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15. Screening a mushroom extract library for activity against Acinetobacter baumannii and Burkholderia cepacia and the identification of a compound with anti-Burkholderia activity

Author

Rott Marc, Toce Joseph, Monte Aaron, Klett Tiffany, Engelbrecht Kathleen, Gebhardt Michael, Dunek Craig, Schwan William R, Volk Thomas J, LiPuma John J, Liu Xue-Ting, and McKelvey Ronald

Subjects
Therapeutics. Pharmacology, RM1-950, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract

Abstract Background Acinetobacter baumannii and species within the Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) are significant opportunistic bacterial pathogens of humans. These species exhibit a high degree of antibiotic resistance, and some clinical isolates are resistant to all currently available antimicrobial drugs used for treatment. Thus, new drugs are needed to treat infections by these species. Mushrooms could be a potential source for new drugs to treat A. baumannii and BCC infections. Methods The aim of this study was to screen a library of crude extracts from 330 wild mushrooms by disk diffusion assays for antibacterial activity against A. baumannii and Burkholderia cepacia in the hope of identifying a novel natural drug that could be used to treat infections caused by these species. Once positive hits were identified, the extracts were subjected to bioassay-guided separations to isolate and identify the active drug molecules. MICs were performed to gauge the in vitro activity of the purified compounds. Results Only three crude extracts (0.9%) had activity against A. baumannii and B. cepacia. Compounds from two of these extracts had MICs greater than 128 μg/ml, and further analyses were not performed. From the third extract, prepared from Leucopaxillus albissimus, 2-aminoquinoline (2-AQ) was isolated. This compound exhibited a modest MIC in vitro against strains from nine different BCC species, including multi-drug resistant clinical isolates (MIC = 8-64 μg/ml), and a weak MIC (128 μg/ml) against A baumannii. The IC50 against a murine monocyte line was 1.5 mg/ml. Conclusion The small number of positive hits in this study suggests that finding a new drug from mushrooms to treat Gram-negative bacterial infections may be difficult. Although 2-AQ was identified in one mushroom, and it was shown to inhibit the growth of multi-drug resistant BCC isolates, the relatively high MICs (8-128 μg/ml) for both A. baumannii and BCC strains suggests that 2-AQ is not suitable for further drug development in its current form.

Published
2010
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17. Preserving Accuracy in GenBank

