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Changes in radioactivity were studied during one day in common proteins, karyoplasm and chromatin of testis tissue and in the blood serum of rats after administration of (14C)ethanol and (14C)acetaldehyde. In a series of experiments the acetaldehyde involvement dynamics was determined on the background of disulphiram action. It has been found that the rate of elimination of indicator doses of ethanol and acetaldehyde from the blood varies within a day. In the interval (2-4 h) the ethanol utilization rate is higher than that of acetaldehyde. It is, probably, caused by the activity of ethanol transformation enzymes, intensive ethanol oxidation and inflow of the transformation products to the tissues. Karyoplasm had the highest level of radioactivity among the investigated testis structures. During the day the acetaldehyde accumulation rate per a unit of time was several times lower in chromatin, than in karyoplasm. These results permit supposing that the testis karyoplasm structures possess the mechanisms which inhibit acetaldehyde penetration into chromatin of the male generative cells.

The effects of a novel antialcoholic medication medichronal on the serotonine concentration in blood of patients with second stage alcoholism was investigated. It has been discovered that remission in 75% of the patients was connected with its hyper- and hyposerotoninemic influence, depending on the initial lowered or increased serotonine content. Similarity of medichronal and unithiol effects was observed in the form of palyndromoinversion regulation of serotoninergic activity. In a portion of the patients the increased, compared to healthy persons, serotonine concentration before and after the treatment does not differ from the average values in the whole group.

Treating patients with stage-II alcoholism with medichronal and unithiol sharply decreases blood levels of alcohol and acetaldehyde. Medichronal restores the decreased level of norepinephrine excretion in 25% of patients and the increased level of epinephrine in 43%. The high baseline concentration of serotonin dropped in 41%, however, its level remained higher than in the controls. There was a negative correlation between the changes of ethanol concentrations and the excretion of norepinephrine. There was a direct dependence between the changes in the norepinephrine/epinephrine ratio and the serotonin concentration.

The application of the novel antialcoholic drug Medichronal mainly results in normalization of dyscatecholaminemias, by lowering or elevating noradrenaline or adrenaline levels. This effect is similar to that produced by unitiol that is conventionally used in nacrological care. The changes in catecholamine levels occur in various dyscatecholaminemias characterized by a high or low excretion of biogenic monoamines. Before and after therapy, in some patients, the concentrations of catecholamines do not differ from those in healthy persons.

Changes in concentration of the rat blood serum malone dialdehyde (MDA) at separate and combined action of ethanol and acetaldehyde under conditions of their single and long-term administration have been investigated. In some series of experiments acetaldehyde and ethanol were administered together with teturame. The obtained data permit supposing that under conditions of acute ethanol intoxication an increase of the MDA concentration is caused by the acetaldehyde action. The long-term ethanol intoxication induces a significantly higher (if compared with acute intoxication) increase the MDA concentration. The results confirm the concept of the lipid peroxidation process at acute and chronic intoxication due to ethanol metabolism. Acetaldehyde is an important factor among those determining disturbances of cell biogenesis in the animal organism, causing an increase of the blood serum MDA.

Content of total proteins, cholesterol, and triglycerides was studied in the blood serum and lipoprotein fractions of rabbits after administration of protamine within 1, 3 and 7 months of hypercholesterolemia development. The protamine effect was accompanied by "equalization" of cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, as compared with their alteration in hypercholesterolemia, by stabilization of their content in various periods of the disease, but at the higher level than that of intact animals. The phenomenon observed occurred mainly in lipid components of LDL and VLDL subfractions. Analysis of alterations in the content of cholesterol and proteins in HDL and apo B-containing fractions showed that administration of protamine during long-term hypercholesterolemia led to development of antiatherogenic symptoms. Proatherogenic alterations in lipoprotein composition, developed during hypercholesterolemia, appear to be inhibited by protamine.

The effect of ethanol administration to guinea pigs (4 g/kg, per os) on the dynamics of [3H]-cholesterol incorporation into the liver and aorta tissues was studied for 3 months. It has been discovered that specific radioactivity of the control animals linearly increased during 24 hours in the blood serum. Ethanol reduced it as compared with the control only 0.5 h after a label has been introduced. Cholesterol renovation in the liver remained unchanged under the prolonged effect of ethanol. In the aorta the ethanol effect was characterized by a decrease of [3H]-cholesterol specific radioactivity 0.5 h after its administration. However, in this case the ratio of aorta/blood serum radioactivity increased. A day after the labelled cholesterol administration to alcoholized animals the radioactivity calculated per 1 mg of cholesterol and per unit of tissue weight and referred to the blood serum radioactivity was lower as compared to the control level.

