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Urban morphology is a crucial contributor to urban heat island (UHI) effects. However, few studies have explored the complex effect of 2D/3D urban morphology on UHIs from a multiscale perspective. In this study, we chose the central area of Jinan city, which is commonly known as the "furnace," as the case study area. The 2D/3D urban morphology indexes-building coverage ratio (BCR) (for assessing the 2D building density), building volume density (BVD) (for assessing the 3D building density), and frontal area index (FAI) (for assessing 3D ventilation conditions) were calculated and derived to investigate the complexity of the relationship between 2D/3D urban morphology and the land surface temperature (LST) at different scales using the maximum information coefficient (MIC) and geographically weighted regression (GWR). The results indicated that (1) these 2D/3D urban morphology indexes are essential factors that are responsible for LST variation, and BCR is the most important urban morphology index affecting LST, followed by BVD and FAI. Importantly, the relationship between the BCR, BVD, FAI, and LST was an inverse U-shaped curve. (2) The relationship between 2D/3D urban morphology and LST variation showed a significant scale effect. With increased grid size, the correlation between the BCR, BVD, and FAI and the LST strengthened, "inflection point" of inverse U-shaped curve significantly declined, and their explanation rate of the LST first increased and then decreased, with a maximum value at the 700 m scale. Additionally, the FAI exerted a stronger negative effect, while the BCR and BVD generally had stronger positive effects on the LST as the grid size increased. This study extends our scientific understanding of the complex effect of urban morphology on the LST and is of great practical significance for multiscale urban thermal environment regulation.

We studied ultrastructure and vesicular structures in endothelial cells of myocardial micro-vessels in burn patients. Electron microscopy revealed a significant decrease in volume density of vesicular structures in the endotheliocytes of myocardial capillaries in patients with burn septicotoxemia. The observed structural signs of endothelial dysfunction revealed in this category of patients can be a promising area for further research and for the development of methods of pathogenetic correction of myocardial disorders in the case of burn injury.

Objectives We quantify 3-D microarchitectural properties of femoral head cancellous bones from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA, n ​= ​12), osteoarthritis (OA, n ​= ​15), osteoporosis (OP, n ​= ​24), or donor controls (CNT, n ​= ​8); and investigate their rod- and plate-like trabecular morphometric properties of trabecular bone tissues and compare these properties between them. Methods Femoral heads were harvested during total hip replacement surgeries or collected from donors. Four cubic cancellous bone samples produced from each femoral head were micro-CT scanned to quantify their microarchitectural and rod- and plate-like trabecular properties. The samples were then tested in compression to determine mechanical properties. Results The microarchitectural properties of femoral head cancellous bone revealed significant differences among the 4 groups, but not between RA and OA. Bone volume fraction was significantly greater in the RA and the OA than in the OP and the CNT. Structure model index was significantly lower in the RA and the OA than in the OP. Number of rods in the RA was significantly greater than in the other 3 groups. Number of plates and plate volume density in the RA and the OA were significantly greater than in the OP and the CNT. Mechanical properties were significantly greater in the RA and the OA than in the OP. The single best determinant for mechanical properties was bone volume fraction. Conclusions This study demonstrates significant differences in 3-D microarchitectural properties and rod- and plate-like trabecular morphometric properties among patients with RA, OA, or OP. The RA and OA cancellous bones displayed similar patterns of microarchitectural degeneration and pronounced different microarchitectures from the OP. The OP group revealed the weakest cancellous bone strength, while the RA and OA groups exhibited a compensatory effect that maintains bone tissues, and hence mechanical properties. The translational potential of this article The study enhances the understanding of microarchitectural degeneration of diseased cancellous bone. The OP group had the weakest cancellous bone strength, while the RA and OA groups exhibited a compensatory effect that maintains bone tissues, and hence mechanical properties. These results are particularly important for design and survival of joint prosthesis.

Hierarchical structural composites were prepared by combining Al2O3–SiO2 aerogel with alumina frameworks. The alumina framework, which acted as matrix, was composed of interlocked hexagonal alumina platelets. The Al2O3–SiO2 aerogel was led into the matrix by vacuum impregnation method. The results of this research demonstrated that the introduction of Al2O3–SiO2 aerogel resulted in an increase of the specific surface area and of the compression strength. The volume density, apparent porosity, specific surface area and compression strength of the Al2O3–SiO2 aerogel/alumina framework composite were 1.29 g/cm3, 63.1%, 57.8 m2/g and ~21 MPa, respectively. The hierarchical porous structure and properties of the proposed composite material demonstrate its suitability for catalyst supporting applications at high reaction temperatures.

