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Abstract: The activity of forensic psychiatry is the essence of discipline at its birth, its history and its daily practice. The psychiatrist may be required to examine a person in custody by the district attorney or his substitute in the spot investigation or preliminary and to investigate the mental state of offenders at the very first stages of the penal process. The practice between the requisition and the forensic psychiatric examination represents a criminological challenge, which leads to a new kind of relationship between psychiatrists and law officers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In addition to the abundant andesite and dacite lavas of the Mt. Shasta stratocone, primitive mafic lavas have erupted during the Quaternary from the Mt. Shasta region. Two types of basic lavas are the focus of this study: nearly anhydrous high-aluminium olivine tholeiites, produced by decompression melting, and basaltic andesites, produced by melting of a metasomatized mantle source (i.e. modified by various amounts of H2O-rich components). Here we provide further insight into the origin and the coexistence of these two types of magma based on a detailed study of the dissolved volatile contents in melt inclusions trapped in magnesium-rich olivine crystals from both tholeiites and basaltic andesites. The melt inclusions fall on the primitive extension of their respective host lava compositions: (1) the tholeiite melt inclusions are nearly anhydrous melts with low and clustered volatiles compositions; (2) the basaltic andesite melt inclusions are ‘wet’ melts with higher and more variable volatile contents (up to 2·6 wt% H2O, 820 ppm CO2, 1270 ppm Cl, 1220 ppm F and 6280 ppm S) than those of the tholeiite melt inclusions. The basaltic andesite melt inclusions are enriched in fluid-mobile elements and in incompatible trace elements: they display a stronger signature of slab-derived components than their host lavas. The selective enrichment of the basaltic andesite melt inclusions in fluid-mobile elements such as K, F, Cl, Ba and B as well as their contrasting δ11B (from −10·2 ± 1·3‰ to −3·2 ± 0·9‰ for the melt inclusions from sample 95-15 and from −4·9 ± 1·1‰ to +4·4 ± 1·1‰ for the melt inclusions from samples 85-1a and 85-47) show the imprints of two distinct slab-derived components C1 and C2. Using trace element ratios, we modelled the compositions of these two H2O-rich components (C1 with Cl/F of 1·1 is rich in both in high field strength elements and incompatible trace elements, whereas C2 with Cl/F of 4·0 is poorer in trace elements) and show that they represent mixing between sediment melts and dehydration fluids from the altered oceanic crust. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Schizophrenics are at increased risks of violence and of committing homicide as compared to the general population. The objective of this review was to examine which factors were associated with schizophrenia, and to assume a “homicidal crisis” and an analysis tool of the homicidal potential. First, the authors highlighted that male gender, a young age, a low socioeconomic status, a history of violence and alcohol abuse could be considered as general homicide-related factors, while drug abuse, personality disorders, clinical paranoia, delusions of persecution, religious or not, delusions of grandeur, lack of insight, disorganized thinking, a lengthy duration of untreated psychosis, or a monitoring or treatment which were discontinued were more schizophrenia-specific factors for homicide. Secondly, the urgency of homicide plans (place, time, conception, preparation of the homicidal scenario, frequency and intensity of homicidal thoughts) needed to be completed by the danger of the homicide itself (lethality and accessibility of murder weapon). The relationship between past and current episodes of aggressive behaviour reinforces the importance of including a careful assessment of past history of violent behaviour as part of the routine psychiatric evaluation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Schizophrenia is associated in popular belief with violent behaviour. In recent years, many studies conducted on this topic have found an increased risk of violence in subjects with mental disorders. However, violent behaviour in patients with schizophrenia is also multifactorial. Some studies report that risk of violent behaviour increased in patients with schizophrenia with poor insight, but others did not confirm this idea. The picture is not clear, and prospective studies should be conducted on this topic. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Introduction: The spousal homicide is committed on a partner or ex-partner of intimate life whatever the stature of this one. In France, it represents about 20% of total homicide. Its multifactorial origin makes its spotting complex. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine predictive factors of acting out, by analyzing sociodemographical, psychopathological and criminological features of men committing spousal homicide. Method: It is a descriptive and retrospective study of 37 spousal homicides (or attempts of homicides) files judged between 1999 and 2010 by the Court of Appael of Poitiers. An important number of variables concerning the perpetrators, the victims and the facts have been searched. Then, they have been sorted to establish profiles. Results: Men stand for 88% of spousal homicides perpetrators. Most of them are impulsive (80,4%), have a judicial (64,8%) and domestic violence (70,3%) previous history. Half drinks excessively. The acting out is often motivated by the couple breaking up (64,8%). Homicide is frequently committed with an excessive violence (54%). Before the crime, about half of the perpetrators had expressed death or suicide threats. Conclusion: Our study showed that spousal homicide is an unpremeditated act committed by men, facing the difficulty to accept their partner leaving. This crime is often linked to domestic violence and chronical alcoholism. Emphasizing these profiles allow to offer better-aimed prevention measures. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• A mole gun can be diverted from its classic use to become a homemade firearm. • The use of this homemade firearm has caused serious intracorporeal injuries. • The ballistic analysis of homemade firearms is essential for understanding the facts. The body of a man was found in a workshop at the back of his home, a metal pipe embedded in his chest. In the immediate vicinity of the body, among various tools, was a machine containing a holster hit of lead shot evoking a mole-trap-type "taupe gun" (mole gun). The findings at the scene and the presence of a metal tube, sinkers, and a flock in the chest are in favour of the use of a homemade firearm. The autopsy and CT scan revealed atypical ballistic thoracic trauma responsible for a dilaceration of both the heart and thoracic aorta that caused the death. The autopsy also found a contused wound at the back of the skull without intracranial lesion, which may be due to the fall of the victim after the thoracic trauma. There is no other traumatic lesion and in particular no lesion of seizure, constraint, or defense. Toxicological analyses revealed the presence of alcoholic impregnation at the time of death. These findings, confronted with the expertise of a balistician, made it possible to understand how the victim used a mole gun to cause these lesions. A metal tube was used as a cannon to aim more surely at the heart but also as a means of triggering the propulsion mechanism of the trap without having to stretch out the arm. The tube, thinner than the barrel, had disengaged from its tip to be embedded with the lead shot in the chest of the victim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant zonation in major, minor, trace, and volatile elements has been documented in naturally glassy olivine-hosted melt inclusions from the Siqueiros Fracture Zone and the Galapagos Islands. Components with a higher concentration in the host olivine than in the melt (e.g., MgO, FeO, CrO, and MnO) are depleted at the edges of the zoned melt inclusions relative to their centers, whereas except for CaO, HO, and F, components with a lower concentration in the host olivine than in the melt (e.g., AlO, SiO, NaO, KO, TiO, S, and Cl) are enriched near the melt inclusion edges. This zonation is due to formation of an olivine-depleted boundary layer in the adjacent melt in response to cooling and crystallization of olivine on the walls of the melt inclusions, concurrent with diffusive propagation of the boundary layer toward the inclusion center. Concentration profiles of some components in the melt inclusions exhibit multicomponent diffusion effects such as uphill diffusion (CaO, FeO) or slowing of the diffusion of typically rapidly diffusing components (NaO, KO) by coupling to slow diffusing components such as SiO and AlO. Concentrations of HO and F decrease toward the edges of some of the Siqueiros melt inclusions, suggesting either that these components have been lost from the inclusions into the host olivine late in their cooling histories and/or that these components are exhibiting multicomponent diffusion effects. A model has been developed of the time-dependent evolution of MgO concentration profiles in melt inclusions due to simultaneous depletion of MgO at the inclusion walls due to olivine growth and diffusion of MgO in the melt inclusions in response to this depletion. Observed concentration profiles were fit to this model to constrain their thermal histories. Cooling rates determined by a single-stage linear cooling model are 150-13,000 °C h from the liquidus down to ~1,000 °C, consistent with previously determined cooling rates for basaltic glasses; compositional trends with melt inclusion size observed in the Siqueiros melt inclusions are described well by this simple single-stage linear cooling model. Despite the overall success of the modeling of MgO concentration profiles using a single-stage cooling history, MgO concentration profiles in some melt