Author

Bruns, Thomas D., Blackwell, Meredith, Edwards, Ivan, Taylor, Andy F. S., Horton, Thomas, Zhang, Ning, Kõljalg, Urmas, May, Georgiana, Kuyper, Thomas W., Bever, James D., Gilbert, Gregory, Taylor, John W., DeSantis, Todd Z., Pringle, Anne, Borneman, James, Thorn, Greg, Berbee, Mary, Mueller, Gregory M., Andersen, Gary L., Vellinga, Else C., Branco, Sara, Anderson, Ian, Dickie, Ian A., Avis, Peter, Timonen, Sari, Kjøller, Rasmus, Lodge, D. J., Bateman, Richard M., Purvis, Andy, Crous, Pedro W., Hawkes, Christine, Barraclough, Tim, Burt, Austin, Nilsson, R. H., Larsson, Karl-Henrik, Alexander, Ian, Moncalvo, Jean-Marc, Berube, Jean, Spatafora, Joseph, Thorsten Lumbsch, H., Blair, Jaime E., Suh, Sung-Oui, Pfister, Donald H., Binder, Manfred, Boehm, Eric W., Kohn, Linda, Mata, Juan L., Dyer, Paul, Sung, Gi-Ho, Dentinger, Bryn, Simmons, Emory G., Baird, Richard E., Volk, Thomas J., Perry, Brian A., Kerrigan, Richard W., Campbell, Jinx, Rajesh, Jeewon, Reynolds, Don R., Geiser, David, Humber, Richard A., Hausmann, Natasha, Szaro, Tim, Stajich, Jason, Gathman, Allen, Peay, Kabir G., Henkel, Terry, Robinson, Clare H., Pukkila, Patricia J., Nguyen, Nhu H., Villalta, Christopher, Kennedy, Peter, Bergemann, Sarah, Catherine Aime, M., Kauff, Frank, Porras-Alfaro, Andrea, Gueidan, Cecile, Beck, Andreas, Andersen, Birgitte, Marek, Stephen, Crouch, Jo A., Kerrigan, Julia, Beagle Ristaino, Jean, Hodge, Kathie T., Kuldau, Gretchen, Samuels, Gary J., Raja, Huzefa A., Voglmayr, Hermann, Gardes, Monique, Janos, David P., Rogers, Jack D., Cannon, Paul, Woolfolk, Sandra W., Kistler, H. C., Castellano, Michael A., Maldonado-Ramírez, Sandra L., Kirk, Paul M., Farrar, James J., Osmundson, Todd, Currah, Randolph S., Vujanovic, Vladimir, Chen, Weidong, Korf, Richard P., Atallah, Zahi K., Harrison, Ken J., Guarro, Josep, Bates, Scott T., Enrico Bonello, Pierluigi, Bridge, Paul, Schell, Wiley, Rossi, Walter, Stenlid, Jan, Frisvad, Jens C., Miller, R. M., Baker, Scott E., Hallen, Heather E., Janso, Jeffrey E., Wilson, Andrew W., Conway, Kenneth E., Egerton-Warburton, Louise, Wang, Zheng, Eastburn, Darin, Ho, Wellcome W. Hong, Kroken, Scott, Stadler, Marc, Turgeon, Gillian, Lichtwardt, Robert W., Stewart, Elwin L., Wedin, Mats, Li, De-Wei, Uchida, Janice Y., Jumpponen, Ari, Deckert, Ron J., Beker, Henry J., Rogers, Scott O., Xu, Jianping, Johnston, Peter, Shoemaker, R. A., Liu, Miao, Marques, G., Summerell, Brett, Sokolski, Serge, Thrane, Ulf, Widden, Paul, Bruhn, Johann N., Bianchinotti, Virginia, Tuthill, Dorothy, Baroni, Timothy J., Barron, George, Hosaka, Kentaro, Jewell, Kelsea, Piepenbring, Meike, Sullivan, Raymond, Griffith, Gareth W., Bradley, S. G., Aoki, Takayuki, Yoder, Wendy T., Ju, Yu-Ming, Berch, Shannon M., Trappe, Matt, Duan, Weijun, Bonito, Gregory, Taber, Ruth A., Coelho, Gilberto, Bills, Gerald, Ganley, Austen, Agerer, Reinhard, Nagy, László, Roy, Barbara A., Læssøe, Thomas, Hallenberg, Nils, Tichy, Hans-Volker, Stalpers, Joost, Langer, Ewald, Scholler, Markus, Krueger, Dirk, Pacioni, Giovanni, Pöder, Reinhold, Pennanen, Taina, Capelari, Marina, Nakasone, Karen, Tewari, J. P., Miller, Andrew N., Decock, Cony, Huhndorf, Sabine, Wach, Mark, Vishniac, Helen S., Yohalem, David S., Smith, Matthew E., Glenn, Anthony E., Spiering, Martin, Lindner, Daniel L., Schoch, Conrad, Redhead, Scott A., Ivors, Kelly, Jeffers, Steven N., Geml, József, Okafor, Florence, Spiegel, Frederick W., Dewsbury, Damon, Carroll, Juliet, Porter, Terri M., Pashley, Catherine, Carpenter, Steven E., Abad, Gloria, Voigt, Kerstin, Arenz, Brett, Methven, Andrew S., Schechter, Shannon, Vance, Paula, Mahoney, Dan, Kang, Seogchan, Rheeder, John P., Mehl, James, Greif, Matthew, Ndzi Ngala, George, Ammirati, Joe, Kawasaki, Masako, Gwo-Fang, Yuan, Matsumoto, Tadahiko, Smith, David, Koenig, Gina, Luoma, Daniel, May, Tom, Leonardi, Marco, Sigler, Lynne, Taylor, D. L., Gibson, Cara, Sharpton, Thomas, Hawksworth, David L., Carmine Dianese, Jose, Trudell, Steven A., Paulus, Barbara, Padamsee, Mahajabeen, Callac, Philippe, Lima, Nelson, White, Merlin, Barreau, C., Juncai, M. A., Buyck, Bart, Rabeler, Richard K., Liles, Mark R., Estes, Dwayne, Carter, Richard, Herr, J. M., Chandler, Gregory, Kerekes, Jennifer, Cruse-Sanders, Jennifer, Galán Márquez, R., Horak, Egon, Fitzsimons, Michael, Döring, Heidi, Yao, Su, Hynson, Nicole, Ryberg, Martin, Arnold, A. E., Hughes, Karen, Bruns, Thomas