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Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit resulting from androgen-induced increased sebum production, altered keratinization, inflammation, and bacterial colonization of the hair follicles of the face, neck, chest and back by Propionibacterium acnes . Overall, inflammation and immune responses are strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of acne. Although early colonization with Propionibacterium acnes and family history may play an important role in the disease, it remains unclear exactly what triggers acne and how treatment affects disease progression. The influence of diet on acne disease is a growing research topic, yet few studies have examined the effects of diet on the development and clinical severity of acne disease, and the results have often been contradictory. Interestingly, very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) has been associated with both significant reductions in body weight and inflammatory status through the production of ketone bodies and thus it has been expected to reduce the exacerbation of clinical manifestations or even block the trigger of acne disease. Given the paucity of studies regarding the implementation of VLCKD in the management of acne, this review aims to provide evidence from the available scientific literature to support the speculative use of VLCKD in the treatment of acne.

Intimal hyperplasia is the leading cause of graft failure in aortocoronary bypass grafts performed using human saphenous vein (SV). The long-term consequences of the altered pulsatile stress on the cells that populate the vein wall remains elusive, particularly the effects on saphenous vein progenitors (SVPs), cells resident in the vein adventitia with a relatively wide differentiation capacity. In the present study, we performed global transcriptomic profiling of SVPs undergoing uniaxial cyclic strain in vitro . This type of mechanical stimulation is indeed involved in the pathology of the SV. Results showed a consistent stretch-dependent gene regulation in cyclically strained SVPs vs. controls, especially at 72 h. We also observed a robust mechanically related overexpression of Adhesion Molecule with Ig Like Domain 2 (AMIGO2), a cell surface type I transmembrane protein involved in cell adhesion. The overexpression of AMIGO2 in stretched SVPs was associated with the activation of the transforming growth factor β pathway and modulation of intercellular signaling, cell-cell, and cell-matrix interactions. Moreover, the increased number of cells expressing AMIGO2 detected in porcine SV adventitia using an in vivo arterialization model confirms the upregulation of AMIGO2 protein by the arterial-like environment. These results show that mechanical stress promotes SVPs' molecular phenotypic switching and increases their responsiveness to extracellular environment alterations, thus prompting the targeting of new molecular effectors to improve the outcome of bypass graft procedure., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Maselli, Garoffolo, Cassanmagnago, Vono, Ruiter, Thomas, Madeddu, Pesce and Spinetti.)

Objective- To determine the role of the oncofetal protein TPBG (trophoblast glycoprotein) in normal vascular function and reparative vascularization. Approach and Results- Immunohistochemistry of human veins was used to show TPBG expression in vascular smooth muscle cells and adventitial pericyte-like cells (APCs). ELISA, Western blot, immunocytochemistry, and proximity ligation assays evidenced a hypoxia-dependent upregulation of TPBG in APCs not found in vascular smooth muscle cells or endothelial cells. This involves the transcriptional modulator CITED2 (Atypical chemokine receptor 3 CBP/p300-interacting transactivator with glutamic acid (E)/aspartic acid (D)-rich tail) and downstream activation of CXCL12 (chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand-12) signaling through the CXCR7 (C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7) receptor and ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2). TPBG silencing by siRNA transfection downregulated CXCL12, CXCR7, and pERK (phospho Thr202/Tyr204 ERK1/2) and reduced the APC migratory and proangiogenic capacities. TPBG forced expression induced opposite effects, which were associated with the formation of CXCR7/CXCR4 (C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4) heterodimers and could be contrasted by CXCL12 and CXCR7 neutralization. In vivo Matrigel plug assays using APCs with or without TPBG silencing evidenced TPBG is essential for angiogenesis. Finally, in immunosuppressed mice with limb ischemia, intramuscular injection of TPBG-overexpressing APCs surpassed naïve APCs in enhancing perfusion recovery and reducing the rate of toe necrosis. Conclusions- TPBG orchestrates the migratory and angiogenic activities of pericytes through the activation of the CXCL12/CXCR7/pERK axis. This novel mechanism could be a relevant target for therapeutic improvement of reparative angiogenesis.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00203.].

