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The general survey of the unexploded ordnance (UXO) scattered around the ammunition depot after its unplanned explosion and the ground based measurements of the hyper spectral samples (end members) of UXO have been done in order to create initial spectral library of UXO. The methods, technique and collected data are presented and evaluated. The Johnson’s criterion was used for detection, classification, recognition and identification of UXO in the airborne images (visible and near infrared wavelengths) of the surrounding of the ammunition depot. The test site near Benkovac contains 1000 landmines and 524 metal debris buried in the year 2001 in squares 1x1 m, at depths from 5 to 20 cm below the surface. The locations of 885 landmines and debris are not public and the blind tests are possible. The sparse vegetation covers some squares since the soil is meager. The hyper spectral data have been collected of the 1x1 m squares by the ground based mechanic scanner. The spectral samples of the vegetation inside and outside of the test site have been collected and total Nitrogen contents were measured.

This publication presents methodology for application of the Advanced Intelligence Decision Support System (AIDSS) for the assessment of the mine suspected area in the frame of the humanitarian mine action. Besides the methodology, the publication contains instructions, explanation and examples. Its aim is to enable humanitarian mine action experts in the Mine Action Centers (MAC) or Governmental Administration to prepare conditions and to apply AI DSS technology in their country.

A frequent and quite normal situation in the crisis management is an instance of uncertainty and a lack of amount, structure, time adequacy and quality of information and data, thus the decisions makers and reacting managers have to deal with this problem. In the technologic project TP-06/0007-01 was implemented Decision Support System (DSS) for the area reduction for mine action management on a strategic level through the use of data fusion methodological approach and the upgrade of the results from SMART project . Although the DSS was applied on the problems of the humanitarian mine, it has wider potential and could be applied in other crisis situations. Data fusion methodological approach is based on (1) the interpreted and fused multi-sensor imagery collected by aerial reconnaissance and surveillance, (2) enhanced and extracted indicators of mine presence and indicators of mine absence, (3) the formalized expert knowledge, (4) on the combined contextual data, (5) the spatial data provided by geographic information system (GIS) and (6) on the data contained in other information systems (e.g. Mine Information System (MIS) of the mine action centre (MAC)). The generic solutions from SMART have been integrated with data fusion methodological approach and implemented in the form of the DSS. SMART is intended to provide some of this additional information that would help in two ways: it can reinforce the suspicion of some places and reduce the suspected area on others. Output of the DSS at the final stage consist of three maps: (1) the map of mine danger measure, (2) confidence map of indicators of mine presence and indicators of mine absence, (3) the map of spatial stability of results. The methodological combination of three of them enables the validation or dismissal of areas proposed for reduction, thus they are suitable for practical use in mine action management of the humanitarian demining.

The key factors of the application of the airborne remote sensing technology for humanitarian demining are the ninefield indicators or the indicators of mine presence and indicator of mine absence and the analytical assessment of the contamination by the land mines. The basic simple concept of the minefield indicators was given in (1), were it was related to the ordinary physical features of the artificial and natural objects in the mine suspicious area. Similar concept was used in other works, while in (2) were introduced signatures of the minefields indicators and additional contextual features. The signatures depend on the sensors used for the remote sensing and this aspect was thoroughly considered in (2). The contextual features can be derived by the analytical assessment of the terrain contamination by the land mines, addition of the formalized knowledge enables efficient use of the indicators for the support of the decision making and for suspicious area reduction.

Some of the main problems in humanitarian demining are indeterminacy and lack of knowledge about current situation inside a mine suspected area (MSA). The borders of MSA are determined on the basis of information from mine information system (MIS: detected mines, mine incidents, interviews with population, minefield records, geodetic basis (maps, orthophoto maps), …). However, MSA in Croatia is a ‘’live matter’’ and changes in years after the conflict (people come back and use land in different ways). Because of that, the main idea of fusion of data, a priori information, contextual information and experts’ knowledge is analyze, interpret and combine all type of data about some MSA for getting information on current situation inside this particular MSA. These information are presented on danger maps [3] and support experts for humanitarian demining in the decision making about mine suspected area reduction or confirm suspicions in MSA [3]. In data fusion the images of airborne acquisition are used for detecting and enhancement of indicators of mine absence (IMA) [1] [4] and mine presence (IMP) [1] [4]. Furthermore, in data fusion a priori information, contextual information and experts’ knowledge are used for linking indicators with their impacts on environment and on each other within MSA. These impacts and levels of danger are shown on the danger maps [4]. The confidence map [4] is also an important product of data fusion, because it gives confidence (analytical assessment) of every statement on a danger map.

The current report, the Addendum to the D7.2, re - presents and clarifies parts of D7.2 and provides links to other deliverables where needed. The way how information, data, maps and facts were presented in D7.2 caused difficulties to reader and we try to improve this in the current document. In the same time we stress the fact that most of “unclear” items were given in previous deliverables

Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) is the most widely distributed and the most important commercial conifer species in Croatia. The growing stock of silver fir accounts for about 65% of the total conifer growing stock in Croatia. However, silver fir is also the most endangered tree species in these regions. The results of field research show a significant presence of mistletoe (Viscum album L. ssp. abietis (Wiesb.) Abrom.) on silver firs in Croatia. The current work deals with the issue of mistletoe detection. The purpose of preliminary research was to develop an efficient method of mistletoe detection. Ground-based tests, performed in May 2004 on mistletoe and silver fir, were aimed at formulating a method that will be implemented in the aerial acquisition system. A high-resolution digital camera MS-3100 (four 8 bit channels in VNIR wavelengths, 1392x1039 pixels) and a hyper spectral line scanner V9 (up to 90 channels in VNIR wavelengths) were used with the acquisition systems. The expectation that mistletoe can successfully be detected with a high-resolution digital VNIR camera MS3100 was confirmed by preliminary results.

