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Ziel der Studie ist es, das Internetverhalten von Patienten mit Anorexia und Bulimia nervosa zu untersuchen. Dabei soll vor allem auf die kommunikative Nutzung des Internets sowie auf die in Internetforen und sozialen Netzwerken erfahrene soziale Unterstützung und die Qualität der Beziehungen eingegangen werden. Weiterhin wird die Auswirkung von Foren auf den Krankheitsverlauf und die Bekanntheit und Nutzung von proanorektischen Foren, die Essstörungen nicht als Krankheit, sondern als Lebensstil deklarieren, erforscht. Außerdem soll die Bekanntheit und Akzeptanz von internetbasierten Therapien im Sinne von E-Mental-Health erfragt werden. E-Mental-Health beschreibt die Nutzung von neuen Technologien wie dem Internet oder Mobiltelefonen für Prävention, Früherkennung, Therapie und Rückfallprophylaxe von psychiatrischen Erkrankungen. Methoden: Die Daten wurden mithilfe eines anonym auszufüllenden Fragebogens von 81 in ambulanter und stationärer Behandlung befindlichen Patienten mit Anorexia und Bulimia nervosa zwischen 18 und 35 Jahren (MW 23,99 Jahre ± 3,97 SD) erhoben. Die Patienten wurden 2012 multizentrisch innerhalb Deutschlands rekrutiert und ihre Antworten wurden mit denen von 81 Kontrollpersonen verglichen. 93,8 % der Teilnehmer waren weiblich und 6,2 % männlich. Ergebnisse: Die wöchentliche Zeit, die Patienten mit Anorexia und Bulimia nervosa im Internet und in Gesprächsforen verbringen, unterscheidet sich nicht signifikant von der von Kontrollpersonen. In erster Linie werden im Internet E-Mails und Suchmaschinen genutzt. Patienten nutzen im Internet mehr Foren (p = 0,030) und soziale Netzwerke (p = 0,019) als Kontrollpersonen. Forennutzende Patienten sind in Foren signifikant aktiver als Kontrollpersonen (p = 0,004). Darüber hinaus besuchen Patienten mit Essstörung, welche Foren nutzen, diese signifikant häufiger aus emotionalen Gründen, darunter vor allem aufgrund von negativen Gefühlen (p < 0,001) und zur Ablenkung von einer Schwierigkeit (p = 0,001). Foren können aus Sicht der Patienten sowohl positive als auch negative Auswirkungen auf deren Krankheitsverlauf haben. Proanorektische Websites sind bei mehr als der Hälfte der Patienten bekannt, wobei ein Fünftel angibt, diese regelmäßig genutzt zu haben. Internetbasierte Therapien sind bei weniger als 20 % der Patienten bekannt und es besteht diesbezüglich eine eher skeptische Haltung. Beziehungen in Foren und sozialen Netzwerken werden von den Probanden als weniger wichtig angesehen und sind außerhalb des Internets stärker. Dennoch erfahren forennutzende Patienten mit Anorexia und Bulimia nervosa emotionale Aspekte wie Verständnis, Gruppenzugehörigkeit und Respekt in ihren Beziehungen in Foren signifikant häufiger als Kontrollpersonen (p < 0,001). Forennutzende Patienten erhalten in Foren signifikant mehr soziale Unterstützung als Kontrollpersonen (p < 0,001) und es können aus Sicht der Patienten auch persönliche und soziale Kompetenzen wie Selbstbewusstsein und Offenheit gestärkt werden (p = 0,044). Diskussion: Es gibt bereits einige erfolgversprechende Ergebnisse bezüglich E-Mental-Health im Bereich von Essstörungen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie deuten darauf hin, dass Internetforen für Patienten mit Anorexia und Bulimia nervosa wichtiger sind als für gesunde Kontrollpersonen. Patienten nutzen das Internet stärker als Kommunikationsmedium und sie erfahren mehr soziale Unterstützung in Foren als Kontrollpersonen. Trotz teilweise hoch sensitiver Ergebnisse ist die Aussagekraft der forenspezifischen Ergebnisse aufgrund der geringen Stichprobenzahl eingeschränkt. Mithilfe eines breiteren Wissens um das Internetverhalten von Patienten mit Anorexia und Bulimia nervosa können Therapien effizienter gestaltet werden. Zukünftige Studien sollten untersuchen, welche Foren sich gesundheitsfördernd und welche sich eher gesundheitsschädigend auswirken. Außerdem sollte zukünftige Forschung untersuchen, wie man E-Mental-Health effektiv in die Therapie von Essstörungen integrieren kann. Fazit: Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie deuten darauf hin, dass E-Mental-Health bei vielen Patienten mit Anorexia und