MicroRNAs regulate endothelial function and angiogenesis, but their implication in pericyte biology remains undetermined. A PCR array, covering a panel of 379 human microRNAs, showed microRNA-532-5p to be one of the most differentially modulated by hypoxia, which was confirmed by qPCR in both skeletal muscle and adventitial pericytes. Furthermore, microRNA-532-5p was upregulated in murine muscular pericytes early after experimentally induced ischemia, decreasing below baseline after reperfusion. Transfection of human pericytes with anti-microRNA, microRNA-mimic, or controls indicates microRNA-532-5p modulates pro-angiogenic activity via transcriptional regulation of angiopoietin-1. Tie-2 blockade abrogated the ability of microRNA-532-5p-overexpressing pericytes to promote endothelial network formation in vitro. However, angiopoietin-1 is not a direct target of microRNA-532-5p. In silico analysis of microRNA-532-5p inhibitory targets associated with angiopoietin-1 transcription indicated three potential candidates, BACH1, HIF1AN, and EGLN1. Binding of microRNA-532-5p to the BACH1 3' UTR was confirmed by luciferase assay. MicroRNA-532-5p silencing increased BACH1, while a microRNA-532-5p mimic decreased expression. Silencing of BACH1 modulated angiopoietin-1 gene and protein expression. ChIP confirmed BACH1 transcriptional regulation of angiopoietin-1 promoter. Finally, microRNA-532-5p overexpression increased pericyte coverage in an in vivo Matrigel assay, suggesting its role in vascular maturation. This study provides a new mechanistic understanding of the transcriptional program orchestrating angiopoietin-1/Tie-2 signaling in human pericytes., (Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Significance: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), adult stem cells with the potential of differentiation into mesodermal lineages, play an important role in tissue homeostasis and regeneration. In different organs, a subpopulation of MSCs is located near the vasculature and possibly represents the original source of lineage-committed mesenchymal progenitors. Recent Advances: The plasticity and immune characteristics of MSCs render them a preferential tool for regenerative cell therapy., Critical Issues: The culture expansion needed before MSC transplantation is associated with cellular senescence. Moreover, accelerated senescence of the total and perivascular MSC pool has been observed in humans and mouse models of premature aging disorders. MSC dysfunction is acknowledged as a culprit for the aging-associated degeneration of mesodermal tissues, but the underlying epigenetic pathways remain elusive. This article reviews current understanding of mechanisms impinging on MSC health, including oxidative stress, Nrf2-antioxidant responsive element activity, sirtuins, noncoding RNAs, and PKCs., Future Directions: We provide evidence that epigenetic profiling of MSCs is utilitarian to the prediction of therapeutic outcomes. In addition, strategies that target oxidative stress-associated mechanisms represent promising approaches to counteract the detrimental effect of age and senescence in MSCs.-Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 864-879.

Therapies based on circulating proangiogenic cells (PACs) have shown promise in ischemic disease models but require further optimization to reach the bedside. Ischemia-associated hypoxia robustly increases microRNA-210 (miR-210) expression in several cell types, including endothelial cells (ECs). In ECs, miR-210 represses EphrinA3 (EFNA3), inducing proangiogenic responses. This study provides new mechanistic evidences for a role of miR-210 in PACs. PACs were obtained from either adult peripheral blood or cord blood. miR-210 expression was modulated with either an inhibitory complementary oligonucleotide (anti-miR-210) or a miRNA mimic (pre-miR-210). Scramble and absence of transfection served as controls. As expected, hypoxia increased miR-210 in PACs. In vivo, migration toward and adhesion to the ischemic endothelium facilitate the proangiogenic actions of transplanted PACs. In vitro, PAC migration toward SDF-1α/CXCL12 was impaired by anti-miR-210 and enhanced by pre-miR-210. Moreover, pre-miR-210 increased PAC adhesion to ECs and supported angiogenic responses in co-cultured ECs. These responses were not associated with changes in extracellular miR-210 and were abrogated by lentivirus-mediated EFNA3 overexpression. Finally, ex-vivo pre-miR-210 transfection predisposed PACs to induce post-ischemic therapeutic neovascularization and blood flow recovery in an immunodeficient mouse limb ischemia model. In conclusion, miR-210 modulates PAC functions and improves their therapeutic potential in limb ischemia., (Copyright © 2018 The American Society of Gene and Cell Therapy. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Critical limb ischemia (CLI), foot ulcers, former amputation, and impaired regeneration are independent risk factors for limb amputation in subjects with diabetes. The present work investigates whether and by which mechanism diabetes negatively impacts on functional properties of muscular pericytes (MPs), which are resident stem cells committed to reparative angiomyogenesis. We obtained muscle biopsy samples from patients with diabetes who were undergoing major limb amputation and control subjects. Diabetic muscles collected at the rim of normal tissue surrounding the plane of dissection showed myofiber degeneration, fat deposition, and reduction of MP vascular coverage. Diabetic MPs (D-MPs) display ultrastructural alterations, a differentiation bias toward adipogenesis at the detriment of myogenesis and an inhibitory activity on angiogenesis. Furthermore, they have an imbalanced redox state, with downregulation of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase 1 and catalase, and activation of the pro-oxidant protein kinase C isoform β-II (PKCβII)-dependent p66 Shc signaling pathway. A reactive oxygen species scavenger or, even more effectively, clinically approved PKCβII inhibitors restore D-MP angiomyogenic activity. Inhibition of the PKCβII-dependent p66 Shc signaling pathway could represent a novel therapeutic approach for the promotion of muscle repair in individuals with diabetes., (© 2016 by the American Diabetes Association.)

