aidant doit entendre l’angoisse que suscite la relation pour ces personnes contraintes de dépendre des autres. Objectives The attachment theory in the area of gerontology offers a new and relevant paradigm for the clinical understanding of the elderly and their style of relationship. Old age can sometimes make subjects more vulnerable physically as well as psychologically, while ageing people tend to be more dependent on others. This article hypothesises that attachment in the ageing process has specific features. Method This paper shows the first results from a recent study assessing attachment among people aged 65 and over. The approach is based on the attachment paradigm (Edicode protocol), and implemented semi-structured interviews. Two examples selected from 20 cases encountered are presented to illustrate two specific attachment styles. The semi-structured interviews were transcribed and analysed following the Edicode method, with double scoring. Respondents also completed different scales under supervision by the researcher: an attachment scale (Relationship Scales Questionnaire), a general health scale (Nottingham Health Profile) and an anxiety and depression scale (HADS). Results The results for the two examples used in this article show the interest of taking into account the different forms of enunciation of the narrative, as well as the way subjective, often painful experiences are told. The narrative enables an assessment of how far the elderly subject is able to cope with various age-related losses, and how they express their emotions about these losses. We observed a link between the level of representation of losses and the attachment style. Discussion Given the numbers of people with detached attachment style in old age compared to attachment in the general population, we can hypothesise that attachment during ageing has particular features. Elderly people may try to fight off collapse and depression by a detached attachment style helping them to endure losses and waning relationships. Conclusion The past attachment style does not always explain the current attachment style, and the detached style can be seen as a final attempt to escape. Caregivers should be aware that dependent persons may fear relationships because they generate anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotional pictures are commonly used as visual stimuli in a number of research fields. Choosing relevant visual stimuli to induce emotion is fundamental in attachment and affective research. Attachment theory provides a theoretical basis for the understanding of emotional and relational problems, and is especially related to two specific emotions: distress and comfort. The lack of normalized visual stimuli soliciting these attachment-related emotions has led us to create and validate a new photographic database: the Besançon Affective Picture Set-Adolescents. This novel stimulus set is composed of 93 photographs, divided into four categories: distress, comfort, joy-complicity and neutral. A group of 140 adolescents rated the pictures with the Self-Assessment Manikin system, yielding three dimensions: valence, emotional arousal, and dominance. The pictures were also assessed, using a continuous scale, for different emotions (distress, hate, horror, comfort, complicity and joy). The ANOVAs for arousal and the Kruskal–Wallis tests for valence and dominance showed strong effects for category. However, for comfort and complicity, the dimensions of valence and dominance were not significantly different, while results for arousal showed no significant difference between complicity and distress. Our study provides a tool that allows researchers to select visual stimuli to investigate attachment-related emotion processing in adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper expands on Ainsworth’s seminal construct of maternal sensitivity by exploring the developmental pathways associated with one particular form of insensitivity: maternal withdrawal. Drawing on longitudinal data from infancy to age 20 in a high-risk cohort, we highlight how maternal withdrawal over the first eight years of life is associated with child caregiving behavior and with maternal role confusion, as well as with features of borderline and antisocial personality disorders. We also present evidence for the specificity of this pathway in relation to other aspects of maternal insensitivity and other aspects of child adaptation. To illuminate these pathways we both review recent published work and report new findings on the middle childhood and adolescent components of these trajectories. Finally, we consider the implications for assessment of maternal behavior in high-risk samples and indicate directions for productive future work. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

• Perspective-taking effects depend upon individual factors such as attachment styles • While adopting a self-perspective, insecure-anxious individuals displayed higher physiological responses than secure individuals • Secure individuals who had the highest scores in perspective-taking tendencies displayed the lowest levels of physiological responses when faced with the distress of others This study examined the effects of attachment styles on physiological responses during a perspective-taking task. Sixty-eight participants were selected according to attachment styles. Physiological responses were assessed using skin conductance responses (SCRs) in the three attachment groups (secure, insecure-anxious and insecure-avoidant) during the presentation of attachment-based pictures (distress, comfort or neutral) in two different perspective-taking conditions: self perspective-taking (i.e. imagine how you would feel in the given situation) or other perspective-taking (i.e. imagine how that person could feel in this situation). In the self perspective-taking condition, insecure-anxious individuals displayed higher SCRs than secure individuals for distress pictures. In the other perspective-taking condition, insecure-anxious individuals showed higher SCRs than secure individuals for comfort pictures. The results also showed a strong negative association between self-reported perspective-taking tendencies and SCRs in secure individuals. The findings suggest that perspective-taking plays an important role in the modulation of physiological responses in reaction to attachment-related pictures, which varies according to attachment styles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention to feelings is a core dimension of individual differences in the perception of one's emotions. It concerns the frequency with which own emotions are attended to. The aim of the present eye-tracking investigation was to examine the relationship of dispositional attention to feelings with early and late attentional processes in the visual perception of emotional information. Attentional orientation was assessed in a sample of healthy women (N = 91) using eye-tracking during a free viewing task in which images with positive, negative and neutral content were shown simultaneously. Pictures were taken from the Besançon Affective Picture Set. State and trait affect, depression, and intelligence of participants were controlled. In our sample, attention to feelings was not related to positive affect, negative affect, depression or intelligence. Attention to feelings was negatively correlated with entry times for all emotional picture types. Moreover, attention to feelings was positively correlated with dwell time on positive images and negatively correlated with dwell time on neutral images. Our data indicate that devoting habitually attention to one's feelings is linked to an enhanced initial orientation of attention towards emotional scenes, irrespective of affective valence. Dispositional attention to feelings might also be associated with an attentional preference for emotional over neutral visual stimuli. The present findings on general individual differences in attention to feelings could have important implications for future clinical research on attentional biases. • Habitual attention to one's feelings and clarity of feelings were assessed. • Early and late gaze behavior on emotional and neutral images was examined. • State and trait affect, depression and intelligence of participants were controlled. • Attention to feelings was associated with faster entry times for emotional images. • Attention to feelings was correlated with longer dwell time on positive images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]