Search

Drinking motives, or reasons people choose to drink, are well-established risk factors for alcohol use and related negative consequences. Recent research has shown utility in a self-determination theory (SDT) approach for describing motivation for engaging in behaviors that reduce the harms associated with alcohol use (i.e., drinking responsibly). In the present study, we examined the relationship between drinking motives and motivations for drinking responsibly as well as their unique and incremental associations with alcohol-related outcomes (protective behavioral strategies [PBS], consumption, and negative consequences) in two samples of college student drinkers: (a) a random sample (n = 507) recruited from a Hispanic-Serving Institution on the U.S. border with Mexico (Mage = 22.84, SD = 5.84; 67.3% female; 90.9% Hispanic) and (b) a convenience sample (n = 2,808) from Psychology Department research participation pools at 10 universities in 8 U.S. states (Mage = 20.59, SD = 4.18; 72.9% female; 58.2% non-Hispanic White). Autonomous motivations (experience of volition and choice) for drinking responsibly were negatively correlated with drinking motives, but these correlations were small-to-medium in magnitude suggesting nonredundancy between the constructs. Drinking motives were risk factors for alcohol-related outcomes, especially alcohol-related problems, and autonomous motivations for drinking responsibly were protective factors for alcohol-related outcomes, especially PBS. Both motivational constructs predicted alcohol-related outcomes beyond the other, but drinking motives generally accounted for more variance. These findings suggest that integrating motivation in relation to both drinking and drinking responsibly may lead to a better understanding of alcohol-related behaviors and the associated negative consequences among college students. Implications for college drinking interventions are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Understanding intra-urban human mobility patterns and their potential driving forces are vital to city planning and commercial site selection. In this paper, we first investigate the functions of urban regions and how different region types dynamically influence people's trip decisions. Furthermore, we characterize urban circadian rhythms by time-vary inter-regional transition probabilities between these regions with different functions, and integrate them into intervening opportunity model to predict human mobility. Public transportation card data in Shanghai are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the model in terms of station passenger flows, travel time and trip flux. By taking regional function into consideration, the proposed model significantly improved the prediction accuracy. Quantitative analysis ulteriorly indicates that trip intentions and regional features are critical elements in trip flux prediction, especially in the afternoon and evening when people have an abundance of opportunities to travel by their own volition. When the function of a certain region changes, our model is able to make reasonable predictions accordingly. The results indicate the importance of considering individual travel motivation and regional function in modeling human mobility. The proposed model could serve as a guide for popularity and trip flux prediction in urban planning and reconstruction.

The study of sedentary behaviors requires taxonomies (classification schemes) to standardize data collection, measurements, and outcomes. Three taxonomies of sedentary behaviors have been identified, but none address an important challenge in sedentary behavior research, which is to distinguish between beneficial and detrimental health effects of various sedentary behaviors. Some sedentary behaviors (e.g., reading) are associated with positive health outcomes, whereas other sedentary behaviors (e.g., television viewing) are associated with adverse health outcomes. To address directly this complexity and present a different conception and understanding of discrepant findings related to health outcomes, a new taxonomy is needed. The development of the new taxonomy is guided by analysis of literature and selection of a relevant and informative behavioral sciences theoretical framework (i.e., self-determination theory). Because older adults are an increasing percentage of the population and report a high prevalence of sedentary behaviors, the new taxonomy was designed for older adults with potential application to all age groups. Taylor’s taxonomy of sedentary behaviors is parsimonious with four domains: social interaction (i.e., not solitary, companionship, interacting, and connecting with others); novelty (i.e., refreshingly new, unusual, or different); choice (i.e., volition, preferred option or alternative, the power, freedom, or decision to choose); and cognition (i.e., mentally stimulating and engaging).

Job burnout is a profound concern in modern society producing enormous financial and emotional costs for companies, health insurances, and the individual employee. In this study, we aimed at contributing to the literature on determinants of job burnout by investigating the indirect effects of implicit and explicit motive discrepancies (IED) through intrinsic motivation, with the aim of replicating previous findings from the literature. In addition, we extended this research by adding job satisfaction as an outcome variable in the mediation model, as well as volition as a moderator in these relationships. We preregistered our study and collected data from 136 participants (82 females; Mage = 29.33 years, SDage = 6.30) using indirect measures (for implicit motives) and self-report measures (for explicit motives, job burnout, job satisfaction and volition). IED was shown to have an indirect effect on both job burnout and job satisfaction through intrinsic motivation. Additionally, these indirect effects were mitigated by high levels volition. We discuss implications of our findings for research and practice.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2021.1980758.