Alterations in content of cholesterol and specific radio-activity of erythrocyte lipoproteins were studied in rats after administration of labelled sterol under conditions of acute and chronic influence of low 0.6 g/kg and high 4.0 g/kg doses of ethanol. Both these doses caused a decrease in content of high density lipoproteins (HDL) after single ethanol administration, while content of apoB containing lipoproteins as well as binding of labelled sterol with erythrocytes were elevated after long-term ethanol treatment. Atherogenicity index was increased after single and chronic administration of either low or high doses of ethanol. In chronic administration of low doses of ethanol specific radioactivity of HDL was decreased, thus suggesting that cholesterol acceptor function of these particles was lowered.

During 30-week hypercholesterolemia in rabbits and guinea pigs the differences in cholesterol dynamics manifested themselves in quantitative variations of blood serum proteins. Five weeks after the beginning of the experiment a sharp increase of cholesterol level corresponded to the equally sharp decrease of the quantity of blood serum total and cation proteins. The variation of protein and cholesterol concentrations in guinea pigs during 17 weeks is similar to the development of early stages of cholesterolemia (4 weeks) in rabbits. It can be supposed that there is a connection between metabolic systems involved in the transformation of blood serum cholesterol and blood serum.

The results of the isolated and combined effects of teturam and acetaldehyde indicate that a decrease of noradrenaline levels in the brain and heart is induced by teturam. An increase of adrenaline content in the hypothalamus is determined by acetaldehyde. In the adrenals the agents produce the oppositely directed changes in catecholamine content. Against the background of chronic administration of acetaldehyde teturam potentiates its influence on changes in noradrenaline levels in all tissues except the adrenals and adrenaline levels in the hypothalamus and brain stem.

Using gradient gel electrophoresis, the levels of major classes of rabbit blood sera lipoproteins were studied over a period of 28 days. Hypercholesterolemia persisted up to the 4th day with a subsequent decrease. This was paralleled with an increase in the levels of triglyceride-rich and apoB-containing particles. The decrease of the electrophoretic mobility of low density lipoproteins correlated with an increased content of the intermediate fraction. On the 28th day after the beginning of experiment the concentration of total high density lipoproteins showed an increase. The subfractional redistribution of HDL3 and HDL2 subclasses pointed to the stimulation of the accepting process and the overall reverse cholesterol transport system. A comparison of experimental results with literary data allowed to conclude that the relative decrease of the serum cholesterol level typical of hypercholesterolemia of one month duration is due to the activation of specific and nonspecific preventive mechanisms.

The influence of protamine on the HDL, LDL, VLDL species concentration variation as well as on their cholesterol and protein content in respect to total blood serum cholesterol in different periods (1 and 7 months) of hypercholesteremia in rabbits is investigated. Daily administration of protamine (10 mg/kg) during 30 days to intact animals did not change the investigated parameters. In the early period of hypercholesteremia protamine considerably increased the content of all lipoprotein fractions. Under the conditions of prolonged hypercholesteremia the LDL and VLDL concentrations decreased by 23 and 60 per cent, respectively; HDL increased by 101 per cent.

A total systems approach was used to study the structural and functional properties of red blood cells in 100 patients suffering from atherosclerotic circulatory encephalopathy, stages I-III: aggregation, deformability, superficial cytoarchitectonics, the content of ATP and 2,3 DPH, transport of univalent cations, and the cholesterol/phospholipid index of membranes. It has been demonstrated that as the atherosclerotic process progresses, the membrane rigidity increases as a result of excessive concentration of cholesterol in the cell, aggregation is enhanced, transport of ions and substances gets disturbed, the processes of glycolysis and synthesis of macroergs get inhibited. All this brings about the derangement of transport function of the cells because of disturbance of the properties of moving in the system of microcirculation.