inclusions are better fit by a two-stage cooling history with a slower-cooling first stage followed by a faster-cooling second stage; the inferred total duration of cooling from the liquidus down to ~1,000 °C ranges from 40 s to just over 1 h. Based on our observations and models, compositions of zoned melt inclusions (even if measured at the centers of the inclusions) will typically have been diffusively fractionated relative to the initially trapped melt; for such inclusions, the initial composition cannot be simply reconstructed based on olivine-addition calculations, so caution should be exercised in application of such reconstructions to correct for post-entrapment crystallization of olivine on inclusion walls. Off-center analyses of a melt inclusion can also give results significantly fractionated relative to simple olivine crystallization. All melt inclusions from the Siqueiros and Galapagos sample suites exhibit zoning profiles, and this feature may be nearly universal in glassy, olivine-hosted inclusions. If so, zoning profiles in melt inclusions could be widely useful to constrain late-stage syneruptive processes and as natural diffusion experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Objective: Is it reasonable to care for children born under 26 gestational weeks (GW)? To answer this question, we compared outcome at 5 years of 2 groups of children:less or equal to 25 GW+6 days (group 1) and 26–27 GW+6 days (group 2). Method: Retrospective study on extremely preterm children hospitalized in our center between 1999 and 2001. Perinatal data were obtained from medical reports. Five-year outcome was evaluated by questionnaire sent to Centers for Early Medicosocial Intervention, pediatricians or the child''s parents. The children were classified according to their disability: none, minor or major. Progression was considered favorable if the child survived with or without minor disability and unfavorable if the child had died or had major disability. Results: One hundred and sixty-six preterm babies were recorded. In group 1 (n =63), mortality was higher (58% vs 29%; p =0.0002), a neurologic cause was often responsible for death (36% vs 19%; p =0.018), a high level of intracranial hemorrhage was more frequent (35% vs 19%; p =0.002), and a decision to stop healthcare more often made (35% vs 18%; p =0.01) than in group 2 (n =103). Among the 99 survivors, 78 were being followed up at 5 years of age. In terms of disability, no difference was observed between group 1 (n =21) and group 2 (n =57). Including deaths, the risk for unfavorable progression was higher in group 1 (64% vs 41%; p =0.008). Conclusion: The progression of under 26-GW preterm babies is more often unfavorable than the progression of babies born 26–27 GW+6 days. However, given the low number of patients, no significant difference was made concerning the prognosis at 5 years between the survivors of the 2 groups. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objectives. – Evaluation of the consequences of preplanned delivery near term on the neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and its mechanism of occurrence. Patients and methods. – During five years, full-term infants (≥37 weeks gestational age) admitted in the Institut de Puériculture de Paris, with a well characterized hyaline membrane disease, were included in a retrospective study. Results. – During this period, 97 full-term neonates with respiratory distress syndrome were hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit. The diagnosis of hyaline membrane disease was made in view of clinical and radiological criteria. The study of mode of delivery has shown a high frequency of pre-planned delivery: 54% caesarean and 24% vaginal delivery. A high-risk of occurrence of hyaline membrane disease was identified around 37 weeks gestational age in the case of preplanned delivery. Conclusion. – Preplanned delivery near 37 weeks gestational age may increase the risk of occurrence of hyaline membrane disease in full-term neonates. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objectives: To assess the relation between cigarette smoking during pregnancy and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in very preterm birth, and to analyse the differential effect of antenatal steroids on RDS among smokers and non-smokers. Design: A population based cohort study (the French Epipage study). Setting: Regionally defined births in France. Methods: A total of 858 very preterm liveborn singletons (27-32 completed weeks of gestation) of the French Epipage study were included in this analysis. The odds ratio for RDS in relation to smoking in pregnancy was estimated using a logistic regression to control for gestational age. The odds ratio for RDS in relation to antenatal steroids was estimated taking into account an interaction between antenatal steroids and cigarette smoking, using multiple logistic regression to control for gestational age, birthweight ratio, main causes of preterm birth, mode of delivery, and sex. Results: The odds ratio for RDS in relation to