Practical cognitivism is the view that practical reason is the self-conscious will and that practical cognition is self-conscious volition. This essay addresses two puzzles for practical cognitivism. In akratic action, I act as I understand is illegitimate and not as I understand is legitimate. In permissible action, I act as I understand is legitimate and also do not act as I understand is legitimate. In both types of action, practical cognition seems to come apart from volition. How, then, can practical reason be our will and practical cognition be volition? Practical cognitivists can solve these puzzles because the claims that practical reason is our will and that practical cognition is volition are about the nature of a capacity, and the nature of a capacity establishes standards of correctness for its exercises. Akratic action is a type of erroneous exercise of practical reason as tripping is an erroneous exercise our capacity to walk. Permissible action is a successful exercise of practical reason as stepping first with my right foot rather than my left is a successful exercise of my capacity to walk. The puzzles of akratic and permissible action do not refute practical cognitivism.

To have a child is among individuals' most important and meaningful decisions, with far-reaching implications. Despite evidence linking this decision to a wide variety of consequences, little is known about what motivates people to have children, and even less so about the long-term effects of different childbearing motivations on parenting and child adjustment. This study took a self-determination theory (SDT) perspective, examining how prenatal maternal autonomous and controlled childbearing motivations are related to child behavior problems through parenting styles. The rationale was that prenatal autonomous (sense of volition and self-fulfillment) and controlled (feeling pressured) childbearing motivations would shape later parental styles (autonomy-supportive vs. controlling, respectively) and, consequently, child adjustment. Over a period of 2 years beginning at pregnancy, 326 Israeli mothers reported their prenatal childbearing motivations, as well as parental styles and child behavior problems 20 months postpartum. Results of a path analysis revealed that prenatal autonomous childbearing motivation predicted autonomy-supportive parenting, yet the latter was not associated with children's behavior problems. Prenatal controlled motivation predicted controlling parenting, which, in turn, predicted children's internalizing and externalizing problems. No direct effects of childbearing motivation on children's behavior problems are observed, suggesting that childbearing motivation is a distal antecedent operating through more proximal factors such as parenting style. Findings were robust to children's temperamental tendencies and sociodemographic risk factors such as maternal age, high-risk pregnancy, and preterm birth. These findings have theoretical and practical implications for the discourse on motivations underlying the childbearing decision and their effects on parenting and child adjustment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

The rampant development of Ukrainian amateur football encourages scientists to conduct study concerning the motivation of sportsmen to train and participate in competitions. The football players in the endeavor to succeed, to satisfy the necessity to be a member of a team integrated by common aims, interests and motifs. The aim of our study was to reveal the peculiarities of the influence of motivation to play football of amateur sportsmen of FT of Kyiv on their competitive activity. The amateur football players of "Stina" FT, 1 League, Kyiv and "Darnytsia" FT, 2 League, Kyiv took voluntary participation in the study, aged 20 to 45 years of each club, respectively, a total of 40 sportsmen. We studied the issue of the influence of motivation on competitive activity in amateur football with the help of the following method: "Motives for playing sports" by A.V. Shaboltas and the test "Motivation for success" by T. Ehlers. In accordance with the study, the main motives of sports activities of football amateurs of both teams are the following: the motive to succeed in sports, the motive of physical self-affirmation, sports-cognitive motive, which testify to the goal orientation of amateur football players in the process of the game on the field. Among the dominant motives of "Stina" FT amateur sportsmen are the motive of success in sports; motive of physical self-affirmation, civic and patriotic motive, which allows the team to maintain quite high rating in the standings during 2019. An inexpressive motivational pole of the football players of "Stina" FT has a tendency to succeed 40%, compared with a tendency to fail 20%. Motivation among 70% of "Darnytsia" FT players is focused on avoiding failures, which is evidence of unformed positive game motivation, volition to avoid discomfort, related to the possible failures. Motivation to succeed prevails among the players of "Stina" FT, which is 80% of the team. We observe that the percentage of sportsmen whose motivation is focused on success is higher among "Stina" FT football players of "Darnytsia" FT. The amateur football players of 1 League have a well-formed and well-ordered motivation to succeed. Leading place in the hierarchy of motives takes the motivation for success, which is related to self-determination of team players.

To understand how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected students about to enter the job market, we surveyed 754 university seniors to investigate the perceived stress–career adaptability relationship. We also assessed if positive psychological capital (PsyCap) and work volition mediated this relationship. The results show that the seniors' perceived stress during the COVID-19 pandemic negatively predicted career adaptability. Moreover, the sequential mediation effect (perceived stress reduces positive PsyCap and work volition, which predicts career adaptability) was supported. Thus, lower positive PsyCap can reduce work volition and adaptability. We are among the first researchers to explore how the COVID-19 pandemic has disadvantaged recent university graduates in the labor market, and we have provided new perspectives on how to improve their career adaptability.

