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Sulfur compounds of hop oils are important components of hop oils although their share is relatively very small, approximately 1 %. A collection of 30 sulfur-containing volatiles was detected by gas chromatographic analysis of hop oils which were isolated from the hops by steam distillation. Thioesters S-methylthio- hexanoate, S-methylthio-isovalerate, S-methylthio-butyrate have been identified as the dominant components. It was found out that the composition of sulfur compounds of hop oils, examined on a set of 14 Czech hop cultivars, is varietally characteristic. Statistical evaluation using multivariate statistical methods has shown that the spectrum of sulfur substances can be used to determine the variety authenticity for only a few cultivars (Boomerang, Kazbek, Gaia, Vital). For other varieties it is not sufficient to distinguish them reliably. The analysis of sulfur compounds of hop oils must therefore be considered as an auxiliary chemotaxonomic tool. To determine the identity of the variety with greater reliability, it is necessary to use other chemotaxonomic tools (terpenic and oxygenated substances of hop essential oils, bitter substances, prenylfavononoids and polyphenols). Genetic methods are also an important approach at determining and identifying the purity of hop varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

article deals with social discussions concerning the risks and benefits of using combined oral contraceptive pills (COCP). The discussions reflect sociological theories of risk, loss of trust in biomedicine, and active lay participation in health choices. The main goal of the qualitative content analysis of six internet discussions from 2006 to 2015 is to identify how former, current, and future users of COCP in the Czech Republic deal with the risks and benefits of this method, the possible alternatives being considered, and how information from these internet discussions influences the choice of method. The main narratives showing reflection of risk in internet discussions about hormonal contraceptives were called: Weighing the risk of taking or not taking COCP, Risk of side effects when using COCP, Risk of "post-pill syndrome," Sharing information and experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weakly acidic Litavka and alkaline Malín soils are some of the most contaminated soils by multiple risk elements in the Czech Republic. The aim of this paper was to determine the effect of P sources (rock phosphate, superphosphate), each applied at three rates on the mobility of risk elements (Cd, Zn, Pb, As) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn) in soils and to compare their effectiveness with lime and dolomite tested in our previous study. In 7, 14, 28, and 42 days, we determined CaCl2-extractable and acidextractable concentrations of elements by ICP-OES. In alkaline soil, there was an increase in Cd, Zn, As, and Mn CaCl2- and acid-extractable concentrations after superphosphate application but no effect on concentrations of these elements after rock phosphate application. In acidic soil, there was a decrease in CaCl2-extractable concentrations of Cd and Zn and no effect on CaCl2-extractable Pb, As, Fe, and Mn after rock phosphate application. With the exception of a decrease in Pb and Mn, the same trends were recorded for acid-extractable concentrations. Superphosphate was less effective than rock phosphate for immobilisation of CaCl2-extractable Zn, As, and Mn. Phosphate additives were ineffective for immobilisation of all tested elements in alkaline soils. In acidic soils, phosphate additives were ineffective in immobilising As and Fe compared to lime application and were substantially less effective in Cd and Zn immobilisation than lime. Superphosphate application was a suitable measure to decrease acid-extractable Pb concentrations only in acidic soils at higher rates and was comparable with lime application at lower rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The increase in patients diagnosed with and living with cancer calls for the provision of quality nursing care within this paradigm, one that can reflect the complex needs of the patient that cancer and its treatments induce. The study aimed to evaluate the quality of oncology nursing care, as perceived, by hospitalized cancer patients in three European countries. Methods This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. In-patients diagnosed with cancer were selected based on explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data was collected with the Quality of Oncology Nursing Care Scale- QONCS, comprising of 34 items grouped in 5 domains. Sociodemographic data was also retrieved. Results The sample included 610 patients receiving care in 2 hospitals in Cyprus (n = 274), 1 hospital in Greece (n = 144) and 2 hospitals in the Czech Republic (n = 192). Statistically significant differences were found between the three countries and across all domains of the QONCS, with the exception of the spiritual and religious care (p = 0.136). Age and days of treatment produced statistically significant differences across all the domains of the QONCS, whilst gender did not produced any statistically significant differences (p ranged from (0.136–0.369). Conclusion This is one of the first studies that provide evidence on the Quality of Nursing Care delivered to patients diagnosed with cancer in various European countries. Discrepancies were found between the participating countries. However, the provision of spiritual and religious care by the nurses received the lowest scores across the three participating countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The publication analyses selected works of one of the most important representatives of Baroque Gothic. Jan Blazej Santini Aischl represents an important personality in the world of architecture from the early 18th century. Architect Jan Blazej Santini Aischl got to the reconstruction now very prized buildings due to their devastation during the war period and the turbulent political situation. Publications so analyses the reconstruction of two monasteries, recognized as one of the most important and belong to the largest in the Czech Republic. This is a reconstruction of the Cistercian monastery church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Sedlec near Kutna Hora, and the reconstruction of a Benedictine monastery church in Kladruby. Jan Blazej Santini Aichel allowed to return and fame already surpassed the simplicity of its specific Gothic architectural style. It was also a kind of demonstration of religious orders, whose wishes fulfilled. Their compromise so created structures that combine elements of Baroque with Gothic elements. This combination, which Santini applied to the reconstructed construction, then used also in the construction