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Täistekst This is the second book in the series of Soil Sequence Atlases. The first volume was published in 2014. Main pedogeographic features are presented in the form of sequences to give a comprehensive picture of soils - their genesis and correlations with the environment in typical landscapes of Central Europe from Estonia furthest north, through Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Germany, Czechia, Slovakia and Hungary to the southernmost Slovenia. Soils of natural landscapes - loess and sand (continental dunes) - are presented, as well as those of plains of various origin, karst lands, low mountains, and anthropically modified soils. Each chapter presents soil profiles supplemented by landscape information and basic analytical data. Then, genetic interpretations of soil properties related to soil forming agents are given as schematic catenas. When one factor changes while the others are more or less stable, the soil sequence can be recognised. Depending on the dominant soil-forming factor affecting repeated soil patterns, different types can be distinguished. Chapters are arranged roughly in accordance with the main soil-forming process in sequences, and referring to the WRB key (peat formation, vertic and gleyic process, podzolisation, humus accumulation, clay illuviation), with one small exception - the Technosols have been placed at the end of book. The main objective of this book is to present the diversity of relations between soil and landscape, climate, hydrology and human relations, and to present interpretations reflecting the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (2015) classification with comments on the choice of qualifiers. Sixteen Reference Soil Groups are featured, and represented by 67 soil profiles. The secondary objective is pedological education. One of the aims of soil science education is to explain to students the relations between landscape and soil cover. The patterns of soil units within landscapes are to some extent predictable. The collected data is intended as a useful educational tool in teaching soil science, supporting understanding of the reasons for the variability of soil cover, and also as a WRB classification guideline. The Atlas was developed as part of the EU Erasmus+ FACES project (Freely Accessible Central European Soil). Marcin Šwitoniak, Przemyslaw Charzynski

Straipsnyje analizuojami fliuvioglacialinėse nuogulose susiformavusios dirvožemių dangos ypatumai. Nustatyta, jog tokiose nuogulose besiformuojantiems dirvožemiams būdingas ne tik didelis horizontalus dangos, bet ir vertikalus dirvožemio profilio savybių margumas. Vertikalųjį dirvožemio savybių margumą lemia karbonatų išplovimo gylis, dirvodarinių uolienų struktūra bei dirvožemio antropogenizacijos laipsnis. Į tai turėtų būti atsižvelgiama naujosios dirvožemių klasifikacijos žemesniuose lygmenyse klasifikuojant smėlžemių (Arenosols) grupės dirvožemius. Soils developed in fluvioglacial sediments usually show a high diversity of features both in horizontal cover and vertical soil profile. The old classification of Lithuanian soils was not differentiated by their granulometric composition. The new classification system contains a separate group of sandy soils (Arenosols), but it is a common case that soils of this group can also be assigned to other soil groups. It is most convenient to classify sands by their genesis, granulometric and mineral composition. Therefore, it is possible to distinguish between sands sedimented far from glacial edge (in distal glacurs – fine sands of a poor mineral composition and slight stratification) and those sedimented near glacial edge (in proximal sandurs and fluvioglacial river terraces – skeletal sands of a rich mineral composition and pronounced stratification). The latter sands are carbonate-rich, and this is a strong factor in the formation of some soil types. The profiles of two excavations 10 meters apart from each other were analysed. A. Pajarskaite’s frame (1 × 1 m) divided in squares of 10 × 10 cm was used for sampling. Forty four samples were taken from the first excavation and 100 from the second one. Using sieves, the samples were differentiated granulometrically into skeleton (>1 mm), medium-grained (1–0.25 mm) and fine-grained sand (

Therefore, the reaction is very acidic in the middle part of the profile where carbonates occur deep and the mobile phosphorus is accumulated only in the fertilized, cultivated arable horizon above the carbonate- rich horizon where this reaction becomes near-neutral. In the second excavation, medium-grained sand is prevalent. Carbonates are found at a depth of 80 cm and their lens lays at a depth of 20 cm. The soil develops here influenced by a slightly acidic reaction, so potassium is mostly found only near to the surface and phosphorus available for plants is richly met in almost all horizons except for the carbonate-rich layer and more acidic lens in the middle part of the profile. According to the old classification, these soils should be defined as leached sod-carbonaceous and slightly podzolized sod-podzolic soils, while according to the new classification system they are Calcaric and Haplic Arenosols, respectively. It is suggested in this paper to refuse the separate determination of Cambic and Calcaric Arenosols at the second classification level because these are the same soils. Considering the fact that the upper horizons of arable soils are cultivated and the middle ones preserved their natural features, these soils should be defined as natural-anthropogenic.

Attempt has been made to connect some methodical approaches of V. M. Fridland and his disciples and of J. Juodis to the research of the horizontal (spatial) structure of soil cover and, considering the methodical progress in GIS (Geographic Information System) (Vaitkus, 2005), to provide an integrated geographic solution for research on soil cover structure. It is essential to distinguish between the conceptions of soil and soil cover. As distinct from the conception of soil where the main points are vertical profile structures of the soil formed as a result of various soil development factors, in the conception of soil cover the horizontal structure properties are highlighted. Impacts of various factors functioning in a geographic space on the formation of these structures should be also taken into account. Some important properties that reflect variously the morphology of both cover itself and its structure are typical of soil cover structure showing up in various analysis stages. According to their nature, the parameters were divided into two large groups: morphologic parameters describing the morphologic properties of territorial structural soil cover units and property parameters describing the properties caused by soil cover structure, which are highlighted according to classification rows of appropriate properties. In the opinion of the author, the main parameters to describe the structure of soil cover are the following: 1. Soil cover structural index (BSI) – reflects... [to full text]