Bulimia nervosa eine gute Ergänzung der bisherigen Therapie darstellen könnte., The objective of this study is to investigate the behaviour in the internet of patients suffering from anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Particularly, the communicative usage of the internet as well as the quality of relationships and social support received in discussion boards and social networks are studied. In addition, this study aims to investigate the influence of discussion boards on the course of the disease and the level of awareness and usage of pro-anorectic discussion boards witch declare eating disorders not as a disease but as lifestyle. Furthermore the acceptability of internetbased therapies in the sense of e-mental health is analyzed. E-mental health describes the usage of new technologies like the internet or mobile phones in the field of prevention, early detection, therapy and relapse prevention of psychiatric disorders. Methods: Data was gathered by the use of anonymous completed questionnaires from 81 out- and inpatient participants aged 18 to 35 years old (mean 23,99 years ± 3,97 SD) suffering from anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Patients were recruited in 2012 throughout Germany and their answers were compared to answers from 81 controls. 93,8 % were female and 6,2 % male. Results: There was no difference found in the weekly amount of usage of the internet and discussion boards between eating disordered patients and the control group. Principally internet is used for e-mails and search engines. Patients use the internet more for discussion boards (p = 0,030) and social networks (p = 0,019) than the control group does. Patients with eating disorders who use discussion boards behave more actively in discussion boards than the control group does (p = 0,004). They also visit discussion boards significantly more often because of emotional needs, particularly when they have negative feelings (p < 0,001) or to distract themselves from trouble (p = 0,001). Patients claim that discussion boards can have positive as well as negative impacts on the course of their disease. Pro-anorectic websites are known by half of the patients, whereas a fifth affirms to have habitually used these websites. Internetbased therapies are known by less than 20 % of the patients and there is a rather sceptical opinion about them. Participants relationships in discussion boards and social networks are seen as less important and relationships based outside of the virtual world are considered more important. However, patients with anorexia and bulimia nervosa who use discussion boards experience a significantly higher quality of interpersonal contact like comprehension, a sense of belonging and respect on the discussion boards in comparison to the control group (p < 0,001). They also claim to receive significantly more social support in discussion boards (p < 0,001) as well as strengthen personal and social competence such as self-esteem and openness than controls (p = 0,044). Discussion: There are some promising results regarding e-mental health in the area of eating disorders. It appears that discussion boards are more important for patients with anorexia and bulimia nervosa than for controls. Patients use the internet more as a communicative medium and they receive more social support in discussion boards than the control group does. Nevertheless there is a limited meaningfulness of the results concerning discussion boards due to the small number of sample. With the help of a broader knowledge of the behaviour in the internet of patients with anorexia and bulimia nervosa therapies can be designed more efficiently. Future studies should investigate which discussion boards promote healthy lifestyles and which ones encourage eating disorders. Furthermore future research should focus on how e-mental health can be integrated effectively into the therapy of eating disorders. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that e-mental health could be a good complement to the current therapy for many patients suffering from anorexia and bulimia nervosa.

Additional file 1. Questionnaire: Information seeking in bipolar disorder.