D., Blackwell, Meredith, Edwards, Ivan, Taylor, Andy F. S., Horton, Thomas, Zhang, Ning, Kõljalg, Urmas, May, Georgiana, Kuyper, Thomas W., Bever, James D., Gilbert, Gregory, Taylor, John W., DeSantis, Todd Z., Pringle, Anne, Borneman, James, Thorn, Greg, Berbee, Mary, Mueller, Gregory M., Andersen, Gary L., Vellinga, Else C., Branco, Sara, Anderson, Ian, Dickie, Ian A., Avis, Peter, Timonen, Sari, Kjøller, Rasmus, Lodge, D. J., Bateman, Richard M., Purvis, Andy, Crous, Pedro W., Hawkes, Christine, Barraclough, Tim, Burt, Austin, Nilsson, R. H., Larsson, Karl-Henrik, Alexander, Ian, Moncalvo, Jean-Marc, Berube, Jean, Spatafora, Joseph, Thorsten Lumbsch, H., Blair, Jaime E., Suh, Sung-Oui, Pfister, Donald H., Binder, Manfred, Boehm, Eric W., Kohn, Linda, Mata, Juan L., Dyer, Paul, Sung, Gi-Ho, Dentinger, Bryn, Simmons, Emory G., Baird, Richard E., Volk, Thomas J., Perry, Brian A., Kerrigan, Richard W., Campbell, Jinx, Rajesh, Jeewon, Reynolds, Don R., Geiser, David, Humber, Richard A., Hausmann, Natasha, Szaro, Tim, Stajich, Jason, Gathman, Allen, Peay, Kabir G., Henkel, Terry, Robinson, Clare H., Pukkila, Patricia J., Nguyen, Nhu H., Villalta, Christopher, Kennedy, Peter, Bergemann, Sarah, Catherine Aime, M., Kauff, Frank, Porras-Alfaro, Andrea, Gueidan, Cecile, Beck, Andreas, Andersen, Birgitte, Marek, Stephen, Crouch, Jo A., Kerrigan, Julia, Beagle Ristaino, Jean, Hodge, Kathie T., Kuldau, Gretchen, Samuels, Gary J., Raja, Huzefa A., Voglmayr, Hermann, Gardes, Monique, Janos, David P., Rogers, Jack D., Cannon, Paul, Woolfolk, Sandra W., Kistler, H. C., Castellano, Michael A., Maldonado-Ramírez, Sandra L., Kirk, Paul M., Farrar, James J., Osmundson, Todd, Currah, Randolph S., Vujanovic, Vladimir, Chen, Weidong, Korf, Richard P., Atallah, Zahi K., Harrison, Ken J., Guarro, Josep, Bates, Scott T., Enrico Bonello, Pierluigi, Bridge, Paul, Schell, Wiley, Rossi, Walter, Stenlid, Jan, Frisvad, Jens C., Miller, R. M., Baker, Scott E., Hallen, Heather E., Janso, Jeffrey E., Wilson, Andrew W., Conway, Kenneth E., Egerton-Warburton, Louise, Wang, Zheng, Eastburn, Darin, Ho, Wellcome W. Hong, Kroken, Scott, Stadler, Marc, Turgeon, Gillian, Lichtwardt, Robert W., Stewart, Elwin L., Wedin, Mats, Li, De-Wei, Uchida, Janice Y., Jumpponen, Ari, Deckert, Ron J., Beker, Henry J., Rogers, Scott O., Xu, Jianping, Johnston, Peter, Shoemaker, R. A., Liu, Miao, Marques, G., Summerell, Brett, Sokolski, Serge, Thrane, Ulf, Widden, Paul, Bruhn, Johann N., Bianchinotti, Virginia, Tuthill, Dorothy, Baroni, Timothy J., Barron, George, Hosaka, Kentaro, Jewell, Kelsea, Piepenbring, Meike, Sullivan, Raymond, Griffith, Gareth W., Bradley, S. G., Aoki, Takayuki, Yoder, Wendy T., Ju, Yu-Ming, Berch, Shannon M., Trappe, Matt, Duan, Weijun, Bonito, Gregory, Taber, Ruth A., Coelho, Gilberto, Bills, Gerald, Ganley, Austen, Agerer, Reinhard, Nagy, László, Roy, Barbara A., Læssøe, Thomas, Hallenberg, Nils, Tichy, Hans-Volker, Stalpers, Joost, Langer, Ewald, Scholler, Markus, Krueger, Dirk, Pacioni, Giovanni, Pöder, Reinhold, Pennanen, Taina, Capelari, Marina, Nakasone, Karen, Tewari, J. P., Miller, Andrew N., Decock, Cony, Huhndorf, Sabine, Wach, Mark, Vishniac, Helen S., Yohalem, David S., Smith, Matthew E., Glenn, Anthony E., Spiering, Martin, Lindner, Daniel L., Schoch, Conrad, Redhead, Scott A., Ivors, Kelly, Jeffers, Steven N., Geml, József, Okafor, Florence, Spiegel, Frederick W., Dewsbury, Damon, Carroll, Juliet, Porter, Terri M., Pashley, Catherine, Carpenter, Steven E., Abad, Gloria, Voigt, Kerstin, Arenz, Brett, Methven, Andrew S., Schechter, Shannon, Vance, Paula, Mahoney, Dan, Kang, Seogchan, Rheeder, John P., Mehl, James, Greif, Matthew, Ndzi Ngala, George, Ammirati, Joe, Kawasaki, Masako, Gwo-Fang, Yuan, Matsumoto, Tadahiko, Smith, David, Koenig, Gina, Luoma, Daniel, May, Tom, Leonardi, Marco, Sigler, Lynne, Taylor, D. L., Gibson, Cara, Sharpton, Thomas, Hawksworth, David L., Carmine Dianese, Jose, Trudell, Steven A., Paulus, Barbara, Padamsee, Mahajabeen, Callac, Philippe, Lima, Nelson, White, Merlin, Barreau, C., Juncai, M. A., Buyck, Bart, Rabeler, Richard K., Liles, Mark R., Estes, Dwayne, Carter, Richard, Herr, J. M., Chandler, Gregory, Kerekes, Jennifer, Cruse-Sanders, Jennifer, Galán Márquez, R., Horak, Egon, Fitzsimons, Michael, Döring, Heidi, Yao, Su, Hynson, Nicole, Ryberg, Martin, Arnold, A. E., and Hughes, Karen

