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The results of a complex (histological and electron microscopic) study of surgical specimens from 22 patients (15 men and 7 women aged 17 to 72 years) are presented. The histological study diagnosed low-, moderate, and high-grade hepatocellular carcinoma in 5, 12, 5 patients, respectively. The electron microscopic study established that low-grade cancer cells preserved to a greater extent the principal specific ultrastructural organization that was characteristic of normal hepatocytes. The moderate-grade type was presented as different ratio of tumor cells of various grades. At the same time, the degree of ultrastructural differentiation of tumor cells did not depend on the histological (trabecular, solid) structure of the tumor. The high-grade type was characterized by the signs of significant cell structural and functional rearrangement; changes in the number, sizes, and shape of intracellular masses (a nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic network, lysosomes). Moreover, the destruction of the intracellular matrix and vascular basal membrane, reduced contacts between the tumor cells with the latter being attached to the thinned vascular wall underlie local infestation and neoplastic metastasis.

The results of histological and electron microscopic studies of the lung and kidney from the patients who died from burn sepsis are presented. The lung and kidney showed blood circulatory disorders, reversible and irreversible damages, and cell necrosis. The most pronounced changes of lung cells were revealed near coccal bacteria.

A case of pancreatic cystic teratoma is described in a 52-year-old woman. The tumor is macroscopically presented by an 8 x 8 x 7-cm multifocal cyst. Histological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic studies have revealed the derivatives of three germinal layers (ecto-, endo, and mesoderma).

Macroscopic and histological characteristics of focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) of the liver are presented. Characteristic microscopic signs are the presence of numerous septs with many biliary ducts. Hepatocytes with diploid number of chromosomes show negative Ki-67 and p53. Ultrastructure of hepatocytes in FNH does not differ from that of normal cells of the liver.

Electron-microscopic and radioautographic investigation showed the ability of brain capillary endotheliocytes for retaining functional activity in total ishemia. Administration of serotonin adipinate in an early postoperative period supports intracellular processes and plays a protective role.

It is established that local wound treatment with coverings is directed to both suppression of microflora and inflammatory process and stimulation of regeneration at early periods of wound healing, this favouring granulation tissues growth and wound epithelization. Mechanism of biologically active covering influence on the reparative regeneration lies in stimulation of fibroblast, endotheliocyte and pericyte proliferation and stimulation of granulation tissue cells functional activity.

Results of experimental-morphological study of influence of unilobar portal embolization by biologic occlusive material RABROM on the liver of 6 laboratory animals are presented. It is shown that portal venous embolization leads to focal necrosis of parenchyma of embolized hepatic lobe, it atrophy and formation of portal cirrhosis. In non-embolized hepatic lobe the distinct signs of increased regeneration and hypertrophy of hepatocytes were revealed. RABROM didn't lead to damage and inflammatory changes of vascular wall that testifies to it biologic inertia. It is recommended to use the method of portal venous embolization for preparation of patients with low functional hepatic reserve for extensive resections.

Time course of ultrastructural changes and RNA production in human brain and myocardial cells during the period between clinical and biological death is studied. Changes in the cytoplasm of brain neurons develop 4 hours after death, and 8 h post mortem the destructive changes in the cytoplasm and nuclei progress. During the period of 4-13 h post mortem the endotheliocyte nuclei are capable of producing RNA. Active production of RNA is on-going in the myocyte nuclei 4 h after death; the synthetic activity decreases by 8 h and by 13 h the synthetic activity in autopsy material is over.

Our investigations show that vital functions of some neurons and glial cells may survive for 4-8 hours after death and disappear in parallel with destructive changes in cells. Up-to-date morphological techniques demonstrate that neurons and other cells of the CNS preserve biological activity not for several minutes as believed so far but up to 4-8 hours. It is too early to judge about functional importance of this phenomenon and further investigations into this problem are necessary. Temporal parameters of RNA synthesis in the brain cells give additional knowledge about CNS cells survival and this may be of interest for reanimatology and transplantology.

A comprehensive examination was made, which included histological, electron microscopic and chromatographic mass spectrometric studies of biological specimens obtained from 18 patients with leg lymphedema. The development of lymphedema was found to accompanied by the specific connective tissue structure being formed along with the presence of low-differentiated and necrotic areas associated with the cytopathology of blood and lymph vessels and impaired microcirculation. The connective tissue areas under study were demonstrated to have a pronounced antigenicity and aggressive properties against other tissues and structures. The morphological changes revealed are directly related to the impaired metabolism of protein, fatty acids, and complex polysaccharides.