Die bipolare Störung ist eine psychische Erkrankung, die sich durch wiederkehrende depressive und (hypo-) manische Phasen auszeichnet. Neben Stimmungsschwankungen leiden viele Patienten unter kognitiven Beeinträchtigungen, die nicht nur während akuter Episoden, sondern auch in der Remission, d.h. in euthymer Stimmungslage persistieren. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigte sich mit den klinischen Korrelaten von kognitiven Defiziten und der Effektivität eines kognitiven Trainings bei bipolaren Patienten (BP). In der ersten Teilstudie wurde untersucht, wie sich die kognitive Leistung der Patienten von der akuten Phase bis zur Remission verändert. Dazu wurden 55 akut depressive und (hypo-) manische BP und 55 gesunde Kontrollpersonen wiederholt mit einer neuropsychologischen Testbatterie untersucht. 29 Patienten konnten nach mindestens 3-monatiger Remission erneut getestet werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die akut kranken BP domänenübergreifend kognitive Störungen im Vergleich zu gesunden Kontrollen aufweisen, wobei die depressiven Patienten eher in der Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit, der Aufmerksamkeit und dem Gedächtnis beeinträchtigt waren. Die akut manischen Patienten hatten hingegen auffällige Defizite in den exekutiven Funktionen. Die Performanz der BP besserte sich zwar in der Remission, es waren aber weiterhin im Vergleich zu den Kontrollen Defizite in der psychomotorischen Geschwindigkeit, dem Arbeitsgedächtnis und dem verbalen Gedächtnis festzustellen. Es zeigte sich außerdem, dass die Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit, die Aufmerksamkeit und das verbale Gedächtnis in Zusammenhang mit subdepressiven Symptomen und Schlafstörungen standen, wohingegen die exekutiven Testmaße nicht mit diesen „State“-Faktoren assoziiert waren. Diese Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass die exekutiven Funktionen als Trait-Merkmale der bipolaren Störung in Frage kommen, wohingegen Aufmerksamkeit und Gedächtnis durch das Vorliegen von Residualsymptomen beeinträchtigt sind. Ziel des zweiten Teils dieser Arbeit war es, eine kognitive Defizit- vs. Nondefizit Subgruppe innerhalb der BP zu identifizieren, um herauszufinden welche soziodemographischen oder krankheitsrelevanten Charakteristika mit kognitiven Störungen in Zusammenhang stehen. Dazu wurde die neuropsychologische Testleistung von 79 euthymen BP und 70 gesunden Kontrollen verglichen. Es zeigte sich erwartungsgemäß, dass die BP in der psychomotorischen Geschwindigkeit, der Aufmerksamkeit, dem Arbeitsgedächtnis, dem verbalen Gedächtnis, der Wortflüssigkeit und dem problemlösenden Denken trotz stabiler Remission signifikant schlechtere Leistungen erbrachten als die gesunden Kontrollen. Im Anschluss wurde die bipolare Stichprobe anhand ihrer Testleistung in eine Defizit- und eine Nondefizit Gruppe aufgeteilt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass 54% der BP in allen Tests eine völlig normgerechte Leistung erbrachten. Die Studie bestätigte demnach, dass nicht alle Patienten kognitive Defizite aufweisen, sondern Subgruppen bestehen, die sich in verschiedenen Variablen voneinander unterscheiden: Die Defizit-Subgruppe berichtete signifikant mehr subdepressive Symptome und es lagen häufiger persistierenden Schlafstörungen und die Diagnose einer komorbiden Erkrankung vor (Angststörung, ADHS und Migräne). Zudem zeigte sich ein Zusammenhang zwischen Polypharmazie und kognitiven Defiziten. Diese Ergebnisse demonstrieren, dass ein Teil der kognitiven Störungen bei BP durch eine nicht vollständige Remission und sekundäre Symptome bedingt sind. Es ergab sich keine Assoziation zwischen kognitiver Leistung und krankheitsrelevanten Variablen, wie z.B. Anzahl der Phasen, Bipolar-Subtyp oder Ersterkrankungsalter. Diese Daten widersprechen zwar nicht der Hypothese, dass kognitive Störungen durch neurodegenerative Prozesse bedingt sind, sie weisen jedoch darauf hin, dass bei der bipolaren Störung häufig Residualsymptome vorliegen, welche im Rahmen von Studie als auch bei der therapeutischen Arbeit stärker als bisher berücksichtigt werden müssen. In beiden Teilstudien zeigte sich zudem, dass kognitive Störungen mit einem reduzierten psychosozialen Funktionsniveaus in Verbindung stehen. Dieses Ergebnis steht in Einklang mit bisherigen Untersuchungen, die berichten, dass Patienten mit