Published
2008

21. Screening a mushroom extract library for activity against Acinetobacter baumannii and Burkholderia cepacia and the identification of a compound with anti-Burkholderia activity

Author

Schwan, William R, primary, Dunek, Craig, additional, Gebhardt, Michael, additional, Engelbrecht, Kathleen, additional, Klett, Tiffany, additional, Monte, Aaron, additional, Toce, Joseph, additional, Rott, Marc, additional, Volk, Thomas J, additional, LiPuma, John J, additional, Liu, Xue-Ting, additional, and McKelvey, Ronald, additional

Published
2010
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22. Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for October 2002

Author

Volk, Thomas J. and Volk, Thomas J.

Abstract

Biologist Tom Volk of the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse offers photos and an audio pronunciation guide of various fungi.

Published
2002

28. Book Reviews

Author

Volk, Thomas J., primary, Keller, Harold W., additional, Griffin, David H., additional, Tansey, Michael R., additional, Hanlin, Richard T., additional, and Castlebury, L. A., additional

Published
1995
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31. Book Reviews

Author

Rossman, Amy Y., primary, Baroni, Timothy J., additional, Volk, Thomas J., additional, Cooke, John C., additional, Palm, Mary E., additional, Rogers, Jack D., additional, Dalpé, Yolande, additional, Miller, Olson K., additional, Ovrebo, Clark, additional, Uecker, F. A., additional, and Desjardin, Dennis E., additional

Published
1994
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32. Effects of Resident Soil Fungi and Land Use History Outweigh Those of Commercial Mycorrhizal Inocula: Testing a Restoration Strategy in Unsterilized Soil.

Author

Paluch, Elisabeth C., Thomsen, Meredith A., and Volk, Thomas J.

Subjects
SOIL fungi, LAND use -- History, VESICULAR-arbuscular mycorrhizas, RESTORATION ecology, SOIL disinfection, BIOTIC communities, SMOOTH brome
Abstract

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have numerous effects on temperate grassland ecosystems, but prairie restorations are frequently located in sites with depauperate AMF communities. In this greenhouse study, four native species ( Schizachyrium scoparium, Elymus canadensis, Monarda punctata, and Aster ericoides) and an invasive grass (Bromus inermis) were grown in unsterilized field soils and treated with two types of commercial AMF inoculum. Inocula were applied at one and two times the manufacturers' suggested rate. Soil was collected from a meadow enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), and from an active agricultural field. Inoculum addition had no effect on biomass or percent colonization by AMF for any grass species, regardless of soil type. Inoculum type significantly affected Aster biomass and percent colonization, although pairwise comparisons of treated individuals and controls were not significant. The overall lack of effectiveness of the commercial inocula may reflect the small number of propagules added, even when used at twice the recommended rate. Higher rates of fungal colonization in all three grasses and increased biomass in the native grasses were observed in individuals grown in the CRP soil. Plants were also colonized by dark septate endophytic fungi; for Schizachyrium, endophyte colonization was significantly greater in tilled than CRP soil. Our results indicate that an existing soil fungal community promotes colonization by AMF more than the addition of commercial inocula, and that soil characteristics associated with land use history significantly affect the growth of native species in a restoration setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2013
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33. Book Reviews