Substance use disorder (SUD) is a behavioral disorder characterized by volitional drug consumption. Mouse models of SUD allow for the use of molecular, genetic, and circuit-level tools, providing enormous potential for defining the underlying mechanisms of this disorder. However, the relevance of results depends on the validity of the mouse models used. Self-administration models have long been the preferred preclinical model for SUD as they allow for volitional drug consumption, thus providing strong face validity. While previous work has defined the parameters that influence intravenous cocaine self-administration in other species-such as rats and primates-many of these parameters have not been explicitly assessed in mice. In a series of experiments, we showed that commonly used mouse models of self-administration, where behavior is maintained on a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement, show similar levels of responding in the presence and absence of drug delivery-demonstrating that it is impossible to determine when drug consumption is and is not volitional. To address these issues, we have developed a novel mouse self-administration procedure where animals do not need to be pretrained on sucrose and behavior is maintained on a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement. This procedure increases rates of reinforcement behavior, increases levels of drug intake, and results in clearer delineation between drug-reinforced and saline conditions. Together, these data highlight a major issue with fixed-ratio models in mice that complicates subsequent analysis and provide a simple approach to minimize these confounds with variable-ratio schedules of reinforcement. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

This thesis discusses the Analysis of Students' Motivation for Choosing Pesantren Al-Kinanah Jambi as an Arabic Language Learning Institution. With the problem of how students can be motivated to choose Al-Kinanah Jambi Islamic boarding school as an Arabic language learning institution, what are the factors that encourage students to choose Jambi's Al-Kinanah Islamic Boarding School as an Arabic language learning institution. This type of research is qualitative research, namely data obtained in the form of opinions, views or other expressions of thought obtained through interviews. While the method used is observation (observation), interviews, and documentation. While the sources of data in this study were obtained from the leadership of the Al-Kinanah Islamic Boarding School Jambi, TU staff and students. He made it as the object of the informant because the researcher said that they are competent to provide information or data that is closely related to the problem under study. Data was collected using observation, interviews and documentation. The data analysis used is qualitative data analysis. Based on the results of this study, it shows that there are two factors that motivate students to choose Pesantren Al-Kinanah Jambi as an Arabic language learning institution (1) internal factors, namely factors that come from within the student without any coercion from others. From the results of interviews conducted by researchers with students at the Al-Kinanah Islamic Boarding School in Jambi, almost some of the students said that they chose to enter the pesantren of their own volition and not coercion from others. They think that by going to boarding school this will make them a better person, and they think that this Islamic boarding school has good religious knowledge and fun learning because they not only study religion but they can also learn general lessons such as science lessons, social studies and so on. (2) external factors, namely factors that come not from themselves but from input and encouragement from parents. From the results of interviews conducted by researchers to Al-Kinanah Jambi Islamic boarding school students, most of the students chose to enter the pesantren because of encouragement from their parents. With the aim of parents so that they can become children with noble character and there are those who supervise the activities they do during the Islamic boarding school. From the results of research conducted on April 15, 2021, the authors conclude that the motivation of students to choose the Al-Kinanah Jambi Islamic boarding school consists of two factors, namely internal factors and external factors. Internal factors are factors that come from within the students who wish to continue their education at the Al-Kinanah Jambi Islamic boarding school, with the aim of improving themselves and learning foreign languages ​​in the pesantren, namely English and Arabic. While external factors are factors that come from the encouragement and input of the family with the aim that their children can get good religious and moral education in the Al-Kinana Jambi Islamic boarding school.

Consciousness in patients with brain injury is traditionally assessed based on semiological evaluation at the bedside. This classification is limited because of low granularity, ill-defined and rigid nomenclatures incompatible with the highly fluctuating nature of consciousness, failure to identify specific brain states like cognitive motor dissociation, and neglect for underlying biological mechanisms. Here, the authors present a pragmatic framework based on consciousness endotypes that combines clinical phenomenology with all essential physiological and biological data, emphasizing recovery trajectories, therapeutic potentials and clinical feasibility. The Neurocritical Care Society’s Curing Coma Campaign identified an international group of experts who convened in a series of online meetings between May and November 2020 to discuss and propose a novel framework for classifying consciousness. The expert group proposes Advanced Classification of Consciousness Endotypes (ACCESS), a tiered multidimensional framework reflecting increasing complexity and an aspiration to consider emerging and future approaches. Tier 1 is based on clinical phenotypes and structural imaging. Tier 2 adds functional measures including EEG, PET and functional MRI, that can be summarized using the Arousal, Volition, Cognition and Mechanisms (AVCM) score (where “Volition” signifies volitional motor responses). Finally, Tier 3 reflects dynamic changes over time with a (theoretically infinite) number of physiologically distinct states to outline consciousness recovery and identify opportunities for therapeutic interventions. Whereas Tiers 1 and 2 propose an approach for low-resource settings and state-of-the-art expertise at leading academic centers, respectively, Tier 3 is a visionary multidimensional consciousness paradigm driven by continuous incorporation of new knowledge while addressing the Curing Coma Campaign’s aspirational goals.