The necessity of further development or improvement of protective equipment based on the use of ordinary rock with special design features for effective maintenance of preparatory workings behind stoping face during underground coal mining in the conditions of mines in the Ukrainian Donbass is justified. The mechanism of formation of load-bearing rock structures is considered, as well as the factors that affect their stability are analyzed, and the most influential of them are identified. To establish the rational parameters of these structures, analytical studies were carried out to study the features of load transfer in rock structures. For this purpose, analytical models were proposed for composing equations for the boundary equilibrium of elementary volumes over the height and width of a rock embankment with lateral resistance. The solution of differential equations made it possible to establish analytical dependences of stresses in the rock structure on the main factors affecting: the value of the load on the structure, its height and width, the angle of internal friction of the embedded material and its volume density. It is established that stresses decrease exponentially in the height and width of ordinary rock structures. The established regularities make it possible to determine the amount of required resistance to the side walls to ensure the stability of rock structures, taking into account the main influencing factors.

During the last six years production of high-fluxed sinter at sinter workshop of Enakievo metallurgical plant is accomplished by using sinter charge, comprising almost equal shares of iron ore concentrate and metallurgical wastes. It is done because of insufficient and non-regular supplies of iron ore concentrates. The experience gained can be of some interest for specialists of sintering and BF production of other plants to ensure the operation under conditions of breach of iron ore raw material supply as well as utilization of wastes. An analytical and statistical evaluation of technical and economical indices of sintering accomplished, while component content, the charge basicity and technological conditions of it preparation and sintering variation. Results of industrial study of technological conditions and sinter production parameters presented while its basicity was varied within the range of 1.7–4.1 abs. units in some periods of 2019. Results of pilot-industrial experiments on production in the IVQ-2019 of several batches of rather strong sinter highlighted, while their basicity was varied in series from 2.0 to 5.0 abs. units. A method of adjusting of sintering speed of a high-basic charge along the width of sintering machine proposed, comprising a rational forming of the charge layer in the charging funnel and the layer profile with a concave parabola surface form along the sintering machine width. The method comprised also an increase of the charge volume density in the upper elemental layers and particularly – in the peripheral zones of general charge layer at the sintering machines pallets. Description of the charging complex on the sintering machine pallets was given. Scientific and practical recommendations elaborated for modernization the technology and technological equipment for the charge loading on the sintering machine.

Although compost is widely used as an organic soil amendment or conditioner, little is known of how it affects the characteristics or interactions among soil constituents. To address this, mixture theory was used to describe the mass–volume–density–porosity attributes and interactions among bulk soil, the mineral constituent, and the organic matter constituent of a sandy loam soil in a no-till corn field that had received one-time additions of yard waste compost at rates of 0 (control), 64, 154, and 380 dry t ha−1. Bulk density (BD, 0–10 cm depth) decreased consistently and near-linearly with increasing soil organic matter (SOM) mass fraction (FOM) for all six growing seasons (2012–2017) after compost addition. Fitting mixture theory expressions to BD vs. FOMdata and to soil particle density vs. FOMdata for 2013–2017 yielded constant mineral and SOM self-packing densities of DM = 1.673 Mg m−3and DO = 0.335 Mg m−3, respectively, and constant mineral and SOM particle densities of ρM = 2.760 Mg m−3and ρO = 1.409 Mg m−3, respectively. On a self-packing basis, soil mineral and SOM domain porosities were constants at nM = 0.39 and nO = 0.76, respectively. On a bulk soil volume basis, soil mineral and SOM porosities and volume ratios were linear functions of FOM. The porosity and volume characteristics of the SOM domain differed substantially from those of bulk soil and the mineral domain, and may therefore control the agri-environmental performance of soil, given that organic matter influences soil functioning more than mineral matter.

Purpose To develop a method to measure the depth profile of microvacuoles (MVs) in intraocular lenses (IOLs) and to characterize, after accelerated aging, the glistening of an acrylic hydrophobic IOL. Setting Materials Science Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy. Design In vitro study. Methods A heat treatment was applied in vitro to Basis V IOLs exposed to deionized water (24 h at 45±1°C, rapid cooling, 24 h at 24±1°C). Thirty images (area 1.2 mm) of each IOL were acquired by a microscope, focusing on sequential planes every 23±2 μm. By tracking the traces of each MV in consecutive images, the coordinates of the MV centroids along the IOL thickness were construed by an automated procedure and, in the generated single-focus stacked image, MVs were counted by an automated method. Results MV density was found normally distributed along the IOL depth profile (Jarque-Bera test). In focus-stacked images, the MV automated counting was found accurate within 5% vs manual counting and MV volume density of the order of 10 mm was estimated. It was observed that stacks of 15 images provided a 4% lower MV volume density compared to the stacking of 30 images. Conclusions The assessment of the number of MVs by the acquisition of a single image of an IOL was influenced by the distance of the selected plane from the IOL surface. The decrease in MV density approaching the IOL edges can be explained as a consequence of the diffusion of water toward the external environment after accelerated aging.