Author

Hutchison, Leonard J., primary, Malloch, David, additional, Bennett, J. W., additional, Wicklow, D. T., additional, Volk, Thomas J., additional, Barron, G. L., additional, and Klich, M. A., additional

Published
1992
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37. Identification of Lacrymaria velutina(Pers. Ex Fr.) Konrad & Maubl. from Micheon-myeon, Jinju-city, Korea

Author

Han, Ki Soo, Volk, Thomas J., and Kim, Hee Kyu

Abstract

We identified Lacrymaria velutinaof the Coprinaceae in Korea. The unusually large and sturdy fruiting body, fibrillose to fibrillose-scaly cap and stalk without a volva with an obscure superior hairy ring zone or hairy annulus, and blackish brown, warted spores distinguished this species from closely related Psathyrellaspecies. An illustrated account of the microscopic traits is presented. Fruiting bodies with obtusely hemispherical caps, 2.5~6 cm, becoming convex with age; surface dry, densely fibrillose-scaly with split margin; stipe, 4.5~6 cm, equal, hollow, fibrillose, dry, whitish above the superior ring zone, light brown below; crowded gills, adnexed, dark black at maturity. Pileipellis typically cellular with the gill edge appearing white and beaded. Blackish brown basidiospores that discolor in concentrated sulfuric acid. Spores elliptical, warted, 9~11 × 6~8 μm, with prominent snout-like germpores. Cheilocystidia abundant, 57~68 × 19~25 μm, and narrowly elongated clavate, often clustered in threes or fours. Pleurocystidia rarely present, 45~47.5 × 12~13 μm, and clavate to utriform. This trait distinguishes our sample as L. velutinafrom other Psathyrellaspp. of the Coprinaceae, which have smooth spores. This taxon was clarified by the observation that Psathyrellaspores fade in concentrated sulfuric acid. A molecular phylogenetic study revealed that our specimen was Lacrymria velutipes, which is closely related to Lacrymaria lacrymabunda. Moreover, those two species are clearly distinguishable from other Psathyrellaspecies, which agreed with the morphologically distinctive traits described above. We believe that this is the first report of this taxon, which has not been described in Korea.

Published
2010
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38. Antibacterial Compounds from Mushrooms II: Lanostane Triterpenoids and an Ergostane Steroid with Activity Against Bacillus cereus Isolated from Fomitopsis pinicola.

Author

Liu, Xue-Ting, Winkler, Abby L., Schwan, William R., Volk, Thomas J., Rott, Marc, and Monte, Aaron

Abstract

Anti−Bacillus cereus bioassay-guided fractionation of a crude extract of the American mushroom, Fomitopsis pinicola, was performed using thin-layer chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and preparative-scale HPLC. Five lanostane triterpenoids (1–5) and one ergostane steroid (6) were isolated and identified. Compound 1 is a new lanostane triterpenoid, and its structure was determined using 1D and 2D NMR experiments, HR‐MS, and physical data. Each of the purified compounds (1–6) was tested for antibacterial activity against B. cereus using standard MIC assays. Compounds 1–6 had MIC values of 32, 16, 32, 32, 128, and 64 �g/mL, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2010
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40. Preserving accuracy in GenBank