Therapeutic angiogenesis is a relatively new medical strategy in the field of cardiovascular diseases. The underpinning concept is that angiogenic growth factors or proangiogenic cells could be exploited therapeutically in cardiovascular patients to enhance native revascularization responses to an ischemic insult, thereby accelerating tissue healing. The initial enthusiasm generated by preclinical studies has been tempered by the modest success of clinical trials assessing therapeutic angiogenesis. Similarly, proangiogenic cell therapy has so far not maintained the original promises. Intriguingly, the current trend is to consider regeneration as a prerogative of the youngest organism. Consequentially, the embryonic and foetal models are attracting much attention for clinical translation into corrective modalities in the adulthood. Scientists seem to undervalue the lesson from Mother Nature, e.g. all humans are born young but very few achieve the goal of an exceptional healthy longevity. Either natural experimentation is driven by a supreme intelligence or stochastic phenomena, one has to accept the evidence that healthy longevity is the fruit of an evolutionary process lasting million years. It is therefore extremely likely that results of this natural experimentation are more reliable and translatable than the intensive, but very short human investigation on mechanisms governing repair and regeneration. With this preamble in mind, here we propose to shift the focus from the very beginning to the very end of human life and thus capture the secret of prolonged health span to improve well-being in the adulthood., (Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Aims: Vascular wall-resident progenitor cells hold great promise for cardiovascular regenerative therapy. This study evaluates the impact of oxidative stress on the viability and functionality of adventitia-derived progenitor cells (APCs) from vein remnants of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. We also investigated the antioxidant enzymes implicated in the resistance of APCs to oxidative stress-induced damage and the effect of interfering with one of them, the extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD/SOD3), on APC therapeutic action in a model of peripheral ischemia., Results: After exposure to hydrogen peroxide, APCs undergo apoptosis to a smaller extent than endothelial cells (ECs). This was attributed to up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes, especially SODs and catalase. Pharmacological inhibition of SODs increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in APCs and impairs their survival. Likewise, APC differentiation results in SOD down-regulation and ROS-induced apoptosis. Oxidative stress increases APC migratory activity, while being inhibitory for ECs. In addition, oxidative stress does not impair APC capacity to promote angiogenesis in vitro. In a mouse limb ischemia model, an injection of naïve APCs, but not SOD3-silenced APCs, helps perfusion recovery and neovascularization, thus underlining the importance of this soluble isoform in protection from ischemia., Innovation: This study newly demonstrates that APCs are endowed with enhanced detoxifier and antioxidant systems and that SOD3 plays an important role in their therapeutic activity in ischemia., Conclusions: APCs from vein remnants of CABG patients express antioxidant defense mechanisms, which enable them to resist stress. These properties highlight the potential of APCs in cardiovascular regenerative medicine.