The prostatotropic activity of glycyrrhizic acid disodium salt (Na2GA) was studied in the models of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) induced by chronic injection of sulpiride (40 mg/kg intraperitoneally for 8 weeks) or testosterone propionate (20 mg/kg subcutaneously for 4 weeks) in the Wistar rats. The oral administration of Na2GA in a dose of 100 mg/kg produced a moderate antiproliferative effect in both BPH models resulting in reduced volume density of prostatic epithelium (in the testosterone model) and increased volume density of the glandular lumen (in both models). The observed prostatotropic effects of Na2GA were similar to those of Permixon and finasteride, but they were less pronounced as confirmed by smaller drops in epithelial volume density and epithelial-to-stromal ratio compared to the effects of both reference drugs.

We measure the gas disc thicknesses of the edge-on galaxy NGC 4013 and the less edge-on galaxies (NGC 4157 and 5907) using CO (CARMA/OVRO) and/or HI (EVLA) observations. We also estimate the scale heights of stars and/or the star formation rate (SFR) for our sample of five galaxies using Spitzer IR data (3.6 $\mu$m and 24 $\mu$m). We derive the average volume densities of the gas and the SFR using the measured scale heights along with radial surface density profiles. Using the volume density that is more physically relevant to the SFR than the surface density, we investigate the existence of a volumetric star formation law (SFL), how the volumetric SFL is different from the surface-density SFL, and how the gas pressure regulates the SFR based on our galaxy sample. We find that the volumetric and surface SFLs in terms of the total gas have significantly different slopes, while the volumetric and surface SFLs in terms of the molecular gas do not show any noticeable difference. The volumetric SFL for the total gas has a flatter power-law slope of 1.26 with a smaller scatter of 0.19 dex compared to the slope (2.05) and the scatter (0.25 dex) of the surface SFL. The molecular gas SFLs have similar slopes of 0.78 (volume density) and 0.77 (surface density) with the same rms scatter. We show that the interstellar gas pressure is strongly correlated with the SFR but find no significant difference between the correlations based on the volume and surface densities., Comment: 19 pages, 18 figures, Accepted for publication in MNRAS

In this study volume density of gray and white matter of cervical segments of spinal cords of rats were investigated using stereological method. Twelve male Wistar albino rats were used in the study as two different age groups 1 month and 5 months. All animals were fixed by perfusing 10% buffered formalin. Rats were dissected and spinal cords of rats were removed. In the study cervical segments of 1 and 5 months age rats were obtained. One of the first 15 section were selected randomly when the sections were taken. And following every 50th section was determined by systematic random sampling. Thus, 8-10 sections of 5µm thickness were obtained from cervical segments of each animal’s medulla spinalis. These sections were stained by hemotoxylin eosin and they were photographed at microscope. Densities of volumes of all tissue of cervical segments of whole spinal cord and white and gray matters were calculated using dotted area ruler by Cavalieri Principle. SHTEREOM 1.5 package programme was used for counting dotted area. In addition, the volume vales of total cervical segment, volume values of the white matter and the gray matter and the ratios of these volume values to each other were evaluated in the study.

The effect of bulk density on the tensile strength and air permeability of a nonwoven needle-punched fabric based on polyester fibers with a linear density of 1.7 tex is investigated. The bulk density of the fabric was varied by processing in the clearance between a heated roller and a conveyor belt. A twofold increase in tensile strength was achieved with a relatively small decrease in air permeability.