Abstract. Attaining sports or health goals requires not only high motivation but also the willpower to translate sport-behavior intentions into successful action. This volitional regulation calls for the mobilization of effort to overcome obstacles in the pursuit of goals. The present article provides a theoretical and empirical overview of motivation intensity theory ( Brehm & Self, 1989 ) – a conceptual framework that makes clear and testable predictions about effort mobilization in various contexts. First, we present the guiding principles of this theory and its operationalizations by measures of effort-related cardiovascular reactivity and physical handgrip force. Second, we review a selection of empirical tests of the basic assumptions of this theory and the impact of psychological moderator variables such as affect, fatigue, pain, and personality on effort mobilization. Finally, we discuss important implications of these findings for the sports and health domains and make suggestions for future research.

As the field of sexual medicine continues to grow, there has been increasing attention to the importance of the sociocultural components of the biopsychosocial model. Although important in all medical practice, culture and sexual health are particularly entwined, so engaging with sociocultural aspects of the patient experience as part of evaluation and treatment is necessary to optimize patient outcomes in this field. We invite clinicians to consider the importance of sexual health literacy, cultural humility, and support for patient volition as key aspects of moving care towards a model that embraces all aspects of the biopsychosocial model. The aim of the current paper is to provide readers with concrete steps and illustrative examples to help guide this process. Bober SL, Chevalier L. Culture and Sexual Medicine: A Road Map for Clinical Inquiry and Practice. J Sex Med 2021;18:1475–1478.

The objective of this study is to find out the psychological problems on the protagonist and the negative impacts caused by the psychological problems in Faye Bird’s novel My Second Life published in 2014. Psychological problem are disorders of cognitive, volition, affective, and psychomotor generating to psychological disorders characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. The two aspects of the problems are in reality get into the corridor of psychology, a study about human’s soul or mind, either about its symptoms, processes, or its background. As literature is a reflection of society, all the characters are also members of literary community leading to a concept that psychology and literature are closely related. This novel is about a teenager who experiences various psychological problems after finding out that in her first life she has been the cause of someone’s death. This study is conducted to give an overview to all people about the negative impacts of psychological problems experienced by the protagonist. This study applies qualitative method going through social phenomena and the data are collected from the novel. The results show the psychological problems are depression, anxiety and trauma causing negative impacts in the forms of insomnia, lack of concentration and truancy.

Background Heterogeneity among patients’ responses to treatment is prevalent in psychiatric disorders. Personalized medicine approaches—which involve parsing patients into subgroups better indicated for a particular treatment—could therefore improve patient outcomes and serve as a powerful tool in patient selection within clinical trials. Machine learning approaches can identify patient subgroups but are often not “explainable” due to the use of complex algorithms that do not mirror clinicians’ natural decision-making processes. Methods Here we combine two analytical approaches—Personalized Advantage Index and Bayesian Rule Lists—to identify paliperidone-indicated schizophrenia patients in a way that emphasizes model explainability. We apply these approaches retrospectively to randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial data to identify a paliperidone-indicated subgroup of schizophrenia patients who demonstrate a larger treatment effect (outcome on treatment superior than on placebo) than that of the full randomized sample as assessed with Cohen’s d. For this study, the outcome corresponded to a reduction in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score which measures positive (e.g., hallucinations, delusions), negative (e.g., blunted affect, emotional withdrawal), and general psychopathological (e.g., disturbance of volition, uncooperativeness) symptoms in schizophrenia. Results Using our combined explainable AI approach to identify a subgroup more responsive to paliperidone than placebo, the treatment effect increased significantly over that of the full sample (p if–then-else), termed a “rule list”, to ease interpretability for clinicians. A majority of the rule lists generated from cross-validation found two general psychopathology symptoms, disturbance of volition and uncooperativeness, to predict membership in the paliperidone-indicated subgroup. Conclusions These results help to technically validate our explainable AI approach to patient selection for a clinical trial by identifying a subgroup with an improved treatment effect. With these data, the explainable rule lists also suggest that paliperidone may provide an improved therapeutic benefit for the treatment of schizophrenia patients with either of the symptoms of high disturbance of volition or high uncooperativeness. Trial Registration: clincialtrials.gov identifier: NCT 00,083,668; prospectively registered May 28, 2004

The readiness potential (RP), a slow buildup of electrical potential recorded at the scalp using electroencephalography, has been associated with neural activity involved in movement preparation. It became famous thanks to Benjamin Libet (Brain 1983;106:623-642), who used the time difference between the RP and self-reported time of conscious intention to move to argue that we lack free will. The RP's informativeness about self-generated action and derivatively about free will has prompted continued research on this neural phenomenon. Here, we argue that recent advances in our understanding of the RP, including computational modeling of the phenomenon, call for a reassessment of its relevance for understanding volition and the philosophical problem of free will.

