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We calculate equilibrium emittances and damping times due to the emission of synchrotron radiation for coupled storage ring lattices by evaluating the projections of the commonly used synchrotron radiation integrals onto the normal modes of the coupled motion. Orbit distortion is included by calculating off-axis contributions to the radiation integrals. We provide explicit formulae for fast forward calculation, which have been implemented into the interactive lattice design code OPA., Comment: 26 pages, 7 figures

We derive evolution equations for the first and second moments of an initially mismatched, coupled, and displaced arbitrary Gaussian phase-space distribution under the influence of decoherence due to amplitude-dependent tune shift. Moreover, we find expressions for the asymptotic values of the beam matrix and the emittance and use them to evaluate error tolerances for injection., Comment: 24 pages, 5 figures

This chapter deals with the compilation of stocks into a portfolio that suits an investor’s hunger for profit, while minimizing the risk of losing the initial investment. Since the theory is based on variational methods and on Lagrange multipliers, applications of these concepts in physics are juxtaposed to their use in finance. As an extension of the portfolio theory, the basic equations of the capital asset pricing model are derived and used to value companies.

Stimulated by the resemblance of the Black-Scholes equation and the Schrodinger equation, this chapter uses quantum-mechanical methods to determine the pricing kernel, which turns out to be equivalent to the Green’s function found in earlier chapters. Using the quantum-mechanical methods the down-and-out barrier option is treated in some detail. After covering Feynman’s description of quantum mechanics in terms of path integrals, they are used to re-derive the pricing kernel, found earlier. Since path integrals are very amenable to numerical evaluations, we introduce Monte-Carlo methods, including the Metropolis-Hasting algorithm, to evaluate the multi-dimensional integrals.

After introducing the volatility of stocks as a central feature, the concepts of hedging, short selling, and discounting are introduced, as well as future contracts and options as functions—derivatives—of the underlying stocks. Before discussing the various participants in the ensuing markets, the efficient market hypothesis and some simplifying assumptions, in order to make the theoretical treatment feasible, are covered.

This chapter introduces the Greeks as derivatives of the option price with respect to the variables and parameters of the Black-Scholes equation. Their use in hedging risks and assessing the resilience of a hedge with respect to parameter variations, is discussed. A discussion of the volatility smile and the concept of value-at-risk follows. Finally, combinations of simple options, such as bull-spreads or straddles, are introduced and their use to adapt one’s investment to one’s expectations are briefly touched upon.

After deriving the Black-Scholes equation for a call option from the requirement to make a portfolio risk-free, the equation is solved using a number of variable substitutions, which transforms it into a diffusion equation. Using the latter’s Green’s function is then used to value European call options. The resemblance of the solution found in this chapter to that in Chapter 4 stimulates the discussion of martingale processes. In order to better understand the mechanics of using options for hedging, a MATLAB simulation for the temporal evolution of stocks, options and bank deposits is presented.

This chapter presents the solutions to many of the end-of-chapter exercises. Numerical solutions with sample code in MATLAB, where applicable, can be found in the Electronic Supplementary Material.

The FREIA Laboratory at Uppsala University focuses on superconducting technology and accelerator development. It actively supports the development of the European Spallation Source, CERN, and MAX IV, among others. FREIA has developed test facilities for superconducting accelerator technology such as a double-cavity horizontal test cryostat, a vertical cryostat with a novel magnetic field compensation scheme, and a test stand for short cryomodules. Accelerating cavities have been tested in the horizontal cryostat, crab-cavities in the vertical cryostat, and cryomodules for ESS on the cryomodule test stand. High power radio-frequency amplifier prototypes based on vacuum tube technology were developed for driving spoke cavities. Solid-state amplifiers and power combiners are under development for future projects. We present the status of the FREIA Laboratory complemented with results of recent projects and future prospects., Comment: 30 pages, 18 figures

After introducing the Solow and Robinson-Crusoe models as examples of real business cycle models—analogous to the equations of motion in physics—we derive the Bellman equation to find a control law for a parameter that optimizes a performance measure. A simple mechanical model, based on a donkey pulling a mass across rough ground, illustrates the basics of the state-space formalism in optimal control theory. Following a review of the relation between Lagrange and Hamilton functions in classical mechanics, this chapter derives Hamilton’s equations for general dynamical systems that minimize a performance measure. Here similarities to Hamilton’s principle of minimizing the action are pertinent. At this point we can use the newly-developed methods to optimize the donkey’s progress, before using the same methods to derive the Riccati equation and analyze linear quadratic regulators that are subsequently used to control a Robinson-Crusoe economy close to its equilibrium.

This chapter covers the basics of adapting regression models, also known as linear fits in physics, to find the parameters that best explain data in a model and then estimate the error bars of the parameters. The analysis of the model’s reliability stimulates a discussion of \(\chi ^2\) and t-distributions and their role in testing hypotheses regarding the parameters; for example, whether a parameter can be omitted from the fit. A more elaborate method, based on the F-test, follows. The chapter closes with a discussion of parsimony as a guiding principle when building models.

By combining fresh estimates of housing supply and prices with recent long-term projections for their fundamental drivers such as population, income and interest rates, this paper produces scenarios for residential investment and real house prices up to 2050. For half of the covered countries, projected increases in house prices are large enough to outpace real incomes, thereby further eroding housing affordability. The paper illustrates and quantifies how housing policies can make a difference. Removing mortgage interest relief eases price pressures and can contribute to more affordable housing. Likewise, streamlining land-use governance and easing rental control can help unlock housing supply, make housing markets more efficient and, ultimately, housing more affordable.