kognitiven Defiziten soziale und berufliche Einschränkungen aufweisen, die wiederum mit einem schlechteren Krankheitsverlauf assoziiert ist. Aufgrund dessen wurde von einigen Autoren vorgeschlagen, mit Hilfe spezieller Interventionen wie der kognitiven Remediation (KR) die geistigen Funktionen zu rehabilitieren. In der vorliegenden Interventionsstudie wurde deshalb der Frage nachgegangen, ob die neurokognitive Leistungsfähigkeit und das psychosoziale Funktionsniveau der bipolaren Stichprobe durch KR verbessert werden kann. Zudem sollte untersucht werden, inwiefern kognitives Training zu Veränderungen der präfrontalen Hirnaktivität führt. Dafür wurde vor und nach dem Training eine Messung mit der Methode der funktionellen Nahinfrarotspektroskopie (fNIRS) durchgeführt. Das 3-monatige KR-Programm bestand aus einem computerisierten kognitiven Training und der Vermittlung von kognitiven Skills im Rahmen von 12-wöchentlichen Gruppensitzungen. Im Anschluss an das Training wurden die Teilnehmer (26 bipolare und als Vergleichsgruppe 13 unipolare Patienten) im Rahmen einer Post-Messung wiederholt untersucht. Zudem wurde zum Vergleich eine Kontrollgruppe von 10 BP im Abstand von 3 Monaten untersucht, die keine Intervention, sondern die Standardbehandlung erhielt. Aufgrund zahlreicher Drop-Outs konnten am Ende des Erhebungszeitraums die Daten von 16 bipolaren und 10 unipolar depressiven Patienten ausgewertet werden. Die Trainingsteilnehmer erbrachten im Gegensatz zu der Kontrollgruppe signifikante Leistungssteigerungen in den Tests zur Erfassung der psychomotorischen Geschwindigkeit, dem Arbeitsgedächtnisses, dem verbalen Gedächtnis und dem problemlösenden Denken. Zudem zeigte sich nach dem Training eine Verbesserung des psychosozialen Funktionsniveaus und eine Reduktion der subdepressiven Symptomatik. Eine Veränderung der präfrontalen Hirnaktivierung konnte jedoch nicht verifiziert werden. Die Ergebnisse lassen demnach schlussfolgern, dass Patienten mit affektiven Störungen von einem kognitiven Training profitieren, wobei die damit einhergehenden funktionalen Veränderungen der Hirnaktivität in Studien mit größeren Stichproben untersucht werden müssen., Bipolar disorder is a recurrent and highly disabling affective disorder characterized by mood instability as well as cognitive disturbances. Considerable evidence has demonstrated that neuropsychological deficits are prevalent both during acute episodes and euthymia. Recent studies verified cognitive impairments during euthymia with deficits up to one standard deviation below average in psychomotor speed, attention, working memory, long term memory and executive functioning. Up to now, the mechanisms behind why some bipolar patients (BP) do not reach their former level of cognitive performance and psychosocial functioning while others remit completely, are not understood. In the first part of this doctoral thesis a longitudinal study was conducted which aimed to characterize changes in cognitive functioning from acute illness to remission in BP. For this purpose, 55 acutely admitted BP (35 depressed, 20 hypo-/ manic) and 55 healthy controls (HC) were tested with an extended neuropsychological test battery (attention, working memory, verbal memory and executive functioning). The measurement was repeated after three month of remission in 29 BP and 55 controls. The results showed global impairments in acutely admitted BP compared to HC. In particular, depressed patients showed a characteristic psychomotor slowing while (hypo-) manic patients had severe deficits in working memory and frontal-executive functions. During remission, cognitive functions in BP partially recovered while psychomotor speed, working memory and verbal memory were still impaired. Furthermore, it was shown that “state” factors such as subclinical symptoms and persisting sleep disorder were significantly associated with speed, attention and verbal memory. In contrast, working memory was correlated with psychotic symptoms (life time), indicating this cognitive domain as trait-related. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that residual symptoms could be potential confounders in studies on cognition and the search for cognitive endophenotypes in BD. However, to clarify trait vs. disease process effects in cognition in BD, more studies with a prospective design are needed. The second study of the present thesis aimed to identify a “cognitive deficit vs. non-deficit” subgroup within BD to find clinical correlates of cognitive impairments. Therefore, the neuropsychological test performance of 79 euthymic outpatients (BD-I and II) was compared to 70 matched, healthy controls. As expected, the sample of euthymic BP performed significantly worse than controls in psychomotor speed, divided attention, working memory, verbal memory, word fluency and problem solving. However, 54 % of the patients did not have any neurocognitive deficits at all, and whether or not a patient belonged to the non-deficit group was not influenced by disease severity (e.g. number of previous episodes, duration of illness, age of onset or bipolar subtype). Instead, our results demonstrated that patients suffering from persistent sleep disturbances and sub-threshold depressive symptomatology show more severe cognitive dysfunctions. In addition, comorbid disorders like anxiety, ADHD and migraine were associated with cognitive deficits. Furthermore, polypharmacy seemed to have a negative influence on cognitive functioning in BP. In sum, these results suggest that a major part of cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder is due to partial remission and secondary symptoms, especially sleep disorder and sub-syndromal depression. Even though our results do not disprove the idea of neurodegenerative processes in bipolar disorder, our data underscore the importance of residual symptoms. This has implications for future research and calls for the improvement of treatment options for cognitively impaired BP. The results of both studies reported above, showed an association between cognitive deficits and low psychosocial functioning. This is in line with previous studies showing strong associations between cognitive impairment and low social or occupational functioning which has in turn negative effects on illness progression. Therefore, many researchers suggest interventions not only to improve affective symptoms, but also cognitive dysfunctions. Cognitive remediation (CR) is a new psychological treatment specifically targeting cognitive functioning and coping skills, which is commonly assessed in patients with schizophrenia. Although BP have less severe, but similar cognitive deficits compared to patients suffering from schizophrenia, there is only little evidence on the efficacy of CR programs in patients with affective disorders. In the present thesis we developed a tailored CR program to evaluate the effect on the patients’ objective neuropsychological performance and everyday psychosocial functioning. Furthermore, we assessed the effect of CR on neural activity. For this purpose we applied functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure frontal cortex activation prior and after CR. The CR program was composed of 12 group sessions which were conducted weekly. It consisted of a computerized training of several cognitive functions and a cognitive-skills part including mindfulness-based strategies as well as memorizing, problem solving, verbal reasoning, planning, organization in daily life and effective communication techniques. 39 bipolar und unipolar depressive patients took part in the cognitive training, however, due to several drop-outs only 26 patients could be measured again after the training. A comparable control group consisting of 10 BP was measured at baseline and follow-up after three month of treatment. Within the patient group a significant improvement of cognitive performance after cognitive training could be assessed: Compared to the control group, BP showed an improved performance in divided attention, working memory, verbal memory and problem solving after the CR program; unipolar depressive patients additionally improved in psychomotor speed and susceptibility to interference. Both bipolar and unipolar patients showed a higher psychosocial functioning and a reduction of subdepressive symptoms after the CR program. However, we did not reveal any pre-post changes in neural activity of the prefrontal cortex as measured by fNIRS. Therefore, our results demonstrate that patients with affective disorders benefit from CR with regard to mood symptoms and neurocognitive/ psychosocial functioning. However, the relation between behavioral changes and changes in functional activation following CR requires further studies.