Acetaldehyde alone and in combination with acute and chronic ethanol intoxication has been studied for its effect on the concentration of epinephrine and norepinephrine in different brain areas, in the heart muscle, in adrenals and blood plasma of rats. Acetaldehyde is shown to enhance the epinephrine and norepinephrine levels in the brain areas which are non-specific for neuromediation of the mentioned catecholamines. The joint administration of acetaldehyde and ethanol increased the epinephrine concentration in adrenals probably due to the effect of acetaldehyde. On the contrary, the norepinephrine concentration in the heart decreased because of the action of ethanol. The authors' data show that acetaldehyde becomes an inductor of the mechanisms of hormone-mediator dissociation, thus altering the functions of vegetative-adrenal system. The results of the investigation support the hypothesis that acetaldehyde plays a significant role among pathogenic factors of ethanol intoxication, since it changes in a special way the catecholamine concentration in the brain and in peripheral tissues.

Variations in the concentration of noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A) were examined in the hypothalamus, brain stem and cerebral hemispheres under the influence of acetaldehyde and ethanol given alone and combined in single and chronic doses. In some experiments acetaldehyde and ethanol were administered in combination with teturam. The data obtained attest to an important role of acetaldehyde in disturbing the catecholamine mechanisms under alcoholization. As for the hypothalamus, the action of acetaldehyde manifests in the coupling of the two oppositely directed processes--a decrease of NA concentration and a rise of A concentration. In contrast to the other study brain structures, in the cerebral hemispheres acetaldehyde combined with teturam reduces the level of NA and A.

The results of electrophoresis of blood serum proteins (BSP) in rats evidence that degradation of lipoproteins and one polypeptide of the postalbumin zone was observed after a single administration of ethanol in a dose of 4 g/kg. A daily administration of ethanol for one month was attended by a quantitative redistribution of BSP fractions due to their aggregation. The comparison of the effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde suggests that the change in BSP spectra observed under long-term alcoholization is produced by acetaldehyde action and is connected with the formation of polypeptide complexes. At a single and long-term use of ethanol there were no changes in the concentrations of common BSP.

Long-term administration (for three months) of ethanol has been studied for its effect on the composition and synthesis of electrophoretic fractions of soluble proteins of the liver, brain, heart, kidneys and adrenals tissues in the guinea pigs. The obtained data permit supposing that the quantitative redistribution of the fractions under study as influenced by ethanol is due to their aggregation. Most of the studied tissues demonstrate a decrease in specific radioactivity of total proteins and 5 of 8-9 recorded electrophoretic fractions. Only one fraction in the heart and brain has been characterized by an increase of the protein synthesis level. The authors' results and data from literature make it possible to conclude that while analyzing pathogenesis of the chronic intoxication by ethanol and alcoholism the quantitative redistribution of soluble proteins and suppression of their synthesis in various tissues should be taken into account.

Protein biosynthesis was markedly altered in liver cells after acute and chronic administration of ethanol in vivo and in vitro. The effects were dose- and time-dependent. Synthesis of cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins was inhibited in hepatocytes. In chronic intoxication activity of fibroblasts and collagen synthesis were stimulated. The data obtained suggest that inhibition of amino acids activation, impairment of translation and transcription were involved in mechanisms of the ethanol toxic effects on liver tissue. At the same time, negative effects of ethanol and its metabolites appear to be related to post-translation modification of polypeptides.

The content of protein, cholesterol and triglycerides in chylomicrons and different classes of blood serum lipoproteins was studied under protamine action in early (1 month) hypercholesterolemia. Except the low density lipoproteins the amount of triglycerides in the particles studied was practically unchanged. The content of proteins in all classes of lipoproteins was greatly increased and this may indicate that protamine activates the blood lipoprotein system. The enrichment of lipoproteins with cholesterol may be taken as being a result of protamine action in early hypercholesterolemia. The peculiar feature in the effect of protamine on mentioned lipoprotein components was that the protein/cholesterol ratio didn't change in chylomicrons, decreased in very low density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins and increased in high density lipoproteins as compared with controls.

Based on comprehensive examinations of 200 patients with hysterical neurosis, made in terms of a total systems biological approach it has been shown that closely interwoven biological and sociopsychological factors intercondition, supplement and determine both formation of the so-called "ground" and the clinical manifestations of neurosis. Hysterical neurosis is viewed as an original clinical model of the formation of the defence behavior system where a special system-forming role is played by the brain mechanisms of positive reinforcement, i. e. as resting on the mechanism of a pathological attraction to positive emotions, attained in a mediated manner via the system of negative emotions and their transformation.

Gel chromatography and electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel show that urea in vitro induces aggregation of blood proteins, with their content unchanged. The aggregation does not depend on the fibrinogen available. Comparison of the data on the effect of urea, DS-Na and thermal denaturation on the protein aggregation suggests that the aggregation is induced by local conformation transformations in the structure of certain protein molecules. At the same time, the data obtained do not permit neglecting the role of denaturation in the aggregation.