smoking in pregnancy adjusted for gestational age (aOR) was 0.59 (95% confidence interval (Cl) 0.44 to 0.79). The aOR for RDS in relation to antenatal steroids was 0.31 (95% CI 0.19 to 0.49) in babies born to non-smokers and 0.63 (95% CI 0.38 to 1.05) in those born to smokers; the difference was significant (p = 0.04). Conclusions: Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is associated with a decrease in the risk of RDS in very preterm babies. Although antenatal steroids reduce the risk of RDS in babies born to both smokers and non-smokers, the reduction is smaller in those born to smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. – Our aim was to compare the effectiveness of a one-month treatment with recombinant human erythropoietine (rHuEpo) according to the administration route.Methods. – Retrospective study based on the data collection from medical files of 64 preterm infant hospitalized in the “institut de pue´riculture et de pe´rinatalogie” (Paris) between January 13th, 2002 and April 13th, 2002. The first group (N =33) was treated by subcutaneous rHuEpo 750 IU/kg per week, in three injections by week, for one month. The second group (N =15) was treated by continuous infusion of rHuEpo in total parenteral nutrition 1050 IU/kg per week (30% augmentation to compensate the amount absorbed by the filter). The third group (N =16) received 750 IU/kg per week of rHuEpo in three direct intravenous injections. The effectiveness of rHuEpo was evaluated by the absolute reticulocyte count, the level of hemoglobin and the incidence of blood transfusion (multiple logistic analysis of variant and regression).Results. – The absolute reticulocyte count and hemoglobin level were significantly reduced after one month of treatment by continuous infusion of rHuEpo in total parenteral nutrition and direct intravenous injections compared with a one-month treatment by subcutaneous rHuEpo. Hemoglobine level were at 8,8 and 9,6 g/dl vs 10,3 g/dl (P =0,02) and absolute reticulocyte count at 123,000/mm3 and 190,000/mm3 vs 216,000/mm3 (p =0,001). The number of transfused infants was significantly increased with utilization of continuous (40%) and direct intravenous (75%) compared with those treated by subcutaneous route (21,2%) while the ferritin level and phlebotomy losses were not significantly different in the three groups. The number of blood transfusion was significantly linked to phlebotomy losses and administration route of rHuEpo.Conclusion. – Our study tends to demonstrate that rHuEpo administered subcutaneously reduces significantly the number of transfusion in contrary to intravenous routes. Waiting for pilot study and new molecules, we recommend subcutaneous administration of rHuEpo to preterm infants 250 IU/kg three times weekly in the treatment of anemia of prematurity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

OBJECTIVE: Many extremely preterm infants develop hyperglycemia in the first week of life during continuous glucose infusion. The objective of this study was to determine whether defective insulin secretion or resistance to insulin was the primary factor involved in transient hyperglycemia of extremely preterm infants. METHODS: A prospective comparative study was conducted in appropriate-for-gestational-age preterm infants <30 weeks of gestational age with the aim specifically to evaluate the serum levels of proinsulin, insulin, and C-peptide secreted during transient hyperglycemia by specific immunoassays. Three groups of infants were investigated hyperglycemic (n = 15) and normoglycemic preterm neonates (n = 12) and normal, term neonates (n = 21). In addition, the changes in beta-cell peptide levels were analyzed during and after intravenous insulin infusion in the hyperglycemic group. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and analysis of variance for repeated measures. RESULTS: At inclusion, insulin and C-peptide levels did not differ in hyperglycemic subjects and in preterm controls. Proinsulin concentration was significantly higher in the hyperglycemic group (36.5 +/- 3.9 vs 23.2 +/- 0.9 pmol/L). Compared with term neonates, proinsulin and C-peptide levels were higher in normoglycemic preterm infants (23.2 +/- 0.9 vs 18.9 +/- 2.71 pmol/L and 1.67 +/- 0.3 vs 0.62 +/- 0.12 nmol/L, respectively). During and after insulin infusion in hyperglycemic neonates, plasma glucose concentration fell and proinsulin and C-peptide levels were lowered (18.4 +/- 7.6 and 20.7 +/- 4.5 pmol/L, respectively). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that 1) preterm neonates are sensitive to changes in plasma glucose concentration, but proinsulin processing to insulin is partially defective in hyperglycemic preterm neonates; 2) hyperglycemic neonates are relatively resistant to insulin because higher insulin levels are needed to achieve euglycemia in this group compared with normoglycemic neonates. These results also show that insulin infusion is beneficial in extremely preterm infants with transient hyperglycemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the relationship between cigarette smoking during pregnancy and very preterm births, according to the main mechanisms of preterm birth.Design: Case-control study (the French Epipage study).Setting: Regionally defined population of births in France.Population: Eight hundred and sixty-four very preterm live-born singletons (between 27 and 32 completed weeks of gestation) and 567 unmatched full-term controls.Methods: Data from the French Epipage study were analysed using a polytomous logistic regression model to control for social and demographic characteristics, pre-pregnancy body mass index and obstetric history. The main mechanisms of preterm delivery were classified as gestational hypertension, antepartum haemorrhage, premature rupture of membranes, spontaneous preterm labour and other miscellaneous mechanisms.Main Outcome Measures: Odds ratios for very preterm birth for low to moderate (1-9 cigarettes/day) and heavy (>/=10 cigarettes/day) maternal smoking in pregnancy, estimated according to the main mechanisms leading to preterm birth.Results: Smokers were more likely to give birth to very preterm infants than non-smokers [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3-2.2]. Heavy smoking significantly reduced the risk of very preterm birth due to gestational hypertension (aOR 0.5, 95% CI 0.3-1.0), whereas both low to moderate and heavy smoking increased the risk of very preterm birth due to all other mechanisms (aOR between 1.6 and 2.8).Conclusion: These data from the Epipage study show that maternal smoking during pregnancy is a risk factor for very preterm birth. The impact of maternal smoking on very preterm birth appears to be complex: it lowers the risk of very preterm birth due to gestational hypertension, but increases the risk of very preterm birth due to other mechanisms. These findings might explain why maternal smoking is more closely related to preterm birth among multiparous women than among nulliparous women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterovirus infections in neonates are difficult to diagnose. Diphasic pattern and possibly fatal myocarditis must be anticipated.Case report – A 14-day-old girl had presented a heart failure after an initial episode of gastroenteritis and supraventricular tachycardia. Investigation demonstrated global myocardial dysfunction. Diagnosis of neonatal enterovirus myocarditis was made by polymerase chain reaction detection of viral genome. Heart failure was controlled with medical treatment.Conclusion – Enterovirus myocarditis is typically a biphasic illness. Rapid diagnosis of enteroviral infection in neonatal period may be made by polymerase chain reaction detection of viral genome. There is anecdoctal evidence that immunoglobulin infusions may improve outcome. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In France, most of children suffering from congenital toxoplasmosis have an infraclinic or moderate type at birth. This study aimed at evaluating, on the mid term, tolerance and results of postnatal treatment previously given in severe toxoplasmosis.Methods. – A retrospective study considered 46 children with a mild or moderate congenital toxoplasmosis treated over 12 months with sulfadiazine–pyrimethamine and treatment was completed since three months.Results. – Five children suffered from a lesion of chorioretinitis during treatment and two after. After a mean follow-up of 27.1 months, ten children (21.7% 95%CI ⟦12.1–35.9〉) had at least one ocular injury. Specific IgG titers and immune load were diminished to become almost non-existent at the end of the year of treatment (respectively p<10–5 and p=0,0005). No thrombocytopenia was observed. Twenty-three children (50%) had at least one episode of neutropenia <1000/mm3, 14 had only one, nine presented two or more installment. None was followed by an infection.Conclusion. – This therapeutic pathway is more demanding but shorter than those usually offered when associating pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine. Yet, it does give identical result on the mid term. Longer follow-up is needed to appreciate. Active molecule on cysts should be introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlabelled: Early inflammatory lesions and bronchial hyperresponsiveness are characteristics of the respiratory distress in premature neonates and are susceptible to aggravation by assisted ventilation. We hypothesized that treatment with inhaled salbutamol and beclomethasone might be of clinical value in the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in ventilator-dependent premature neonates. The study was double-blinded and placebo controlled. We studied 173 infants of less than 31 weeks of gestational age, who needed ventilatory support at the 10th postnatal day. They were randomised to four groups and received either placebo + placebo, placebo + salbutamol, placebo + beclomethasone or beclomethasone + salbutomol, respectively for 28 days. The major criteria for efficacy were: diagnosis of BPD (with score of severity), mortality, duration of ventilatory support and oxygen therapy. The