This paper seeks to expand our knowledge on autonomy experiences predicting, or associated with, important well-being attributes, by drawing on the concept of an “Authentic Inner Compass” (AIC, Assor 2012, 2018; Vansteenkiste and Soenens 2015): Sense of knowing what is truly important to us in terms of values, aspirations, and goals. Study 1 (304 Hong Kong students; mean age = 20.3 years), showed that sense of AIC predicted increased subjective vitality and self-esteem over time. Study 2 (257 Israeli students, mean age = 16.2 years) validated a measure of the experience of behavioral self-realization, hypothesized to mediate the links between AIC and positive well-being attributes. Study 3 (307 Israeli students, mean age = 16.3 years) showed that AIC had direct links with vitality and low depression, and was also indirectly linked to depression via behavioral self-realization. This study also examined the hypothesis that the associations between AIC, and the indicators of behavioral self-realization, vitality and low depression, hold also after controlling for another, widely researched autonomy experience: psychological freedom and volition (Chen et al.’s [2015] need for autonomy scale). Results supported this hypothesis. The findings suggest that sense of AIC is associated with increased vitality and self-esteem over time. Results also suggest that sense of AIC and psychological freedom and volition are two distinct autonomy experiences that are uniquely associated with important well-being attributes. Future research may examine the benefits of supporting these two autonomy experiences in youth.

Despite burgeoning evidence for the effectiveness of intergroup contact on prejudice reduction, relatively less is known about how much individuals’ internal control and active choice is involved in the formation of intergroup contact. Through four correlational studies (Ntotal = 1043, Study 1 in Cyprus and Studies 2‐4 in Turkey), we investigated the construct of ‘contact volition’ ‐ the extent to which one engages in intergroup contact deliberately. Studies 1‐3 showed that intergroup contact perceived as primarily intentional and pursued by the active choice of the self (volitional contact) was associated with greater intimacy and positivity and thereby more positive attitudes, compared to contact that is primarily based on external/situational conditions (contingent contact). Study 4 showed that contact quantity was associated with more positive attitudes and behavioral tendencies through greater intimacy and positivity, only when contact was volitional. Findings contribute to the recently emerging research literature on motivated contact behavior that can help maximize the effectiveness of contact.

This descriptive study was conducted to identify the motivation levels of university students, factors affecting their motivation, and students' opinions concerning their professions. The study sample consisted of 211 students attending the Vocational School of Health Services. Data were assembled using a “Questionnaire Form” and the “Motivation Sources and Problems Scale”. Frequency, percentage, arithmetic mean values, and the chi-square, independent group Student t-test, Mann Whitney U, ANOVA, and Kruskal Wallis tests were used for data analysis. Students’ mean scores were 41.06 ± 7.17 on the intrinsic motivation sub-dimension, 20.27±3.15 on the extrinsic motivation sub-dimension, and 25.08 ± 6.76 on the negative motivation sub-dimension, with a mean overall score of 86.41 ± 12.73. It is found that 91.5% of students had chosen their profession of their own volition and that 66.4% regarded their profession as important. In conclusion, students’ intrinsic and extrinsic motivation levels were high, while negative motivation was low. Helping others, ease of finding employment, and selecting their professions of their own volition affect students’ professional motivation. Students also thought that the working hours were not excessively demanding and wished to engage in their professions after graduation.

Teaching and training are becoming more student-oriented, thus requiring a higher degree of self-regulated learning, involving agency and cyclical adaptation to attain academic success and engagement in academic activities. Previous research has shown how students who set learning-oriented goals, have a greater ability to focus on cognitive tasks and establish a greater commitment to achievement, are more conscientious regarding their academic success. Thus, the purpose of this study was to identify how personality characteristics like goal orientation, self-control, organization and persistence, are reflected in self-regulated learning processes, considering differences in participants from two different cultures. The participants, 402 university students (218 female and 184 male; 50.7% from Brazil and 49.3% from Portugal; mean age 21.66) were asked to answer two inventories, assessing self-regulation and conscientiousness. The results revealed that conscientiousness seems to be a personality trait which is significantly correlated with self-regulated learning and with its different phases in both the Portuguese and Brazilian samples. Moreover, significant differences were found regarding self-regulated learning overall and performance/volition processes specifically in favour of the Brazilian students. However, Portuguese students revealed to be more conscientious. The results obtained in the present study are relevant for a better understanding of the personality, contextual and cultural factors in order to promote interventions that can create conditions for students to be more active and autonomous in managing their learning processes.