Skeletal muscle tissue engineering is a promising approach for the treatment of muscular disorders. However, the complex organization of muscle, combined with the difficulty in finding an appropriate source of regenerative cells and in providing an adequate blood supply to the engineered tissue, makes this a hard task to face. In the present work, we describe an innovative approach to rejuvenate adult skeletal muscle-derived pericytes (MP) based on the use of a PEG-based hydrogel scaffold. MP were isolated from young (piglet) and adult (boar) pigs to assess whether aging affects tissue regeneration efficiency. In vitro, MP from boars had similar morphology and colony forming capacity to piglet MP, but an impaired ability to form myotubes and capillary-like structures. However, the use of a PEG-based hydrogel to support adult MP significantly improved their myogenic differentiation and angiogenic potentials in vitro and in vivo. Thus, PEG-based hydrogel scaffolds may provide a progenitor cell "niche" that promotes skeletal muscle regeneration and blood vessel growth, and together with pericytes may be developed for use in regenerative applications.

Rationale: Circulating proangiogenic cells (PACs) support postischemic neovascularization. Cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus impair PAC regenerative capacities via molecular mechanisms that are not fully known. We hypothesize a role for microRNAs (miRs). Circulating miRs are currently investigated as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers., Objective: The objectives were the following: (1) to profile miR expression in PACs from critical limb ischemia (CLI) patients; (2) to demonstrate that miR-15a and miR-16 regulate PAC functions; and (3) to characterize circulating miR-15a and miR-16 and to investigate their potential biomarker value., Methods and Results: Twenty-eight miRs potentially able to modulate angiogenesis were measured in PACs from CLI patients with and without diabetes mellitus and controls. miR-15a and miR-16 were further analyzed. CLI-PACs expressed higher level of mature miR-15a and miR-16 and of the primary transcript pri-miR-15a/16-1. miR-15a/16 overexpression impaired healthy PAC survival and migration. Conversely, miR-15a/16 inhibition improved CLI-PAC-defective migration. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A and AKT-3 were validated as direct targets of the 2 miRs, and their protein levels were reduced in miR-15a/16-overexpressing healthy PACs and in CLI-PACs. Transplantation of healthy PACs ex vivo-engineered with anti-miR-15a/16 improved postischemic blood flow recovery and muscular arteriole density in immunodeficient mice. miR-15a and miR-16 were present in human blood, including conjugated to argonaute-2 and in exosomes. Both miRs were increased in the serum of CLI patients and positively correlated with amputation after restenosis at 12 months postrevascularization of CLI type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Serum miR-15a additionally correlated with restenosis at follow-up., Conclusions: Ex vivo miR-15a/16 inhibition enhances PAC therapeutic potential, and circulating miR-15a and miR-16 deserves further investigation as a prognostic biomarker in CLI patients undergoing revascularization.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is exceedingly prevalent and requires care optimization. Regenerative medicine holds promise to improve the clinical outcome of CAD patients. Current approach consists in subsidizing the infarcted heart with boluses of autologous stem cells from the bone marrow. Moreover, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are in the focus of intense research owing to an apparent superiority in plasticity and regenerative capacity compared with hematopoietic stem cells. In this review, we report recent findings indicating the presence, within the heterogeneous MSC population, of perivascular stem cells expressing typical pericyte markers. Moreover, we focus on recent research showing the presence of similar cells in the adventitia of large vessels. These discoveries were fundamental to shape a roadmap toward clinical application in patients with myocardial ischemia. Adventitial stem cells are ideal candidates for promotion of cardiac repair owing to their ease of accessibility and expandability and potent vasculogenic activity.