The authors described the dynamics of disorders of memory, attention and thinking in the course of treatment of patients with circulatory encephalopathy. It was shown that treatment resulted a prevailing regression of neurodynamic disorders of the higher psychic functions that was more productive at early stages of cerebrovascular insufficiency.

A technique of quantitative RCG analysis is proposed and tested. It enables the unbiased evaluation of regional hemodynamics phases and of the relation between blood flow rate in arterial and venous beds. The technique is based on calculating the first derivative of the radiocirculogram. The specially developed program may be executed by the computer (ZBM EC).

The authors developed a system of adaptive bioregulation based on the principle of biological feedback. Sixty hypertensive patients with the initial forms of cerebrovascular disturbances and 30 clinically healthy subjects were examined. Adaptive bioregulation is successfully realized in the technical system with a visual control of changes in the REG area. The treatment is associated with normalization of the tonus, vessel blood filling, arterial pressure and clinical status of patients. Adaptive bioregulation may be one of the methods of treatment of patients with cerebrovascular pathology. The effect of its use is determined by the duration and nature of the disease.

On the basis of radiocardiographic and radiocirculatory examination of the central and cerebral hemodynamics in 130 patients with dyscirculatory encephalopathy (DE) caused by essential hypertension and atherosclerosis, the authors have demonstrated that the development of DE is facilitated by disturbances of the central and peripheral hemodynamics. In turn, DE reduces the function of the autoregulatory mechanisms of the cerebral blood flow and leads to insufficiency of compensatory adaptive possibilities of the cardiovascular system. It is recommended that not only cerebral disorders but also the type (hyperkinetic, hypokinetic, eukinetic) of the blood circulation in these patients be taken into consideration in selecting the optimal method of treatment.

Clinical and polygraphical (EEG, EOG, EMG, ECG, REG) studies of nocturnal sleep and of the hemodynamics were carried out in 60 patients with dyscirculatory encephalopathy induced by hypertension and atherosclerosis. The findings obtained demonstrate that the clinical picture in these patients is always characterized by sleep disturbances which decrease the level of their diurnal wakefulness and their capacity for work. Hemodynamic disturbances responsible for sleep disorders are in turn maintained by the latter which leads to the formation of the vicious circle. This is also supported by the fact that compromized cerebral circulation causes changes in the activity of the structures involved both in sleep-wakefulness function and the regulation of the cerebral and systemic hemodynamics. Hence, deviations in the nocturnal sleep pattern attended with pronounced alterations in the cerebral hemodynamics may contribute to the development of acute disorders of the cerebral circulation. The authors recommend correcting not only the disrupted structure of sleep but also the cerebral circulation with relation to he sleep-wakefulness cycle.

An epidemiological analysis was carried out in 704 rural inhabitants. A significant incidence of cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors was found. The incidence of cerebrovascular pathology prevailed over the cardiac. With age hyperlipidemia increased, particularly in males. Therapeutic and prophylactic measures are discussed.

Cholesterol accumulation, quantitative changes and composition of lipoproteins, total proteins of blood serum and protein fractions obtained by acid extraction are studied in hypercholesterinemia dynamics in rabbits. It is found that the initial period of cholesterinosis in blood serum is marked by an increased content of total proteins and proteins extracted by acid followed, however, by substantial lowering of the level of these compounds. The proteins obtained by acid extraction are characterized by more explicit changes. This permits assuming their important role in the pathogenesis of hypercholesterinemia. The obtained results make it possible to state that the investigated proteins possess the alkaline properties. The data available in literature on the ability of alkaline polypeptides to bind cholesterol permit assuming that the investigated proteins have the same properties and, hence, can participate in the molecular mechanisms of cholesterol transport as well as in the processes of synthesis and transformations of separate classes of lipoproteins.

Unlabelled: Examined were 30 patients of young age with initial stage of dyscirculatory encephalopathy of atherosclerotic genesis. Determined were the level of lipid peroxidation, state of the physiological antioxidant system, level of lipids., Results: the patients showed a reduction of the antioxidant defense and conjugated increase of free-radical oxidation of lipids; direct correlation between the content of peroxidation compounds and increase of the level of atherogenic lipoproteids. It is suggested that antioxidants should be used during the period of their deficit (winter season) in patients of young age.