The contamination by land mines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) is extremely difficult problem that requires engagement of all national resources of the afflicted country, and wide international support. Indeed the main problem is large contaminated area that is not in normal use, this produces very strong impact in the social, economic, political, humanitarian and other domains. In Croatia in 1996 was 12000 km2 suspected to be contaminated by landmines (assessment of the UN Mine Action Center Croatia), and in 2003 this area is 1600 km2. Experience in Croatia from 1996 to 2003 shows that only 10 % of the suspected area is really contaminated. Similar ratio of the contaminated and the suspected area was assessed in several other countries contaminated by landmines. Therefore follows conclusion that strategic problem for the countries that are contaminated by landmines is to reduce the suspected area urgently and proceed by demining in the sustainable manner. The remote sensing technology has potentials for this application, several international projects were realised or are under way, with aim to reduce suspected area (several European countries - Pilot project Masambique ; European Commission – PARADIS, ARC, SMART ; European Commission and USA - Satellite based GIS for the mine action ; private consortium – MineSeeker). The actual available airborne sensors cannot detect landmines that lay in the ground and are covered by soil and by wild vegetation for longer time (e.g. in Croatia from the year 1991). Several former scientific projects were aimed to detect landmines and UXO (Pilot project Masambique, MineSeeker), but this ill posed problem was redefined and following projects had more realistic and affordable goals. In this paper, we consider the use of the physical entities (working term - minefield indicators) that indicate presence of the contamination by landmines or absence of the contamination, the related features and the electromagnetic signatures. The identification of the minefield indicators started by field work in 50 km2 of the minefields and the suspected areas, in which different experts collected the relevant information, data and knowledge. This process continued in several iterations from 2001 to 2003, while the evolutionary analysis, approval and improvement were applied. The data, information and knowledge that were collected in real contaminated areas were compared with the data contained in imagery and data collected by the airborne passive and active sensors and with the contextual information, data and knowledge. The active sensor was four bands polarimetric Experimental SAR (DLR), while passive electro-optical sensors were multi-spectral scanner Daedalus (DLR), digital matrix camera in visible and near infrared bands (CROMAC), thermal infrared camera (CROMAC), hyper spectral line scanner for visible and near infrared bands (CROMAC). Several steps of the analysis of sensor images and data were applied: the enhancement of the features, extraction of the features, derivation of the signatures, ranking in accordance to the probability of the detection and their reliability (the confusion matrix and distance metrics). The analysis of the relevance, strength and likelihood of occurrence of the minefield indicators is the main result reported in the paper.

Interpreters of SMART-CROMAC team made geocoded excerpts of high resolution RMK images, and with them fused excerpts of DAEDALUS and E-SAR images for detection of small artificial (man made) objects of the most important IMP that are not visible othervise (e.g. trenches, bunkers, paths to trenches, bunkers, damaged or destroyed houses, bridges etc.). These objects were detectd by inetractive feature assessment and detection of objects by means of several COTS software (TNTmips, ErMapper and Image Analyst).

Report of data acqusition for project ARC (airborne digital images, grount thruth, experts and contextual data). This report is restricted to consortium of ARC project.

Savremeni tehnološki razvoj nameće pitanje: da li države aktuelnim antiterorističkim zakonodavstvom i merama bezbednosti koje primenjuju garantuju sigurnost od kiberterorizma? Iako u svetu postoji velika spremnost među državama za saradnjom po pitanju suočavanja sa aktuelnim problemom kiberterorizma, intenzivan trend razvoja informaciono-komunikacionih tehnologija zahteva konstantni napor za praćenje razvoja savremenih tehnologija i rizika koji iz tog razvoja proizilaze. Tehnološke inovacije su zaista pružile brojne mogućnosti, ali i nove potencijalne pretnje i zloupotrebe. U radu su prikazane mere borbe protiv kiberterorizma koje se primenjuju u strateškim dokumentima Republike Srbije. Savremeno društvo očigledno počiva na tehnološkim postavkama, zato blag zakonski pristup problemu kiberterorizam može da predstavlja velik rizik ne samo za jednu državu, nego i globalno društvo uopšte. Pitanje kiberterorizma je kompleksno pitanje koje se ne postavlja samo pred određenu nacionalnu državu, njeno krivično zakonodavstvo i bezbednosne mere, nego je pitanje koje je otvoreno za celu međunarodnu zajednicu. Contemporary technological development imposes question: Do current states antiterrorism legislation and security measures guarantee cyber-terrorism defence? Despite great willingness among world countries to cooperate on behalf of actuel problem of cyberterrorism, intensive trend of information and communication development requires constant effort for monitoring this technology growth and its risks. Indeed, technological innovations create new opportunities, but they also provide a new potential threats and abuses. This paper presents fight measures against cyberterrorism in the strategic documents of the Republic of Serbia. Obviosly modern society is based on technological settings so soft legal approach to the cyberterrorism can be huge risk not only to one country, but also to global society in general. Cyberterrorism is complex issue that not concern one specific national state, its criminal legislation and security measures, but that is serious issue which concern whole international community.