The interest in the humanitarian, specific human problems of psychology has been revived in recent years, which is why attention has risen to such a phenomenon as the will. Given the complexity of this mental phenomenon, an attempt is made in this article to unify and schematize the theory of will (according to Th. Ribot) and the scheme of a complex volitional act is presented. Also, special attention is paid to the stages of a volitional process. An important research aspect is determining the role and place of volitional act elements and explaining the specifics of act course at different people. On the basis of the article author’s scheme of the volitional act structure, the author presents places and functions for the following components of the will: its individual organization; the coordinated unity of aspirations, feelings, ideas, images; conscious desires; the role of hesitations in decision-making and actions; also the author determines the basic will mechanisms, namely, stimulation or delay. In addition, the article author proposes to include two stages of hesitations: before making a decision and for performing an actual action. This clarification help explain exactly at what moments a volitional act can be interrupted, since these zones are critical for people with weak will and lack decision. The places of the will functioning are clearly identified in the proposed structure of a volitional act: between a desire and a made decision, between a decision and an action; the will is understood as a stimulating force during the implementation of a complex action. Also, the places are indicated where a volitional act is interrupted by different people: those with a strong will, a weak will, lack decision or with pathology of will. Desires of people with pathology of will does not often even acquire a conscious form, while people with a strong will go through all the stages and implement their decisions. The study findings can be applied both in the scientific field, to improve the fundamental theories of general psychology, and in practice, to develop pedagogical principles in the field of education.

Older people (OP) living at home alone face several health risks. Health professionals are increasingly called upon to contribute to the prevention of these risks. In this article we to develop an ...

People think other individuals have considerable control over what they believe. However, no work to date has investigated how people judge their own belief control, nor whether such judgments diverge from their judgments of others. We addressed this gap in 7 studies and found that people judge others to be more able to voluntarily change what they believe than they themselves are. This occurs when people judge others who disagree with them (Study 1) as well as others who agree with them (Studies 2-5, 7), and it occurs when people judge strangers (Studies 1, 2, 4, and 5) as well as close others (Studies 3 and 7). It appears not to be explained by impression management or self-enhancement motives (Study 3). Rather, there is a discrepancy between the evidentiary constraints on belief change that people access via introspection, and their default assumptions about the ease of voluntary belief revision. That is, people tend spontaneously to think about the evidence that supports their beliefs, which leads them to judge their beliefs as outside their control. But they apparently fail to generalize this sense of constraint to others, and similarly fail to incorporate it into their generic model of beliefs (Studies 4-7). We discuss the implications of our findings for theories of ideology-based conflict, actor-observer biases, naïve realism, and ongoing debates regarding people's actual capacity to voluntarily change what they believe. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Na educação, a autorregulação envolve diferentes aspectos de monitorização, volição e ações direcionadas à realização de objetivos. Pretende-se verificar a fiabilidade e a validade de um instrumento de autorregulação da aprendizagem para estudantes do ensino superior e identificar como esta se relaciona com o desempenho acadêmico. Participaram 516 estudantes de Institutos Federais do Brasil que responderam a um questionário on-line. O questionário revelou índices adequados de ajustamento psicométrico e a autorregulação explica significativamente o desempenho acadêmico dos estudantes.

Current meta-analyses demonstrate convincing evidence regarding the efficacy of exercise on depression, insomnia, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia and ADHD. However, exercise and sports therapy approaches for patients with psychological disorders are mostly integrated in psychiatric inpatient or rehabilitation settings, but not applied in the outpatient sector. Thus, the German Health sector does not take the advantage of the compelling therapeutic effects of exercise. This review covers the theoretical and empirical fundamentals of the effects of exercise and illustrates practical implications by means of the presentation of the group-therapeutic exercise program ImPuls, that was specifically designed for patients with psychological disorders in outpatient settings. ImPuls integrates current evidence of the effects of exercise (type of sport, duration, frequency, intensity) and the facilitation of motivational and volitional strategies to support patients to integrate exercise in their daily life routines.

Desde la Terapia Ocupacional en el campo de la Gerontología, se propone una reflexión crítica sobre el uso del Modelo de Ocupación Humana en el abordaje de la ocupación en el envejecimiento, reconociendo la emergencia de la perspectiva crítica, los aportes del paradigma del curso de vida en la comprensión holística y contextual de la vejez, y la concepción de envejecimiento saludable. Se revisan los postulados principales del modelo en cuanto a la adaptación ocupacional, la volición, la habituación, la capacidad de desempeño y los entornos en la vejez. Se analiza la participación social en actividades significativas de la persona mayor en la construcción de la vida ocupacional y el rol de la narrativa en la adaptación ocupacional en el envejecimiento. Esta reflexión tiene implicaciones en la fundamentación de la intervención ocupacional en el envejecimiento, tanto desde la perspectiva terapéutica como en la promoción de la salud y la calidad de vida de las personas mayores. En definitiva, el análisis favorece el uso del Modelo de Ocupación Humana en la práctica profesional gerontológica. A critical reflection of the Human Occupation Model is proposed to address the issue of occupation in aging, in the field of Occupational Therapy in Gerontology. It recognizes the emergence of a critical perspective, the contributions of vital course paradigm to the holistic and contextual understanding of old age, and the conception of healthy aging. The model’s main postulates are reviewed in terms of occupational adaptation, volition, habituation, performance capacity and environments in old age. This reflection has implications for the fundamentals of occupational intervention in aging, both from a therapeutic perspective and the promotion of health and life quality in the elderly population. In conclusion, the analysis favors the use of the Human Occupation Model in gerontological professional practice. Fil: Krzemien, Deisy. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Psicología Básica, Aplicada y Tecnología. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Psicología. Instituto de Psicología Básica, Aplicada y Tecnología.; Argentina Fil: Miranda, Claudia Margarita. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Cs.de la Salud y Servicio Social; Argentina Fil: Martin, Noelia Giselle. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Cs.de la Salud y Servicio Social; Argentina