Author

Bidartondo, M. I., Bruns, Thomas D., Blackwell, Meredith, Edwards, Ivan, Taylor, Andy F. S., Horton, Thomas, Zhang, Ning, Koljalg, Urmas, May, Georgiana, Kuyper, Thomas W., Bever, James D., Gilbert, Gregory, Taylor, John W., Desantis, Todd Z., Pringle, Anne, Borneman, James, Thorn, Greg, Berbee, Mary, Mueller, Gregory M., Andersen, Gary L., Vellinga, Else C., Branco, Sara, Anderson, Ian, Dickie, Ian A., Avis, Peter, Timonen, Sari, Kjoller, Rasmus, Lodge, D. J., Bateman, Richard M., Purvis, Andy, Crous, Pedro W., Hawkes, Christine, Barraclough, Tim, Burt, Austin, Nilsson, R. H., Larsson, Karl-Henrik, Alexander, Ian, Moncalvo, Jean-Marc, Berube, Jean, Spatafora, Joseph, Lumbsch, H. Thorsten, Blair, Jaime E., Suh, Sung-Oui, Pfister, Donald H., Binder, Manfred, Boehm, Eric W., Kohn, Linda, Mata, Juan L., Dyer, Paul, Sung, Gi-Ho, Dentinger, Bryn, Simmons, Emory G., Baird, Richard E., Volk, Thomas J., Perry, Brian A., Kerrigan, Richard W., Campbell, Jinx, Rajesh, Jeewon, Reynolds, Don R., Geiser, David, Humber, Richard A., Hausmann, Natasha, Szaro, Tim, Stajich, Jason, Gathman, Allen, Peay, Kabir G., Henkel, Terry, Robinson, Clare H., Pukkila, Patricia J., Nguyen, Nhu H., Villalta, Christopher, Kennedy, Peter, Bergemann, Sarah, Aime, M. Catherine, Kauff, Frank, Porras-Alfaro, Andrea, Gueidan, Cecile, Beck, Andreas, Andersen, Birgitte, Marek, Stephen, Crouch, Jo A., Kerrigan, Julia, Ristaino, Jean Beagle, Hodge, Kathie T., Kuldau, Gretchen, Samuels, Gary J., Raja, Huzefa A., Hermann Voglmayr, Gardes, Monique, Janos, David P., Rogers, Jack D., Cannon, Paul, Woolfolk, Sandra W., Kistler, H. C., Castellano, Michael A., Maldonado-Ramirez, Sandra L., Kirk, Paul M., Farrar, James J., Osmundson, Todd, Currah, Randolph S., Vujanovic, Vladimir, Chen, Weidong, Korf, Richard P., Atallah, Zahi K., Harrison, Ken J., Guarro, Josep, Bates, Scott T., Bonello, Pierluigi, Bridge, Paul, Schell, Wiley, Rossi, Walter, Stenlid, Jan, Frisvad, Jens C., Miller, R. M., Baker, Scott E., Hallen, Heather E., Janso, Jeffrey E., Wilson, Andrew W., Conway, Kenneth E., Egerton-Warburton, Louise, Wang, Zheng, Eastburn, Darin, Ho, Wellcome W. Hong, Kroken, Scott, Stadler, Marc, Turgeon, Gillian, Lichtwardt, Robert W., Stewart, Elwin L., Wedin, Mats, Li, De-Wei, Uchida, Janice Y., Jumpponen, Ari, Deckert, Ron J., Beker, Henry J., Rogers, Scott O., Xu, Jianping, Johnston, Peter, Shoemaker, R. A., Liu, Miao, Marques, G., Summerell, Brett, Sokolski, Serge, Thrane, Ulf, Widden, Paul, Bruhn, Johann N., Bianchinotti, Virginia, Tuthill, Dorothy, Baroni, Timothy J., Barron, George, Hosaka, Kentaro, Jewell, Kelsea, Piepenbring, Meike, Sullivan, Raymond, Griffith, Gareth W., Bradley, S. G., Aoki, Takayuki, Yoder, Wendy T., Ju, Yu-Ming, Berch, Shannon M., Trappe, Matt, Duan, Weijun, Bonito, Gregory, Taber, Ruth A., Coelho, Gilberto, Bills, Gerald, Ganley, Austen, Agerer, Reinhard, Nagy, Laszlo, Roy, Barbara A., Laessoe, Thomas, Hallenberg, Nils, Tichy, Hans-Volker, Stalpers, Joost, Langer, Ewald, Scholler, Markus, Krueger, Dirk, Pacioni, Giovanni, Poeder, Reinhold, Pennanen, Taina, Capelari, Marina, Nakasone, Karen, Tewari, J. P., Miller, Andrew N., Decock, Cony, Huhndorf, Sabine, Wach, Mark, Vishniac, Helen S., Yohalem, David S., Smith, Matthew E., Glenn, Anthony E., Spiering, Martin, Lindner, Daniel L., Schoch, Conrad, Redhead, Scott A., Ivors, Kelly, Jeffers, Steven N., Geml, Jozsef, Okafor, Florence, Spiegel, Frederick W., Dewsbury, Damon, Carroll, Juliet, Porter, Terri M., Pashley, Catherine, Carpenter, Steven E., Abad, Gloria, Voigt, Kerstin, Arenz, Brett, Methven, Andrew S., Schechter, Shannon, Vance, Paula, Mahoney, Dan, Kang, Seogchan, Rheeder, John P., Mehl, James, Greif, Matthew, Ngala, George Ndzi, Ammirati, Joe, Kawasaki, Masako, Gwo-Fang, Yuan, Matsumoto, Tadahiko, Smith, David, Koenig, Gina, Luoma, Daniel, May, Tom, Leonardi, Marco, Sigler, Lynne, Taylor, D. L., Gibson, Cara, Sharpton, Thomas, Hawksworth, David L., Dianese, Jose Carmine, Trudell, Steven A., Paulus, Barbara, Padamsee, Mahajabeen, Callac, Philippe, Lima, Nelson, White, Merlin, Barreau, C., Juncai, M. A., Buyck, Bart, Rabeler, Richard K., Liles, Mark R., Estes, Dwayne, Carter, Richard, Herr, J. M., Chandler, Gregory, Kerekes, Jennifer, Cruse-Sanders, Jennifer, Galan Marquez, R., Horak, Egon, Fitzsimons, Michael, Doering, Heidi, Yao, Su, Hynson, Nicole, Ryberg, Martin, Arnold, A. E., Hughes, Karen, and Universidade do Minho