Although indolone-N-oxide (INODs) genereting long-lived radicals possess antiplasmodial activity in the low-nanomolar range, little is known about their mechanism of action. To explore the molecular basis of INOD activity, we screened for changes in INOD-treated malaria-infected erythrocytes (Pf-RBCs) using a proteomics approach. At early parasite maturation stages, treatment with INODs at their IC(50) concentrations induced a marked tyrosine phosphorylation of the erythrocyte membrane protein band 3, whereas no effect was observed in control RBCs. After INOD treatment of Pf-RBCs we also observed: (i) accelerated formation of membrane aggregates containing hyperphosphorylated band 3, Syk kinase, and denatured hemoglobin; (ii) dose-dependent release of microvesicles containing the membrane aggregates; (iii) reduction in band 3 phosphorylation, Pf-RBC vesiculation, and antimalarial effect of INODs upon addition of Syk kinase inhibitors; and (iv) correlation between the IC(50) and the INOD concentrations required to induce band 3 phosphorylation and vesiculation. Together with previous data demonstrating that tyrosine phosphorylation of oxidized band 3 promotes its dissociation from the cytoskeleton, these results suggest that INODs cause a profound destabilization of the Pf-RBC membrane through a mechanism apparently triggered by the activation of a redox signaling pathway rather than direct oxidative damage., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The cytoplasmic domain of band 3 serves as a center of erythrocyte membrane organization and constitutes the major substrate of erythrocyte tyrosine kinases. Tyrosine phosphorylation of band 3 is induced by several physiologic stimuli, including malaria parasite invasion, cell shrinkage, normal cell aging, and oxidant stress (thalassemias, sickle cell disease, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, etc). In an effort to characterize the biologic sequelae of band 3 tyrosine phosphorylation, we looked for changes in the polypeptide's function that accompany its phosphorylation. We report that tyrosine phosphorylation promotes dissociation of band 3 from the spectrin-actin skeleton as evidenced by: (1) a decrease in ankyrin affinity in direct binding studies, (2) an increase in detergent extractability of band 3 from ghosts, (3) a rise in band 3 cross-linkability by bis-sulfosuccinimidyl-suberate, (4) significant changes in erythrocyte morphology, and (5) elevation of the rate of band 3 diffusion in intact cells. Because release of band 3 from its ankyrin and adducin linkages to the cytoskeleton can facilitate changes in multiple membrane properties, tyrosine phosphorylation of band 3 is argued to enable adaptive changes in erythrocyte biology that permit the cell to respond to the above stresses.

Phosphorylation of erythrocyte membrane proteins has been previously documented following infection and intracellular growth of the malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum in red cells. Much of this data dealt with phosphorylation of serine residues. In this study, we report detailed characterization of phosphorylation of serine and tyrosine residues of red cell membrane proteins following infection by P falciparum. Western blot analysis using anti-phosphotyrosine and anti-phosphoserine antibodies following 2-DE in conjunction with double channel laser-induced infrared fluorescence enabled accurate assessment of phosphorylation changes. Tyrosine phosphorylation of band 3 represented the earliest modification observed during parasite development. Band 3 tyrosine phosphorylation observed at the ring stage appears to be under the control of Syk kinase. Serine and tyrosine phosphorylation of additional cytoskeletal, trans-membrane and membrane associated proteins was documented as intracellular development of parasite progressed. Importantly, during late schizont stage of parasite maturation, we observed widespread protein dephosphorylation. In vitro treatments that caused distinct activation of red cell tyrosine and serine kinases elicited phosphorylative patterns similar to what observed in parasitized red blood cell, suggesting primary involvement of erythrocyte kinases. Identification of tyrosine phosphorylations of band 3, band 4.2, catalase and actin which have not been previously described in P. falciparum infected red cells suggests new potential regulatory mechanisms that could modify the functions of the host cell membrane.

With the advent of proteomic techniques the number of known post-translational modifications (PTMs) affecting red cell membrane proteins is rapidly growing but the understanding of their role under physiological and pathological conditions is incompletely established. The wide range of hereditary diseases affecting different red cell membrane functions and the membrane modifications induced by malaria parasite intracellular growth represent a unique opportunity to study PTMs in response to variable cellular stresses. In the present review, some of the major areas of interest in red cell membrane research have been considered as modifications of erythrocyte deformability and maintenance of the surface area, membrane transport alterations, and removal of diseased and senescent red cells. In all mentioned research areas the functional roles of PTMs are prevalently restricted to the phosphorylative changes of the more abundant membrane proteins. The insufficient information about the PTMs occurring in a large majority of the red membrane proteins and the general lack of mass spectrometry data evidence the need of new comprehensive, proteomic approaches to improve the understanding of the red cell membrane physiology., ((c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)