Background: A large number of patients with bipolar disorder (BD) can be characterized by predominant polarity (PP), which has important implications for relapse prevention. Recently, Popovic et al. (EUR NEUROPSYCHOPHARM 22(5): 339–346, 2012) proposed the Polarity Index (PI) as a helpful tool in the maintenance treatment of BD. As a numeric expression, it reflects the efficacy of drugs used in treatment of BD. In the present retrospective study, we aimed to validate this Index in a large and well characterized German bipolar sample. Methods: We investigated 336 bipolar patients (BP) according to their PP and calculated the PI for each patient in order to prove if maintenance treatment differs according to their PP. Furthermore, we analysed whether PP is associated with demographic and clinical characteristics of BP. Results: In our sample, 63.9% of patients fulfilled criteria of PP: 169 patients were classified as depressive predominant polarity (DPP), 46 patients as manic predominant polarity (MPP). The two groups differed significantly in their drug regime: Patients with DPP were more often medicated with lamotrigine and antidepressants, patients with MPP were more often treated with lithium, valproate, carbamazepine and first generation antipsychotics. However, patients with DPP and MPP did not differ significantly with respect to the PI, although they received evidence-based and guideline-driven treatment. Conclusion: The reason for this negative finding might well be that for several drugs, which were used frequently, no PI value is available. Nevertheless we suggest PP as an important concept in the planning of BD maintenance treatment.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a common, highly heritable neuropsychiatric disease characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression. Lithium is the best-established long-term treatment for BD, even though individual response is highly variable. Evidence suggests that some of this variability has a genetic basis. This is supported by the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) of lithium response to date conducted by the International Consortium on Lithium Genetics (ConLiGen). Recently, we performed the first genome-wide analysis of the involvement of miRNAs in BD and identified nine BD-associated miRNAs. However, it is unknown whether these miRNAs are also associated with lithium response in BD. In the present study, we therefore tested whether common variants at these nine candidate miRNAs contribute to the variance in lithium response in BD. Furthermore, we systematically analyzed whether any other miRNA in the genome is implicated in the response to lithium. For this purpose, we performed gene-based tests for all known miRNA coding genes in the ConLiGenGWAS dataset (n = 2,563 patients) using a set-based testing approach adapted from the versatile gene-based test for GWAS (VEGAS2). In the candidate approach, miR-499a showed a nominally significant association with lithium response, providing some evidence for involvement in both development and treatment of BD. In the genomewide miRNA analysis, 71 miRNAs showed nominally significant associations with the dichotomous phenotype and 106 with the continuous trait for treatment response. A total of 15 miRNAs revealed nominal significance in both phenotypes with miR-633 showing the strongest association with the continuous trait (p = 9.80E-04) and miR-607 with the dichotomous phenotype (p = 5.79E-04). No association between miRNAs and treatment response to lithium in BD in either of the tested conditions withstood multiple testing correction. Given the limited power of our study, the investigation of miRNAs in larger GWAS samples of BD and lithium response is warranted. COL0029147

IMPORTANCE Lithium is a first-line mood stabilizer for the treatment of bipolar affective disorder (BPAD). However, the efficacy of lithium varies widely, with a nonresponse rate of up to 30%. Biological response markers are lacking. Genetic factors are thought to mediate treatment response to lithium, and there is a previously reported genetic overlap between BPAD and schizophrenia (SCZ). OBJECTIVES To test whether a polygenic score for SCZ is associated with treatment response to lithium in BPAD and to explore the potential molecular underpinnings of this association. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A total of 2586 patients with BPAD who had undergone lithium treatment were genotyped and assessed for long-term response to treatment between 2008 and 2013.Weighted SCZ polygenic scores were computed at different P value thresholds using summary statistics from an international multicenter genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 36 989 individuals with SCZ and genotype data from patients with BPAD from the Consortium on Lithium Genetics. For functional exploration, a cross-trait meta-GWAS and pathway analysis was performed, combining GWAS summary statistics on SCZ and response to treatment with lithium. Data analysis was performed from September 2016 to February 2017. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Treatment response to lithiumwas defined on both the categorical and continuous scales using the Retrospective Criteria of Long-Term Treatment Response in Research Subjects with Bipolar Disorder score. The effect measures include odds ratios and the proportion of variance explained. RESULTS Of the 2586 patients in the study (mean [SD] age, 47.2 [13.9] years), 1478 were women and 1108 were men. The polygenic score for SCZ was inversely associated with lithium treatment response in the categorical outcome, at a threshold P < 5 ? 10-2. Patients with BPAD who had a low polygenic load for SCZ responded better to lithium, with odds ratios for lithium response ranging from 3.46 (95%CI, 1.42-8.41) at the first decile to 2.03 (95%CI, 0.86-4.81) at the ninth decile, compared with the patients in the 10th decile of SCZ risk. In the cross-trait meta-GWAS, 15 genetic loci that may have overlapping effects on lithium treatment response and susceptibility to SCZ were identified. Functional pathway and network analysis of these loci point to the HLA antigen complex and inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study provides evidence for a negative association between high genetic loading for SCZ and poor response to lithium in patients with BPAD. These results suggest the potential for translational research aimed at personalized prescribing of lithium.