Background. The purpose of the current article is to demonstrate how formative process evaluation was used in a pilot study to optimize the design and implementation of two motivationally targeted community-based physical activity (PA) interventions for inactive African American women. Method. Fifteen African American women (M age: 41.6 years) were randomized to a challenge-focused program targeted toward high autonomous motivation or a rewards-focused program targeted toward low autonomous motivation. The challenge-focused program targeted enjoyment and valuation of PA and a team-based positive social climate through competitive intergroup activities and team-based goals, whereas the rewards-focused program targeted PA interest, competency, and partner-based social support through a walking program, individual-based goals with financial incentives, and partner-based action-plans. Results. Feedback from participants revealed high levels of acceptability of essential elements. Average weekly attendance exceeded the a priori goal of ≥75% of members in attendance each week. External systematic observation demonstrated that session content dose was ≥93% in both programs. Facilitator-level fidelity exceeded the a priori goal of averaging ≥3 on a 4-point scale for behavioral skills, communication, autonomy support, and session content. The process evaluation also revealed areas for improvement, including facilitator-level social support and behavioral skills at the group-level. Process data collected through FitBits revealed that participants were engaged in self-monitoring PA during the 6-week programs. Conclusions. The formative process evaluation demonstrated adequate levels of feasibility and acceptability and also provided key insights into adjustments needed before proceeding with implementing the motivationally targeted group-based programs in a larger randomized study.

The paper notes the urgency of the problem of criminal responsibility of persons with mental disorders, which does not exclude sanity. This is due, on the one hand, to an increase in mental health conditions among the perpetrators due to the general decline in the level of mental health of the population and, on the other hand, to the lack of a clear legislative solution to the criminal and legal significance of mental anomalies in the individualization of punishment. The need to analyze the impact on the implementation of the wrongful act of the relevant data set was noted. The aim of the article is to disclose the specifics of the criminal conduct of persons with mental disorders, which were found to be limited sane. The following methods were used to achieve the tasks: theoretical analysis of scientific literature, psychodiagnostic and statistic methods. In the study 103 cases of persons undergoing a comprehensive psychological and psychiatric examination were analyzed and found to be unable to fully understand the nature and significance of their actions during the offence and were found to be limited sane. The results of the research. The study shows that a person’s mental state is determined by the forensic psychiatric examination, or complex forensic-psychiatric examination, appointed after the fact of committing a socially dangerous act by that person, if there is evidence of doubt about his sanity. It has been found that mental disorders and certain states of the psyche, affecting the intellectual and volition sphere of the individual’s activities, do not always automatically deprive it of the opportunity at the time of the crime to realize the actual nature and public danger of their actions (inaction) or to direct them. Conclusions. It has been proved that the person who committed a socially dangerous act requires the study of violations in the intellectual and emotional-volitional spheres, criticality, self-control, as well as the study of the criminal situation, which allows to assess the degree of actualization and influence of the psychological disorder available in the sub-expert, his ability to regulate fully his behavior during the period of committing illegal actions.

This qualitative study interrogates fourteen cases of general education homeroom teachers who were first transferred to special education teaching by the Ministry of Education in Turkey without their own volition and later preferred to stay in special education even after they were redeemed their rights to return to general education. Studying these teachers is critical in discovering what factors motivated them to stay in special education field compared to those who were dissatisfied in the field and preferred to return to general education. The results of the thematic analysis had close linkages to Herzberg’s two-factor theory of motivation, which indicated that primarily internal factors (motivation factors) affected teachers’ decision to stay or leave, and external (hygiene) factors supported their decisions. The findings present critical insights and implications for both practitioners and policy makers in regard to retaining qualified teachers in special education field.