Endothelial cell growth factor (ECGF) is a peptide synthesized in the hypothalamus and platelets, which regulates a process of angiogenesis, stimulating the vascular endothelial cell proliferation of and formation of new capillaries. As previously shown that activation of target cells in response to insulin, growth factors, stimulators of mitogenesis and chemotaxis, followed by phosphorylation of membrane components, occurs via generation of "signal" ATP on plasma membranes of these target cells. ATP was synthesized within 1 min in the preparations enriched with plasma membrane particles obtained from the endothelium of the bovine aorta and human hemangioma and washed in 0.25 M sucrose, the incubated in the medium containing ECGF 150 micrograms/ml, Tris-HCl pH 7.5, ADP, Mg2+, inorganic P during NADH oxidation in the presence of cytochrome c and oxygen. The stimulation of ECGF on ATP formation in the plasma membranes was detected in 9 experiments when kinases inhibitor of 5-fluorosulfonyl benzoyladenosine was used. The ECGF-stimulated ATP production was equal to 6.1-27.4 and 21.6 nmol/min/mg protein in the membranes of the bovine aortic endothelium and human hemangioma, respectively at 30 degrees. Plasma membrane signal ATP appears to serve as a secondary "membrane messenger" for ECGF.

Certain biological and biochemical differences are found after biochemical and electron-microscopic examinations between different substrains of staphylococcus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The conclusion is made that in the development, course and form of septic process the important role is played not only by the type of infectious agent, but by its various substrains as well.

Neutrophil leucocytes of patients with sepsis, purulent inflammatory processes clinically close to sepsis and those of healthy persons were studied electron-microscopically. Leucocytes with degranulation due to the release of their content into the circulation were found in purulent-inflammatory diseases. Leucocytes with pronounced degranulation, areas with cytoplasma lysis and extracellular organelles (lipid droplets, primary and secondary granules with clear-cut membrane borders and content of granules without membrane borders) were observed in sepsis.

The following ultrastructural formations are found in the bacteria of various infections: fibrillar and drop-like microcapsules, an increase of nucleotide size and number, micropyles. The dynamics of staphylococcus L-form formation in sepsis as well as the phenomenon of incomplete phagocytosis and endocytobiosis were studied. The latter is observed in mixed infection: dysentery bacteria lamblia, gonococci and trichomonas. These alterations indicate increased bacterial pathogenicity and seem to reflect the evolution of the bacteria adaptive mechanisms under the conditions of antibiotic therapy.

The functional states of the polynuclear leukocytes examined on the original experimental sepsis model have been studied. It has been shown that the bioactive factors of the microorganisms define the functional states of the polynuclear leukocytes. The features of the different forms of the sepsis are explained with such phenomenon.

Electron-microscopic radioautography was employed to study the crust and granulation tissue from patients with thermal burn injuries degree II-IV, before treatment, 10 and 20 days after application of levosin ointment. Local introduction of the ointment promoted the burn healing as shown by an increase in the number of fibroblasts and vessels of the granulation tissue, by activation of fibroblast function and proliferation, by destruction of bacteria and reduction in their number.

The laboratory and medico-biological findings made it possible to choose the most suitable carbonaceous sorbents for local management of wounds, basing on the fact that every carbonaceous material has strictly selected capacity for protein and microbe sorption, and also can be the carrier of the water-miscible drugs. The "Dnieper-MN" carbonaceous fabric and "Aktilen" fibrous sorbent have the best features for sorption. It is possible to use these materials for the construction of bandages to treat wounds and burns which have little exudation. "Karpema" and "AUTM-2" sorbents, which are characterized by the low degree of activation, can be used for the manufacturing of surgical pads. "Karpema" being strong and having a less fiber structure, has a good electrical conductivity and, thus, can be used as medical electrodes.

The sorption-application therapy is of great medico-prophylactic significance in treatment of military trauma. The medical effect can be obtained but when using sorbents maintaining the active mechanism of debridement of the wounds. On the basis of the complex laboratory investigation of properties of the sorption materials and their ultrastructure conclusions are made of prerequisites for their use in treatment of purulent wounds. It was shown that the curative-prophylactic effectiveness can be provided by sorbents on the basis of water-swollen polymers (Gelevin, Cellosorb, Gelecel) and carbohydrate materials.

The dynamics of sepsis development and the formation of metastatic foci have been studied using an experimental model. It has been established, that at the initial stages, the process manifests itself by bacteremia and endotoxemic shock, as well as by the complex of vascular disorders. The dependence of the formation of metastatic abscesses on the terms of the primary focus excision as well as the irreversibility of sepsis at the definite stage of infectious process have been studied. It is supposed, that the primary focus initiates the cascade activation mechanism of the factors, that determine the transition of bacteremia to the stage of septicopyemia.