In 82 patients from 20--35 years of age with vegetative-vascular dystonia the authors studied clinical variants of the disease, the bioelectrical brain activity, the state of cerebral circulation, the visual analyzer, the cardiovascular system, histamine, protein, lipid, carbohydrate metabolism and the state of coagulative blood system. In the majority of the cases the studies demonstrated hystaminemia, some shifts in the biochemical blood content, an increased brain vascular tone, a drop of blood repletion and disturbances of regional hemodynamics. The studies also depicted a decreased functional lability of the main cortical bioelectrical processes, disturbances of electric activity and propulsive possibilities of the myocardium. It was also possible to demonstrate intercorrelation between the biochemical and electrophysiological indices with the type and form of the disease. It is assumed that the leading role in the pathogenesis of the disease belongs to the dysfunction of the limbico-reticular complex. Certain recommendations for normalization of the histamine metabolism are given as well as for the normalization of the reticulo-hypothalamic system functions. The authors also indicate a necessity of an early screening of the patients with vegetative-vascular dystonia.

Conditions are developed for fractionation of total proteins of blood serum and lipoproteids within a linear gradient of the polyacrylamide gel concentration. Optimal separation of the proteins was observed at initial concentrations of acrylamide 3 and 10%: lipoproteids--2 and 15%. The composition of haptoglobins should be taken into consideration when analyzing the spectrum of human serum proteins. For this purpose samples fractionated simultaneously in one gel plate should be subjected to differential staining with amide black and benzidine. It is established that the efficiency of alpha-lipoproteids subfractions separation is reached by electrophoresis of this class lipoproteids after polyethylene glycol precipitation. The method described broadens essentially potentialities of electrophoretic fractionation of blood serum proteins due to an increase in the resolving power and sensitivity.

It has been shown by gel chromatography and electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel that single and chronic therapeutic doses of furosemide and hypothiazide did not alter the structure of rat blood serum proteins. Exception was a single administration of hypothiazide that provoked the formation of labile protein associations. In contrast, administration of urea to the animals resulted in the formation of large stable aggregations of serum proteins. The associations contained albumin, transferrin, immunoglobulins and group-specific proteins situated on the electrophoregram between transferrin and albumin.

Content of cholesterol and binding of its labelled analogue was studied in guinea pigs tissues after hypercholesterolemia, ethanol intoxication and their combined action within 30, 60 and 90 days. Long-term consumption of cholesterol and chronic alcoholization caused accumulation of the steroid but in abundance of exogenous cholesterol its concentration was increased mainly in liver tissue and blood serum, whole in ethanol intoxication--in brain and kidney tissues. Chronic alcoholization contributed to cholesterosis development; the increase in cholesterol content was accompanied by a decrease in its renovation, especially distinct in liver and heart tissues. Combined effect of cholesterol and ethanol on liver tissue was detected within 60 days; at the same time, simultaneous effect of cholesterol and ethanol caused more pronounced impairments in liver tissue within 90 days as compared with the individual action of these drugs. Concentration of cholesterol was not altered in heart muscle after administration either cholesterol or ethanol, while its content was increased after the drugs simultaneous effect.

Guinea pigs after 30, 60 and 90 days of cholesterol, ethanol and cholesterol + ethanol action have been studied for content of cholesterol, lipoproteins of certain classes, quantitative and qualitative composition of blood serum proteins. It has been found that cholesterol does not induce expressed hypercholesterinemia and does not hinder cholesterol accumulation in the blood serum and liver of animals. The specific activity of [3H] cholesterol in the liver under cholesterinosis and its combination with ethanol intoxication for the whole period of experiments is lower than in the control, which testifies to retardation of its renewal. This may stimulate development of pathological hypercholesterinemia-induced states. After 3-month ethanol intoxication the amount of alkaline serum proteins has grown and ethanol retains its action against a background of hypercholesterinemia. The found effect is supposed to reflect one of the compensatory mechanisms for hypercholesterinemia and atherogenesis prevention.

Using a novel method of electrophoresis, patients with atherosclerotic and hypertonic dyscirculatory encephalopathy were examined for protein fractions of their blood serum. Various kinds of dysproteinemia and dyslipoproteinemia were recorded, with their manifestations being particularly pronounced in cerebral atherosclerosis with the syndrome of arterial hypertension. Clinical improvement following the therapy was usually accompanied by the normalization of the protein spectrum of blood serum. The results obtained may be utilized in the differential diagnosis and the evaluation of the therapy efficacy.