The aim of the research was to studying histological and some morphomethrics feathers of the liver and related with them lethality during experimental complete and partial obstruction of the extrahepatic bile ducts (COEHBD and POEHBD). Materials and methods. The experiment was included 83 rats that were sacrificed on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th and 35th days. COEHBD was modeled by ligation and transaction of the common bile duct, POEHBD was modeled by ligation of the common bile duct with a needle of a given diameter. Histological analyses of the liver was performed together with morphometric study. Results. The death of rats occurs during the first 3 days of the experiment and after 14 days, with a predominance of mortality on 14-35 days compared to the period up to 14 days (p

The volume density of vehicles is a problem that often occurs in every city, as for the impact of vehicle density is congestion. Classification of vehicle density levels on certain roads is required because there are at least 7 vehicle density level conditions. Monitoring conducted by the police, the Department of Transportation and the organizers of the road currently using video-based surveillance such as CCTV that is still monitored by people manually. Deep Learning is an approach of synthetic neural network-based learning machines that are actively developed and researched lately because it has succeeded in delivering good results in solving various soft-computing problems, This research uses the convolutional neural network architecture. This research tries to change the supporting parameters on the convolutional neural network to further calibrate the maximum accuracy. After the experiment changed the parameters, the classification model was tested using K-fold cross-validation, confusion matrix and model exam with data testing. On the K-fold cross-validation test with an average yield of 92.83% with a value of K (fold) = 5, model testing is done by entering data testing amounting to 100 data, the model can predict or classify correctly i.e. 81 data.

The continuously increasing trend of natural gas (NG) consumption due to its clean nature and abundant availability indicates an inevitable transition to an NG-dominated economy. Solidified natural gas (SNG) storage via combustible ice or clathrate hydrates presents an economically sound prospect, promising high volume density and long-term storage. Herein, we establish 1,3-dioxolane (DIOX) as a highly efficient dual-action (thermodynamic and kinetic promoter) additive for the formation of clathrate (methane sII) hydrate. By synergistically combining a small concentration (300 ppm) of the kinetic promoter L-tryptophan with DIOX, we further demonstrated the ultra-rapid formation of hydrates with a methane uptake of 83.81 (±0.77) volume of gas/volume of hydrate (v/v) within 15 min. To the best of our knowledge, this is the fastest reaction time reported to date for sII hydrates related to SNG technology and represents a 147% increase in the hydrate formation rate compared to the standard water–DIOX system. Mixed methane–DIOX hydrates in pelletized form also exhibited incredible stability when stored at atmospheric pressure and moderate temperature of 268.15 K, thereby showcasing the potential to be industrially applicable for the development of a large-scale NG storage system.

Motivated by the high speed but insufficient precision of the existing fast point feature histogram algorithm, a new fast point feature histogram registration algorithm based on density optimization is proposed. In this method, a 44-section blank feature histogram is first established, and then a principal component analysis is implemented to calculate the normal of each point in the point cloud. By translating the coordinate system in the established local coordinate system, the normal angle of each point pair and its weighted neighborhood are obtained, and then a fast point feature histogram with 33 sections is established. The reciprocal of the volume density for the central point and its weighted neighborhood are calculated simultaneously. The whole reciprocal space is divided into 11 sections. Thus, a density fast point feature histogram with 44 sections is obtained. On inputting the testing models, the initial pose of the point cloud is adjusted using the traditional fast point feature histogram and the proposed algorithms, respectively. Then, the iterative closest point algorithm is incorporated to complete the fine registration test. Compared with the traditional fine registration test algorithm, the proposed optimization algorithm can obtain 44 feature parameters under the condition of a constant time complexity. Moreover, the proposed optimization algorithm can reduce the standard deviation by 8.6% after registration. This demonstrates that the proposed method encapsulates abundant information and can achieve a high registration accuracy.

In this study, a geometric model of a growing forest stand has been explored. The basic relationships considered link stand volume and stand density, diameter at breast height (DBH), mean DBH and mean height. The model provides simple formulas connecting the exponents of all the relationships. Application of the formulas to real forestry data provided a high level of predictions of an exponent from two others measured through regressions from empirical data. The Pinus sylvestris L. data were of a static nature, a collection of individual stands, while the Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco data were dynamic, representing forest stand development over time. The ability of the model to predict exponents in the empirical data implies, on the one hand, a substantial level of similarity between the model and the forestry data. And, on the other hand, the model gives an example in which parameters of one relationship may be linked to parameters of another. Supposedly this kind of ‘relationship between relationships’ may be observed in forest stands undergoing active growth and competition-induced self-thinning.

A method for reconstruction of the volume density distribution in dynamic targets from their proton radiography image is considered. The reconstruction can be carried out using the inverse Abel transform under the assumption that the studied object and processes have radial symmetry. To increase the accuracy of reconstructed data, algorithms for correction of basic types of distortions of proton radiography images are proposed. The results of processing experimental data obtained on proton radiography facilities PUMA at ITEP and PRIOR at GSI are presented.