A clinical and morphological analysis has been done using 24 obstetric histories of mothers with hemorrhagic shock (HS) and autopsy protocols of fetuses and newborns who died ante-, intra- or postpartum. Maternal HS was related to placenta previa and presented as a poor general status and microcirculatory disorders, respiratory and adrenal insufficiency. Histologic and electron microscopic studies showed fetal and neonatal lesions in organs and tissues which might be interpreted as irreversible shock. Reduction of neonatal mortality dictates further efforts in the prevention of hemorrhagic complications in parturients.

The experimental Pseudomonas Sepsis was induced by various strains. Biological features of these strains were different and various forms of sepsis were induced. The authors suggested that biological features of microorganisms cause the development of different and various forms of sepsis.

Ultrastructural changes of the brain neurons and vegetative nerve ganglions (superior cervical ganglions, ganglion stellatum, ganglions of vagus nerve) were studied on the autopsy material of 30 patients dying at various periods of burn disease at the age of from 19 to 75 years (burn disease III-IV degree, 35-50% of the body surface) and on the experimental material as well. Ultrastructural changes of neurons, their processes, synapsis apparatus, glial cells, mitochondria, endoplasmatic network nuclei and cell membranes are described. The degree of the destructive changes in central nervous system and vegetative nervous ganglions depends upon the period of burn disease and the size of surface burned.

Using electron microscopy the ultra structure of endothelial cells in malignant tumors (myogenic sarcomas), removed in 6 patients, was investigated. It was found that endothelial cells of blood capillaries in malignant neoplasms show some peculiar features in the basal layer structure and in formation of a multitude of orifices of various diameter in the capillary wall. Electron radiographic investigations of endothelial cells of a transplantable sarcoma strain in the experiment have evidenced a greater number of ribosomes in the cytoplasm and enhancement of the DNA synthesis in nuclei. These findings are indicative of increased proliferative properties of these cells.

The authors have developed the method of investigating the interaction between neutrophil leukocytes and macrophages using a modified model of experimental peritonitis by Gallily and Feldman. The results of electron microscopy studies with quantitative assessment of phagocytosis allowed to demonstrate the sequence of staphylococcus phagocytosis in the peritoneal cavity of rats during the development of experimental peritonitis as well as the interaction between neutrophils and macrophages.

Histological and ultrastructural alterations in the lung parenchyma of rats with sepsis induced by implantation of 3 X 10(10) microorganisms (P. aeruginosa) beneath the skin were studied. Microorganisms with micropili were detected in septal spaces and in the alveoli 10 hours after implantation. Their effects were linked with microcirculatory alterations and destruction of endotheliocytes, alveolocytes and septal cells.

Electron-microscopy studies of the granulation tissue cells in an experimental wound in mice during one week after its infliction were carried out. Twenty four hours following the trauma neutrophilic leucocytes were found to be predominant in the wound. Disintegrating, they were utilized by macrophages, the latter being numerous in the granulation tissue on the 2nd-3rd day. Their protoplasm was found to contain multitude of various vacuoles and inclusions, which testified to a high phagocytic activity of these cells, whose main function in the wound process is purification of the wound. Evolution of the ultrastructural changes in fibroblasts of the granulation tissue was followed up. On the 5th-7th day they showed a pronounced hyperplasia of the granulation endoplasmic reticulum and an increased number of ribosomes. These changes in fibroblasts reflect their high synthetic activity and represent a structural base of the intensive collagenformation.

The experimental results showed that in severe thermal burns of the skin marked disorders of microcirculation in all parts of the tissue in the lungs and myocardium or rabbits, disorders in permeability of capillary and cell membranes, increased diffusion and filtration processes developed. Alongside with these processes, dystrophic changes of some organoids were observed in cells. Most of these changes were reversible which was conducive to subsequent restoration of the ultrastructure of the affected cells as a result of intracellular compensatory processes.

Electron-radioautographic investigations of the RNA synthesis were carried out in hepatocytes of intact and poisoned with CCl4 mice, fibroblasts of the granular tissue, and in neurons of the parietal region of the cerebral cortex of intact animals. Experimental mice were injected uridine-5H3. It was noted that the analogous structures differed from each other as to their appearance and to the number of argentum grains above them. These differences appearently were due to the fact that at the moment of fixation of the material these structures were at different phases of the working cycle. Owing to nonsimultaneity of the work of the structural elements optimal conditions for their physiological regeneration and adaptive variations in the functional activity of organs were ensured and a harmony in the interrelationships between various organs and between the organism as a whole and the environment were achieved.

The soft tissues around the implant with a suspension of P. aeruginosa were studied by light and electron microscopy. Severe damages to structures of the histohematic barrier, phagocytes were revealed as was the bacterial invasion into thrombosed vessels of the microcirculatory bed. The mechanism of the micrometabolism as playing the key role in the bacterial penetration from the primary septic focus into the common bloodstream is discussed.