BACKGROUND: Lithium is a first-line treatment in bipolar disorder, but individual response is variable. Previous studies have suggested that lithium response is a heritable trait. However, no genetic markers of treatment response have been reproducibly identified.METHODS: Here, we report the results of a genome-wide association study of lithium response in 2563 patients collected by 22 participating sites from the International Consortium on Lithium Genetics (ConLiGen). Data from common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were tested for association with categorical and continuous ratings of lithium response. Lithium response was measured using a well established scale (Alda scale). Genotyped SNPs were used to generate data at more than 6 million sites, using standard genomic imputation methods. Traits were regressed against genotype dosage. Results were combined across two batches by meta-analysis.FINDINGS: A single locus of four linked SNPs on chromosome 21 met genome-wide significance criteria for association with lithium response (rs79663003, p=1·37 × 10(-8); rs78015114, p=1·31 × 10(-8); rs74795342, p=3·31 × 10(-9); and rs75222709, p=3·50 × 10(-9)). In an independent, prospective study of 73 patients treated with lithium monotherapy for a period of up to 2 years, carriers of the response-associated alleles had a significantly lower rate of relapse than carriers of the alternate alleles (p=0·03268, hazard ratio 3·8, 95% CI 1·1-13·0).INTERPRETATION: The response-associated region contains two genes for long, non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), AL157359.3 and AL157359.4. LncRNAs are increasingly appreciated as important regulators of gene expression, particularly in the CNS. Confirmed biomarkers of lithium response would constitute an important step forward in the clinical management of bipolar disorder. Further studies are needed to establish the biological context and potential clinical utility of these findings.FUNDING: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a genetically complex mental illness characterized by severe oscillations of mood and behaviour. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several risk loci that together account for a small portion of the heritability. To identify additional risk loci, we performed a two-stage meta-analysis of >9 million genetic variants in 9,784 bipolar disorder patients and 30,471 controls, the largest GWAS of BD to date. In this study, to increase power we used ∼2,000 lithium-treated cases with a long-term diagnosis of BD from the Consortium on Lithium Genetics, excess controls, and analytic methods optimized for markers on the X-chromosome. In addition to four known loci, results revealed genome-wide significant associations at two novel loci: an intergenic region on 9p21.3 (rs12553324, P = 5.87 × 10 (-) (9); odds ratio (OR) = 1.12) and markers within ERBB2 (rs2517959, P = 4.53 × 10 (-) (9); OR = 1.13). No significant X-chromosome associations were detected and X-linked markers explained very little BD heritability. The results add to a growing list of common autosomal variants involved in BD and illustrate the power of comparing well-characterized cases to an excess of controls in GWAS.