of completely new buildings. An example is presented in the publication Church of St John Nepomuk at Zelena hora. It was originally a place of pilgrimage with world standards that represents sample construction, demonstrating the unique architectural style of Jan Blazej Santini Aischl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cathedrals represent some of the finest examples of interconnections architectural, aesthetic, functional, but also the structural design of the building. Their main motivation for the actual construction has been from its beginnings celebration of God, interconnections him with and gathering of believers. The emphasis placed on the aesthetics of the whole building was so crucial. But not always architectural elements were in accordance with the statics of the building. Gothic architecture, based on the earlier Romanesque buildings, points to the development of structural elements. They allow for further development, particularly in terms of building height but also the width of the wall. The aesthetic aspect which has been emphasized, however, was unaffected. Conversely, there has been the emergence of new non-standard architectural solved part of the cathedrals. The dominant design features were the use of external supporting systems, cross vaults and arches as well, which allowed for Gothic buildings to reach huge heights. Due to the fact that the beginnings of Gothic architecture are associated with France, the publication includes analysis of Gothic cathedrals with significant influence of this component, but also historical significance to the future development of this style. It is the cathedral of Notre-Dame in Paris, cathedral in Reims and cathedral in Chartres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective of case studies is to demonstrate the specific character of the buildings, which are not built by using traditional construction materials. They are excavated into the geological environment as the caverns. These specific structures have a specific building construction, but they also tend to be violated by any other way than in conventional constructions. We use the geological environment in its initial in-situ form, which we are not changing. Into this environment, we are creating cavities. They usually have the same morphology as conventional buildings. Violations of these buildings have its specificity. Geological processes that led to the creation of the environment for future construction, this environment, subsequently violates. This is a tectonic process, gravity, earthquake and erosion. The case study was carried out on the church Karanlik in the region of Cappadocia in Turkey. One part of the church is fully maintained with original paintings. The second part of the church was completely destroyed. At the same time there is seen a gradual violation of the church in its preserved parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic methods are adopted in numerous civil engineering sections. Especially evaluation of the earthwork quality can be speed up using these methods. The results of the parallel measurements of selected testing devices for determining the quality of soil compaction were used for comparative analysis. The correlations between values obtained from various apparatuses were derived to evaluate the usability of the devices for tested type of soil. Test field represented soft subsoil of the road embankment consisted from low plasticity clay. Correlations show that examined apparatuses are suitable for examination of compaction level of fine-grained soils with consideration of limit conditions of used equipment. Applied methods are quick and results can be obtained immediately after measurement, and the methods are thus suitable in cases when construction works have to be performed in a short period of time. Generally, both Humboldt GeoGauge™ and Clegg Impact Soil Tester can substitute the LDD test in terms of the earthworks assessment, however, limit conditions of apparatuses given by the manufacturers need to be taken into account to achieve results with a required accuracy. Mentioned methods are based on the dynamic effect of the testing equipment on the soil layer, so results have to be interpreted carefully considering the type and physical state of tested soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soils may be contaminated by human or veterinary pharmaceuticals. Their behaviour in soil environment is largely controlled by sorption of different compounds in a soil solution onto soil constituents. Here we studied the sorption affinities of 4 pharmaceuticals (atenolol, trimethoprim, carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole) applied in solute mixtures to soils taken from different horizons of 3 soil types (Greyic Phaeozem on loess, Haplic Luvisol on loess and Haplic Cambisol on gneiss). In the case of the carbamazepine (neutral form) and sulfamethoxazole (partly negatively charged and neutral), sorption affinity of compounds decreased with soil depth, i.e. decreased with soil organic matter content. On the other hand, in the case of atenolol (positively charged) and trimethoprim (partly positively charged and neutral) compound sorption affinity was not depth dependent. Compound sorption affinities in the four-solute systems were compared with those experimentally assessed in topsoils, and were estimated using the pedotransfer rules proposed in our previous study for single-solute systems. While sorption affinities of trimethoprim and carbamazepine in topsoils decreased slightly, sorption affinity of sulfamethoxazole increased. Decreases in sorption of the two compounds could be attributed to their competition between each other and competition with atenolol. Differences between carbamazepine and atenolol behaviour in the one- and four-solute systems could also be explained by the slightly different soil properties in this and our previous study. A great increase of sulfamethoxazole sorption in the Greyic Phaeozem and Haplic Luvisol was observed, which was attributed to elimination of repulsion between negatively charged molecules and particle surfaces due to cation sorption (atenolol and trimethoprim) on soil particles. Thus, our results proved not only an antagonistic but also a synergic affect of differently charged organic molecules on their sorption to soil constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Most research on Internet addiction is atheoretical because researchers are exploring isolated symptoms and factors associated with dependence on the Internet rather than providing a comprehensive theoretical explanation of the origin and pathogenesis of Internet addiction. AIMS: To provide a systematic review of scientific articles that offer models of the evolution of Internet addiction, as well as defining the basis for a general model of Internet addiction. METHODS: A systematic review was used to identify 27 relevant articles published in the EBSCO, ProQuest Central, PubMed, and BMÈ databases. RESULTS: Five main theoretical approaches explaining the dynamics of Internet addiction were identified: the cognitive- behavioural approach, psychodynamic approach, model family, personal approach, and problem behaviour theory. A synthesis of the above models was used to formulate a general model of the development of Internet addiction. CONCLUSION: The above theories can facilitate a better understanding of Internet addiction and its prevention and treatment. On the other hand, it is important to acknowledge that any rigid use of them may constitute a blind spot for clinicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) represent an important group of flame retardants with properties of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Various studies have documented the presence of these compounds practically in all environmental comparments, both abiotic and biotic. In this study, PBDE congeners No. BDE28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 were determined in soil samples collected at fire sites where extinguishing preparations were used. In order to assess the consequences of such event on soil, also samples from other localities were analysed. Three different extraction techniques were used for their isolation from examined matrix: (i) ultrasonic extraction, (ii) microwave extraction and (iii) pressurized solvent extraction. For the final determination the gas chromatography (GC) employing two different capillary columns in parallel with electron capture detectors (μ-ECD) was employed. The locality of Brno was identified as the emission hot spot. Only some PBDE congeners were found in contaminated soils at concentrations of 90 160 μg.kg-1. The most contaminated site was the urban area of Brno (soil from scrapyard) - 167 μg.kg-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims Out of a large number of studies on Internet addiction, only a few have been published on the prevention of Internet addiction. The aim of this study is provide a systematic review of scientific articles regarding the prevention of Internet addiction and to identify the relevant topics published in this area of interest. Methods The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were adopted. The EBSCO, ProQuest Central, and PubMed databases were searched for texts published in English and Spanish between January 1995 and April 2016. A total of 179 original texts were obtained. After de-duplication and topic-relevance review, 108 texts were systematically classified and subjected to descriptive analysis and subsequent content analysis. Results The results of the content analysis yielded the following thematic areas: (a) target groups, (b) the improvement of specific skills, (c) program characteristics, and (d) environmental interventions. Discussion and conclusion Literature on the prevention of Internet addiction is scarce. There is an urgent need to introduce and implement new interventions for different at-risk populations, conduct well-designed research, and publish data on the effectiveness of these interventions. Developing prevention interventions should primarily target children and adolescents at risk of Internet addiction but also parents, teachers, peers, and others who are part of the formative environment of children and adolescents at risk of Internet addiction. Newly designed interventions focused on Internet addiction should be rigorously evaluated and the results published.

Giardia intestinalis parasites contain mitosomes, one of the simplest mitochondrion-related organelles. Strategies to identify the functions of mitosomes have been limited mainly to homology detection, which is not suitable for identifying species-specific proteins and their functions. An in vivo enzymatic tagging technique based on the Escherichia coli biotin ligase (BirA) has been introduced to G. intestinalis; this method allows for the compartment-specific biotinylation of a protein of interest. Known proteins involved in the mitosomal protein import were in vivo tagged, cross-linked, and used to copurify complexes from the outer and inner mitosomal membranes in a single step. New proteins were then identified by mass spectrometry. This approach enabled the identification of highly diverged mitosomal Tim44 (GiTim44), the first known component of the mitosomal inner membrane translocase (TIM). In addition, our subsequent bioinformatics searches returned novel diverged Tim44 paralogs, which mediate the translation and mitosomal insertion of mitochondrially encoded proteins in other eukaryotes. However, most of the identified proteins are specific to G. intestinalis and even absent from the related diplomonad parasite Spironucleus salmonicida, thus reflecting the unique character of the mitosomal metabolism. The in vivo enzymatic tagging also showed that proteins enter the mitosome posttranslationally in an unfolded state and without vesicular transport., (Copyright © 2015, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.)

Background: Different service characteristics are known to influence mental health care delivery. Much less is known about the impact of contextual factors, such as the socioeconomic circumstances, on the provision of care to socially marginalized groups.The objectives of this work were to assess the organisational characteristics of services providing mental health care for marginalized groups in 14 European capital cities and to explore the associations between organisational quality, service features and country-level characteristics., Methods: 617 services were assessed in two highly deprived areas in 14 European capital cities. A Quality Index of Service Organisation (QISO) was developed and applied across all sites. Service characteristics and country level socioeconomic indicators were tested and related with the Index using linear regressions and random intercept linear models., Results: The mean (standard deviation) of the QISO score (minimum = 0; maximum = 15) varied from 8.63 (2.23) in Ireland to 12.40 (2.07) in Hungary. The number of different programmes provided was the only service characteristic significantly correlated with the QISO (p < 0.05). The national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was inversely associated with the QISO. Nearly 15% of the variance of the QISO was attributed to country-level variables, with GDP explaining 12% of this variance., Conclusions: Socioeconomic contextual factors, in particular the national GDP are likely to influence the organisational quality of services providing mental health care for marginalized groups. Such factors should be considered in international comparative studies. Their significance for different types of services should be explored in further research.