The authors carried out a comparative histological and electron microscopic study of the bioprosthesis of the umbilical vein (Biograft manufactured by Meadox) and bioprosthesis obtained according to the method by M. I. Kuzin and coworkers. A far greater preservation of the new bioprosthesis was observed at long-term periods both at the histological and ultrastructural levels. Some morphological phenomena reflecting the time course of the vessel graft rearrangement were delineated 18 to 24 months after transplantation, particularly the development of "collateral" vessels in the perivenous space. The suggestion was made about an important role of Wharton's substance in the formation of the vessels.

The states of the murine small intestinal epithelium 6, 30 and 78 h after the end of the multiple regular injections of hydroxyurea (HU) were analysed with the aid of the light and electron microscopy. The course of 6 regular injections of 5 mg/mouse HU was begun 24 h after the initiating gamma-irradiation in a dose 200 rad and the interval between injections was varied from 7 to 19 h for different experimental groups of mice. The analysis of the epithelial state revealed two minima of the tissue damage which correspond to the courses of HU injections with the intervals close 9 h and 16.5 h.

By electron-autoradiographic study of the RNA synthesis in the hepatocytes of mice there were revealed marked differences in the content of labeled RNA in the nucleoli of the same nucleus. The silver granule concentration was sometimes greater in the areas of the cytoplasm located near the nuclear membrane with the neighbouring nucleolus than in the rest of the cytoplasm. It is supposed that the nucleoli of the same nucleus synthesized the RNA at a different time, transfered it to the nuclear membrane and discharged the RNA into the cytoplasm also at a different time. Due to this the discharge of the RNA into the cytoplasm assumed a definite rhythm. The number of nucleoli and the frequency of discharge of the RNA portions into the cytoplasm can increase under pathological conditions.

Wound wall soft tissues from 14 male rats were studied electron-microscopically 5 hours after subcutaneous implantation of a gauze piece with 3 X 10(10) organisms of Ps. aeruginosa on it. In a special series of experiments done on 75 rats, 78% of the animals have demonstrated a generalized pseudomonal infection, i. e. sepsis. The bacterial invasion into the blood stream occurred on the microcirculatory level due to inadequacy of the phagocytic barrier caused by bacterial damage of micro and macrophages. Vascular wall component destruction and capillary haemostasis (stasis, thrombosis) appeared to predispose the microbial invasion into the vascular lumen. The bacteria entered the circulation by the microembolic mechanism.

ATP accumulated in the enriched with cytoplasmic membranes particles, isolated from rat skeletal muscles, after incubation of the particles in the medium containing insulin. After boiling in a water-bath of the particulate fraction supernatants, incubated in the presence of insulin, total content of creatine was increased in the particles and the content of 1-14C creatine in the medium was decreased.

The data obtained show that a great amount of deformed red blood cells, i.e. ovalocytes, cristate-shaped cells appear in the peripheral blood of patients with severe cutaneous burns during shock. In the most severe shocks a dramatic increase in degenerative forms of red blood cells in the blood has been observed. These are spheroids and spheroechynocytes frequently with impaired matrix structure. A correlation has been established between the progressing shock severity and the number of degenerative forms of red blood cells in the blood. Reversible changes of platelet fine structure were also noted.

Histological and electron microscopic examinations were made of hepatic biopsies from children in various types of congenital fibrosis of the liver (CFL). A relationship was found between clinico-laboratory evidence of liver dysfunction and severity of ultrastructural changes in hepatic parenchyma in non-complicated and complicated CFL. Signs of active intralobular fibrosis were revealed in cases of complicated CFL. Perisinusoid and perihepatocellular depositions of collagenous fibers lead to isolation of hepatic cells from the blood supply system, which is a cause of dystrophic changes in the liver and affects the function of the organ.

The effect of frequency of administration of tetrachloride of carbon (CCl4) on synthesis of DNA by hepacytes and cells of the stroma, as well as on composition and magnitude of infiltrates in the liver of mice was studied. For this purpose autoradiographic and histological studies of the liver tissue in animals injected with poison once a week, twice a week and every day were carried out dayly. Periodic increases in number of hepacytes tagged with thymidin-H3 and an increase in the number of cells in infiltrates were observed. The rhythm of these changes corresponded to the frequency of administration of CCl4. With the rise in the frequency of injections of the poison the rate of increase in number of cells in infiltrates rose and synthesis of DNA in hepacytes became more intensive. The time interval, however, between the injection of the toxin and the rise of DNA synthesis in hepacytes remained constant irrespective of the frequency of exposure to the damaging factor.