We describe the design and construction of coils to compensate the Earth&rsquo, s magnetic field in the vertical cryostat GERSEMI in the FREIA laboratory at Uppsala University.

Making housing more affordable ranks high on the policy agenda across the world. One way to achieve affordable housing is to ensure sufficiently elastic supply of the housing stock in response to demand shocks. This paper aims at disentangling policy from non-policy drivers in explaining cross-regional differences in housing supply elasticities. It uses GIS data to account for the presence of natural and man-made obstacles to residential construction in functional urban areas across the 12 OECD countries that provide sufficiently long time series for regional house prices. The results suggest that the presence of water, steep land, parks and high-density urban areas all restrict the supply of housing. However, there remain very large differences in supply elasticities across countries, which corroborates the finding from national analysis that policies have a strong influence.

Housing markets, which are large and subject to sharp swings, shape to a great extent countries’ exposure to economic crises and their capacity to recover from them. This paper analyses the transmission of housing-related shocks to the real economy: it investigates the role that policy plays in (a) mitigating or amplifying shocks and (b) facilitating or hampering a recovery. It considers macroprudential measures, rental regulation, taxation and land use restrictions. The aim is to investigate, which housing policy-related reforms can foster greater economic resilience. Among other results, it finds that a tighter macroprudential stance is generally linked to a lower likelihood of economic crisis and that higher effective rates of housing taxation are associated with smoother housing cycles.

Housing markets are large and highly volatile: they can thus create large macroeconomic risks. The current paper provides a bird’s eye view of where the housing markets of major OECD economies currently stand. It then uses the results of recently developed models to provide indications of where macroeconomic risks exist. Finally, the paper draws on recent empirical analyses to suggest how economic policies can enhance economic resilience by reducing housing-related risks through macroprudential measures and housing market reforms (such as changes in rent regulation, taxation and land use policies).

We developed a model to calculate the stability of Gaussian beam distributions with non-linear space-charge forces in the presence of random and skew-quadrupole errors. The effect of the space-charge force on the beam matrix is calculated analytically including full cross-plane coupling in 4D phase space, which allows us to perform fast parameter studies. For stability analysis, we find the fixed points of the beam including the space-charge forces and construct a Jacobi-matrix by slightly perturbing the periodic solution. The stability of envelope oscillations is inferred by eigenvalue analysis. Furthermore, we employ envelope tracking as a complementary method and compare the results of the eigenvalue analysis with FFT data from the tracked envelope. The non-linearity of the space-charge force in combination with lattice errors and beam coupling opens up for envelope-lattice resonances and envelope coupling resonances. Hitting these resonances leads to envelope blow-up, causing an effective beam mismatch. Therefore, we finally examine the effect of beam mismatch on the envelope tune-shift and its stability.

Starting from a low level in early 2000s, Turkey’s total capital stock has since expanded rapidly, but the composition and quality of investment raises questions. This study focuses on business investment, as the main driver of physical and knowledge-based capital formation and, hence, of potential output and the material foundations of well-being. Micro data allow to distinguish four types of firms: small businesses with a high rate of informality, medium-sized family firms, large formal corporations, and skilled start-ups. The relative importance of the challenges facing these different types of firms varies, notably with respect to skill shortcomings, regulatory burdens, labour costs, access to bank lending, over-leveraging and scarce equity capital. Improving the current business environment and overcoming the fragmentation of the business sector will be crucial to upgrade the quality of business investment and to enhance the allocative efficiency of capital formation. This calls for promoting formality, best management practices, the build-up of equity capital, access to long-term bank financing and other market-based financing that can complement traditional bank lending; and a faster and more inclusive transition to the digital economy.

A e+e- collider of several TeV energy will be needed for the precision studies of any new physics discovered atthe LHC collider at CERN. One promising candidate is CLIC, a linear collider which is ...

Economic policies shape how much people earn as well as how stable their income and jobs are. The level and stability of earnings both matter for well-being. Standard economic aggregates do not measure accurately the economic uncertainty which households are facing. This paper shows that household-level economic instability is only very loosely related to macroeconomic volatility. It uses several household-level databases to document how pro-growth reforms influence household-level economic stability. Movement from less to more productive processes and firms is at the heart of economic growth, which suggests a trade-off between growth and micro-level stability. Certain policy changes boost growth but increase micro-level instability: they include reductions in tax progressivity or social transfers (including unemployment benefits) as well as moves from very to moderately tight restrictions on the flow of goods and services and on the dismissal of regular workers. However, the analysis also uncovers that moving to highly competitive policies generally reduces micro-level instability.

In a Swedish citizen science project, more than 200 elementary school classes participated in collecting fungi, soil samples, and droppings from deer and wild boar, from all over Sweden. The samples have been sent to a laboratory at Uppsala University where they are being analyzed through gamma spectroscopy with a shielded HPGe detector. The main objective is to scan the samples for 137Cs from the Chernobyl accident and compare the data with measurements from 1986, but uptake of naturally occuring radionuclides like 40K and radon daughters will also be determined. Together with the soil samples, transfer factors will be derived, and correlations for these factors will be sought for different species of fungi and soil types. The potential for correlating the results with different biological processes will also be investigated, in part through the collected animal droppings. This is a work in progress where the present status of the experimental setup and methodology are presented. Issues with the initial approach for corrections are discussed and preliminary results are presented.