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0303 health sciences, Science & Technology, Multidisciplinary, Otras Ciencias Biológicas, BIOINFORMATICS, Value (computer science), Computational biology, TAXONOMY, Biology, ECOLOGY, Bioinformatics, 01 natural sciences, Public repository, Ciencias Biológicas, 03 medical and health sciences, Annotation, GenBank, ITS, Biological sciences, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS, 030304 developmental biology, 010606 plant biology & botany, Sequence (medicine)
Abstract

GenBank, the public repository for nucleotide and protein sequences, is a critical resource for molecular biology, evolutionary biology, and ecology. While some attention has been drawn to sequence errors (1), common annotation errors also reduce the value of this database. In fact, for organisms such as fungi, which are notoriously difficult to identify, up to 20% of DNA sequence records may have erroneous lineage designations in GenBank (2). Gene function annotation in protein sequence databases is similarly error-prone (3, 4). Because identity and function of new sequences are often determined by bioinformatic analyses, both types of errors are propagated into new accessions, leading to long-term degradation of the quality of the database. Currently, primary sequence data are annotated by the authors of those data, and can only be reannotated by the same authors. This is inefficient and unsustainable over the long term as authors eventually leave the field. Although it is possible to link third-party databases to GenBank records, this is a short-term solution that has little guarantee of permanence. Similarly, the current third-party annotation option in GenBank (TPA) complicates rather than solves the problem by creating an identical record with a new annotation, while leaving the original record unflagged and unlinked to the new record. Since the origin of public zoological and botanical specimen collections, an open system of cumulative annotation has evolved, whereby the original name is retained, but additional opinion is directly appended and used for filing and retrieval. This was needed as new specimens and analyses allowed for reevaluation of older specimens and the original depositors became unavailable. The time has come for the public sequence database to incorporate a community-curated, cumulative annotation process that allows third parties to improve the annotations of sequences when warranted by published peer-reviewed analyses (5)., (undefined)

41. Fuligo septica, the Dog Vomit Slime Mold

Author

Volk, Thomas J. and Volk, Thomas J.

Abstract

This informational website features the slime mold Fuligo septica, Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for June 1999. It includes an audio pronunciation tool, educational information about slime molds, and their inspiration behind the science fiction movie "The Blob"- including an audio clip of the theme song. The site also lists e-mails from people concerned about a Fulgio septica, described as yellow, foam-like substance growing in their flowerbeds. A link is provided to Tom Volk's Fungi Website.

42. Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for October 2002

Author

Volk, Thomas J. and Volk, Thomas J.

Abstract

Biologist Tom Volk of the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse offers photos and an audio pronunciation guide of various fungi. The website is filled with different multimedia activities involving Volk's work with fungi. Education mixed with entertainment is the focus of this engaging work.

46. Blastomycosis diagnosed in a nonhyperendemic area.

Author

Pfaff BL, Agger WA, and Volk TJ

Subjects
Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Humans, International Classification of Diseases, Interviews as Topic, Male, Middle Aged, Minnesota epidemiology, Retrospective Studies, Wisconsin epidemiology, Blastomycosis diagnosis, Blastomycosis epidemiology
Abstract