The paper contains results of investigations done in Lithuania for the first time on the spatial structure of Pleistocene deposit grain-size composition. The statistical grid method has been applied for 2–2.5 m thick surface deposits with 5 × 5 km grids. The typology of diversity in grain size composition has been constructed, i. e. very uniform, uniform, rather diverse, diverse, and very diverse types were singled out. According to distribution peculiarities in grain-size composition diversity and different values of grids, the type microregions have been established and generalised by joining them into certain individual regions. The paper presents a concept of grain-size composition spatial structure diversity and peculiarity and shows that the main factors causing diversity in grain size composition are glacigenic and epigenetic processes. The grain-size composition diversity has been found to be highest at the interface of deposits of different genetic types (and different genetic types of relief). At the macro-level of the relief, the highest diversity was typical of upland and lowland interfaces formed by both glacial and aquaglacial processes, as well as those re-formed by epigenetic, especially fluvial, processes. Straipsnyje pateikti nauji pleistoceno nuogulų granuliometrinės sudėties erdvinės struktūros tyrimų Lietuvos teritorijoje rezultatai. Tirtos 2–2,5 metro storio paviršinės nuogulos. Tyrimas atliktas dviem etapais: pirmiausia sudarytas granuliometrinės sudėties žemėlapis, vėliau tirtas granuliometrinės sudėties margumas. Granuliometrinės sudėties žemėlapis sudarytas remiantis Valstybinio žemėtvarkos instituto skaitmeninio Lietuvos dirvožemių žemėlapio (M 1:300 000) duomenų baze (1998), kurioje užfiksuoti 1985 metų Lietuvos dirvožemių žemėlapio (M 1:300 000) kontūrai. Granuliometrinės sudėties margumas tirtas 5 × 5 km dydžio gardelėse statistinės gardelės metodu. Tokia metodika siekta išskirti geologiniu ir geomorfologiniu požiūriu svarbius nuogulų arealus ir objektyviai įvertinti teritorinę paviršinių nuogulų struktūrą išryškinant ne tik paviršių formavusius glacigeninius (glacialinius ir akvaglacialinius), bet ir kai kuriuos epigenetinius paviršių performuojančius procesus. Granuliometrinės sudėties margumas išreikštas margumo balu. Margumo tipologija: labai vienoda, vienoda, margoka, marga ir labai marga. Pagal margumo balą bei skirtingas reikšmes turinčių gardelių išsidėstymo dėsningumus išskirti tipologiniai mikrorajonai, kurie apibendrinti sujungiant juos į individualius rajonus. Nustatyta, kad tiek labai margos, tiek ir labai vienodos granuliometrinės sudėties tipologiniai mikrorajonai paplitę įvairaus genetinio tipo reljefe. Didesnis granuliometrinės sudėties margumas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] В статье представлены новые результаты исследований пространственной структуры гранулометрического состава плейстоценовых отложений на территории Литвы. Изучались поверхностные отложения 2–2,5-метровой толщины. Исследования проводились двумя этапами: прежде всего составлена карта гранулометрического состава, затем изучена пестрота гранулометрического состава. Карта гранулометрического состава составлена на основе базы данных кар��ы почв Литвы в масштабе 1:300 000 (1998 г.), в которой зафиксированы контуры почв карты Литвы 1985 года в масштабе 1:300 000. Пестрота гранулометрического состава изучалась методом статистической сетки (5 × 5 км). Изучение по такой методике дало возможность выделить важные ареалы плейстоценовых отложений с геологической и геоморфологической точки зрения и объективно оценить пространственную структуру выявляя процессы не только гляцигенные (гляциальные и аквагляциальные) – формирующие поверхность, но и некоторые эпигенетические – преобразующие поверхность. Пестрота гранулометрического состава выражена в качестве бала пестроты. Составлена типология пестроты гранулометрического состава: очень одинаковый, одинаковый, пестроватый, пестрый и очень пестрый. На основе бала пестроты и закономерностей пространственного распределения клеток с различными показателями выявлены микрорайоны. Микрорайоны обобщены в индивидуальные районы. Установлено, что микрорайоны, как очень пестрого, так и очень одинакового гранулометрического состава, распространены в рельефе... [полный текст, см. далее]

The first results of soil pH spatial statistical analysis in Lithuania’s territory are presented. The study has been performed in three stages: (1) compilation of a soil pH map, (2) statistical analysis of soil pH diversity, and (3) determination of spatial regularities in soil pH data. The soil pH map was compiled by means of modifying the agricultural land pH data (Grybauskas, 1978) and trying to assess the regularities in soil pH results for Lithuania’s territory, as well as to apply the data for spatial statistical analysis. Modifying the map of agricultural land pH, two problems, these of the filling blank (forest and bog) areas in the map and optimizing the pH legend, were solved. Filling of blank areas was performed by using the GIS data intersection method applied to intersect pH contour data and soil type contour data layers at a scale of 1:300 000. Forest and bog areas were marked by an average pH value characteristic of a certain type of soil. The pH legend consisting of 10 members (single or compound) was reduced to 5 single-type members in order to optimize it. Soil pH complexes were attributed to the basic intervals according to the prevailing pH value. The soil pH map shows the distribution of pH values in the soil surface layer – topsoil (0–20 cm) for all Lithuanian territory. Soil pH diversity spatial statistical analysis was performed by applying the statistical grid method (4 km2 – 2 × 2 km). After the territory of Lithuania had been divided into grids... [to full text]