Lithium is the gold standard treatment for bipolar disorder (BD). However, its mechanism of action is incompletely understood, and prediction of treatment outcomes is limited. In our previous multi-omics study of the Pharmacogenomics of Bipolar Disorder (PGBD) sample combining transcriptomic and genomic data, we found that focal adhesion, the extracellular matrix (ECM), and PI3K-Akt signaling networks were associated with response to lithium. In this study, we replicated the results of our previous study using network propagation methods in a genome-wide association study of an independent sample of 2,039 patients from the International Consortium on Lithium Genetics (ConLiGen) study. We identified functional enrichment in focal adhesion and PI3K-Akt pathways, but we did not find an association with the ECM pathway. Our results suggest that deficits in the neuronal growth cone and PI3K-Akt signaling, but not in ECM proteins, may influence response to lithium in BD., Competing Interests: MAd has received a grant from Servier, speaker’s fees from Servier, Lundbeck, Aristo, Parexel, Gilead, ViiV, Deutsche Bank, MSD, and MyTomorrows, plus a non-financial support from Lundbeck. KA has received speaker’s fees from Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical. MAl is funded by a grant of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. MB has received speaker’s fees from AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Lilly, Lundbeck, GlaxoSmithKline, Servier, and Ferrer Internacional. BÉ received non-financial support from Labex Biopsy and Fondation Fondamental. RH received grants and speaker honoraria from Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma and Novartis plus speaker honoraria from Eli Lilly Japan, GlaxoSmithKline, Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical, Janssen Pharmaceutical, Nippon Zoki Pharmaceutical, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Astellas Pharma, Pfizer, and the Yoshitomiyakuhin Corporation. TK received a grant from Takeda Pharmaceutical and fees from Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Eli Lilly Japan, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, GlaxoSmithKline, Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma, Meiji Seika Pharma, PfizerJapan, Mochida Pharmaceutical, Shionogi & Co, Janssen Pharmaceutical, Yoshitomiyakuhin Corporation, Agilent Technologies, Astellas Pharma, and Wako Pure Chemical Industries. IK received grants and fees from Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma, Eisai, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Meiji Seika Pharma, MSD, Novartis, Otsuka, Ono Pharmaceutical, Pfizer, Tanabe Mitsubishi Pharma, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Shionogi, and Yoshitomi Pharmaceutical; he received grants from AbbVie GK, Asahi Kasei Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chugai Pharmaceutical, and Daiichi Sankyo and fees from Astellas Pharma and Janssen Pharmaceutical. MJM served as unpaid consultant for Pathway Genomic (San Diego, USA). SLM received a grant and fees from Naurex and Shire, further grants from Alkermes, Cephalon, Forest, Marriott Foundation, Orexigen Therapeutics, and Takeda Pharmaceutical, he further has served on the advisory boards for Bracket, Hoffmann-La Roche, MedAvante, Sunovion and received fees from Novo Nordisk. RHP received personal fees from RID Ventures, Genomind LLC, Healthrageous, P zer, Perfect Health, Proteus, and Psybrain. PRS received a grant from NHMRC. TGS received a grant and fees from Roche Pharmaceuticals. TSt received personal fees from Servier, Lundbeck, and Bristol-Myers Squibb. MM has received grants from Lundbeck and Angelini. EV has received grants and served as consultant, advisor or CME speaker for the following entities: AB-Biotics, AbbVie, Adamed, Angelini, Biogen, Biohaven, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Celon Pharma, Compass, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma, Ethypharm, Ferrer, Gedeon Richter, GH Research, Glaxo-Smith Kline, HMNC, Idorsia, Janssen, Lundbeck, Medincell, Merck, Novartis, Orion Corporation, Organon, Otsuka, Roche, Rovi, Sage, Sanofi-Aventis, Sunovion, Takeda, and Viatris, outside the submitted work. SRC has participated in advisory and educational boards and received speaker’s fees from Janssen-Cilag, Lundbeck, Otsuka, and Servier; research funding from Janssen-Cilag, Lundbeck, Otsuka, and Gilead; and data sharing from Viatris Australia. ML has received lecture honoraria from Lundbeck pharmaceuticals. All above listed interests are outside of the submitted work. All other authors declare no competing interests.