Introduction: Blastomycosis, caused by the dimorphic fungus Blastomyces dermatitidis, is hyperendemic in northern Wisconsin and is unevenly distributed in the rest of the state and contiguous Minnesota. Clinical presentation of this illness has been characterized by localized outbreaks and sporadic cases in endemic areas., Methods: Using ICD-9 CPT codes, we queried our electronic health record system to identify cases of blastomycosis diagnosed at Gundersen Health System over a 32-year period. Gundersen serves a region outside the hyperendemic area of Wisconsin. Records so identified were reviewed for demographic and clinical features. We attempted to interview patients with a blastomycosis diagnosis from 2002 through 2006. Blastomycosis data also were collected from the states of Wisconsin and Minnesota from 2002 through 2006 and assessed for trends., Results: Thirty-six patients had blastomycosis diagnoses at Gundersen Health System during the study period, as identified by ICD-9 code. Of these, 10 were excluded from further review because they were either miscoded or the code indicated a previous diagnosis. The remaining 26 patients were included in the study. Premorbid conditions included diabetes (38%) and smoking (62%). The mean time from onset of symptoms to the first laboratory specimen positive for B dermatitidis was 51 days. Notably, 73% of these patients were treated initially for bacterial pneumonia. The incidence of blastomycosis in Wisconsin in the review period was 2.0 per 100,000, and the rate in Minnesota was 0.5 per 100,000. Based on the census data in Gundersen Health System's 19-county service area, the incidence of blastomycosis is 0.17 cases per 100,000., Conclusion: In this review of blastomycosis cases diagnosed outside the hyperendemic area of northern Wisconsin, diagnosis was often delayed, and 4 patients whose infections might have been treatable died. Although uncommon, blastomycosis needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis in areas outside the hyperendemic area.

Published
2014

47. Identification of Lacrymaria velutina (Pers. Ex Fr.) Konrad & Maubl. from Micheon-myeon, Jinju-city, Korea.

Author

Han KS, Volk TJ, and Kim HK

Abstract

We identified Lacrymaria velutina of the Coprinaceae in Korea. The unusually large and sturdy fruiting body, fibrillose to fibrillose-scaly cap and stalk without a volva with an obscure superior hairy ring zone or hairy annulus, and blackish brown, warted spores distinguished this species from closely related Psathyrella species. An illustrated account of the microscopic traits is presented. Fruiting bodies with obtusely hemispherical caps, 2.5~6 cm, becoming convex with age; surface dry, densely fibrillose-scaly with split margin; stipe, 4.5~6 cm, equal, hollow, fibrillose, dry, whitish above the superior ring zone, light brown below; crowded gills, adnexed, dark black at maturity. Pileipellis typically cellular with the gill edge appearing white and beaded. Blackish brown basidiospores that discolor in concentrated sulfuric acid. Spores elliptical, warted, 9~11 × 6~8 µm, with prominent snout-like germpores. Cheilocystidia abundant, 57~68 × 19~25 µm, and narrowly elongated clavate, often clustered in threes or fours. Pleurocystidia rarely present, 45~47.5 × 12~13 µm, and clavate to utriform. This trait distinguishes our sample as L. velutina from other Psathyrella spp. of the Coprinaceae, which have smooth spores. This taxon was clarified by the observation that Psathyrella spores fade in concentrated sulfuric acid. A molecular phylogenetic study revealed that our specimen was Lacrymria velutipes, which is closely related to Lacrymaria lacrymabunda. Moreover, those two species are clearly distinguishable from other Psathyrella species, which agreed with the morphologically distinctive traits described above. We believe that this is the first report of this taxon, which has not been described in Korea.

Published
2010
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48. Antibacterial compounds from mushrooms I: a lanostane-type triterpene and prenylphenol derivatives from Jahnoporus hirtus and Albatrellus flettii and their activities against Bacillus cereus and Enterococcus faecalis.

Author

Liu XT, Winkler AL, Schwan WR, Volk TJ, Rott MA, and Monte A

Subjects
Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Lanosterol analogs & derivatives, Lanosterol isolation & purification, Lanosterol pharmacology, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Phenols pharmacology, Triterpenes isolation & purification, Triterpenes pharmacology, Agaricales chemistry, Anti-Bacterial Agents isolation & purification, Bacillus cereus drug effects, Enterococcus faecalis drug effects, Phenols isolation & purification, Triterpenes chemistry
Abstract

Antibacterial bioassay-guided fractionation of two American mushroom species, Jahnoporus hirtus and Albatrellus flettii, led to the isolation and identification of their major antibacterial constituents: 3,11-dioxolanosta-8,24( Z)-diene-26-oic acid (1) from J. hirtus and confluentin (2), grifolin (3), and neogrifolin (4) from A. flettii. Compound 1 is a new lanostane-type triterpene. All purified compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the growth of Bacillus cereus and Enterococcus faecalis using standard MIC assays. Compounds 1- 4 demonstrated MIC values of 40, 20, 10, and 20 microg/mL, respectively, against B. cereus and MIC values of 32, 1.0, 0.5, and 0.5 microg/mL, respectively, against E. faecalis. Thus, one novel compound and three others were shown to possess antimicrobial activities against these gram-positive bacteria employed as surrogates for more virulent and dangerous pathogens., (Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart . New York.)

Published
2010
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