trial groups were similar with respect to age at entry (9.8-10.1 days), gestational age (27.6-27.8 weeks), birth weight and oxygen dependence. We did not observe any significant effect of treatment on survival, diagnosis and severity of BPD, duration of ventilatory support or oxygen therapy. For instance, the odds-ratio (95% confidence interval) for severe or moderate BPD were 1.04 (0.52-2.06) for inhaled beclomethasone and 1.54 (0.78-3.05) for inhaled salbutamol.Conclusion: This randomised prospective trial does not support the use of treatment with inhaled beclomethasone, salbutamol or their combination in the prevention of BPD in premature ventilated neonates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this systematic review was to investigate which specific and especially neurocognitive factors related to schizophrenia, were associated with homicide risk. Methods: A systematic English-French Medline literature search of cohort studies, case-control studies and transversal studies published from January 1999 to December 2009 was performed combining the MeSH terms “schizophrenia”, “homicide”, “violence”, “mental process”, “cognition”, “risk”, “risk factors”,. Abstract selection was based on the STROBE checklist for observational studies and on the consort statement for clinical trials. Results: Of the 366 selected studies, 65 observational or prospective studies, 10 systematic reviews and meta-analysis and 2 interventional studies met the selection criteria and were included in the final analysis. Firstly, we highlighted that historical (past violence, juvenile detention, physical abuse, parental arrest record), dispositional (male gender, young age, low socioeconomic status) and contextual (recent divorce, unemployment, victimisation) factors could be considered as general homicide-related factors. Clinical factors (clinical paranoid, delusions of persecution or thought insertion, substance abuse, disorganized thinking, long duration of untreated psychosis, stopped monitoring or treatment) were more schizophrenia-specific factors for homicide. Most of the excess risk appears to be mediated by substance abuse. Secondly, our results suggested that schizophrenics with a history of aggressive behaviour compared to those without such history, had better performances on global neuropsychological tests exploring executive functions but performed more poorly as considering orbitofrontal functions. Conclusions: We suggest that every comprehensive psychiatric assessment should explore the risk of homicide, including historical, dispositional, contextual, clinical and neurocognitive (low insight capacity, impaired frontal functions) factors of violence. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objectif: Evaluer l’efficacité d’une supplémentation orale en probiotiques sur la tolérance digestive du prématuré de moins de 1 500 g. Patients et Méthodes: Dans le cadre d’une étude bicentrique, prospective, randomisée en double aveugle (probiotiques vs. placebo), un nombre de 120 prématurés était attendu. Ces derniers devaient avoir un âge gestationnel < 32SA, un poids de naissance < 1 500 g et une alimentation entérale débutée (<48 heures et < 15 premiers jours de vie). Une analyse par test triangulaire était réalisée tous les 20 patients. La randomization en 2 groupes avait lieu après l’obtention du consentement parental. Les prématurés du groupe probiotiques recevaient une supplémentation en maltodextrine, B. longum BB536 et L. rhamnosus GG (4Î108/j), tandis que les prématurés du groupe placebo recevaient uniquement de la maltodextrine, en complément d’une alimentation entérale habituelle pendant 12 semaines ou jusqu’à un poids de 1 800 g. Le critère de jugement principal était la modalité des apports nutritionnels au 14e jour de vie et l’événement « avoir dépassé 50 % de l’apport nutritionnel per os » était considéré comme un succès. La survenue de cet événement était comparée dans les 2 groupes, ainsi que les courbes de survie de parentérale (Modèle de Cox). Résultats: 94 prématurés ont été inclus : 45 dans le groupe probiotiques et 49 dans le groupe placebo. Les données démographiques et cliniques étaient similaires dans les 2 groupes. La survenue de l’événement « avoir dépassé 50 % de l’apport nutritionnel per os à J14 » était similaire dans les 2 groupes (p = 0.95). Les courbes de survie de la nutrition parentérale étaient similaires dans les 2 groupes (Résultats bruts : OR = 1,05 [0.85, 1.31], ou après ajustement sur le centre, l’âge gestationnel et le poids de naissance < 1 000 g : OR = 1,12 [0,89 – 1,4]). La croissance et l’incidence des infections nosocomiales n’étaient pas modifiées dans le groupe probiotique comparé au groupe placebo. Trois cas d’ECUN ont été rapportés : 2 dans le groupe probiotiques, et 1 dans le groupe placebo. Conclusion: La supplémentation orale en BB536 et LGG n’a pas modifié la modalité de l’alimentation à J14, ni diminué le temps d’obtention d’une alimentation entérale complète chez le prématuré de moins de 1 500 g. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]