Purpose of the study: This research aims to look at the effectiveness of the adiwiyata program in the character of caring for the environment of students. Methodology: Using mixed methods with the type of sequential explanatory using 220 respondents using questionnaire instruments, interviews, and documentation. Main Findings: From the results of the questionnaire given shows that elementary school teacher education students at Jambi University have a good category in caring about the environment, this is reinforced by the results of documentation and interviews that have been conducted, that students already care about the environment, and know that throwing trash in its place and protecting the campus environment is the right activity. Applications of this study: implementing the adiwiyata program on campus can foster the character of caring for the environment owned by students so that students are able to protect the environment around themselves of their own volition without being instructed. Novelty/Originality of this study: The renewal of this research is the implementation of the adiwiyata program to see the effectiveness of growing the character of caring for the environment.

The themes of the living body, active cognition, emotion, mood, and volition were a crucial part of the continental tradition and the phenomenological movement. Analytic philosophy of mind, however...

본 연구에서는 Psychology of Working Theory(PWT)와 자기결정이론(Self-Determination Theory; SDT)의 모형을 국내 대학생에게 적용해보고자 하였다. 통합적 모형을 통해, 사회부과 완벽주의와 진로만족 간의 관계를 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 대학생의 사회부과 완벽주의와 진로만족의 관계에서 일 자유의지를 통해 사회적 지지가 매개된 조절효과를 지니는지를 검증하였다. 대학생 253명을 대상으로 사회부과 완벽주의, 일자유의지, 진로만족과 사회적 지지를 측정하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 일 자유의지, 진로만족, 사회적 지지 사이에 유의한 정적 상관관계를 보였고, 사회부과 완벽주의와 다른 변인 간에는 유의한 부적상관관계가 있었다. 둘째, 사회부과 완벽주의와 진로만족의 관계에서 사회적 지지의 조절효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 셋째, 사회부과 완벽주의와 일 자유의지의 관계에서도 사회적 지지의 조절효과가 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 사회부과 완벽주의가 진로만족에 영향을 미치는 경로에서 일 자유의지가 이를 매개하며, 사회부과 완벽주의와 일 자유의지의 관계를 사회적 지지가 조절하는 것으로 나타나 매개된 조절효과가 검증되었다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 연구의 시사점과 한계점 및 후속 연구를 위한 제언을 논의하였다.

This study’s purpose was to investigate any possible relationship between the goal perspectives (task and ego orientation) and volitional competences (persistence, expedience, and purposefulness) in physical activities settings. Participants were 134 people with a physical disability (103 men and 31 women) with age ranging from 14 to 67 years. All participants participated in physical activities. Participants filled out the Measure Athletes’ Volition – Short (MAV-S), and Task and Ego Orientation in Sports Questionnaire (TEOSQ). Results revealed that volitional competencies are predictors goal perspectives in physical activity settings. In addition, the findings showed that the expedience is a stronger predictor to task orientation, while persistence competence is to ego orientation. In conclusion, the present study is considered to offer new knowledge on the achievement goal orientation people with physical disabilities in physical activity contexts. The first one is that volitional competencies (expedience and purposefulness) are significantly positive predictors of task orientation. The second conclusion is that persistence competence is significantly positive predictor, while purposefulness competence is negative predictor of ego orientation.

Purpose This paper aims to provide an understanding of influencing motivation and volition in the transfer of learning within the context of technical training in different countries by controlling predictors. Design/methodology/approach In six countries, employees from one automotive company’s service centres were asked to complete two online questionnaires after a blended learning training program with technical content (t1: 7 to 12 days after the training, t2: 5 to 7 weeks after). In total, 441 technical staff members participated. Findings Results suggest that motivation and volition mediate the effects of peer support, content validity and supervisor support on training transfer after a technical training. The outcomes show that peer support has an important influence on motivation and that national culture is less important than company culture. Research limitations/implications The results should be tested further in different trainings, companies and countries. Originality/value This is one of the first international studies to confirm peer support and content validity as predictors for motivation to transfer after technical training. It is also the first instance of exploring possible mediation by motivation and volition on peer support and content validity after technical training in an intercultural context.

The current qualitative study explored perceptions and experiences of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among Korean male older adults. Six older adults participated in a narrative group interview. Responses were analyzed to describe perceptions and experiences of COPD. Social stigma, blaming others and the environment, stress to bear alone, and adaptation and management emerged as relevant themes for adaptation to COPD. In relation to obstacles to healthy behaviors after adapting to COPD, emergent themes were adapting to symptoms, external environmental factors, alternative treatments, and insufficient resources. Facilitators of healthy behaviors were past symptom experience, personal volition, and advice from health professionals. Older adult men with COPD trying to adapt to the disease need sufficient resources and social support from families, social networks, and health professionals. Development of interventions for older adults with COPD should include knowledge and understanding of experience and needs. [ Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 46 (2), 49–56.]

People value relationships and want to relate to both friends and romantic partners in a secure and comfortable fashion. But can individuals move towards realizing this goal of their own volition? To address this question, across three studies with a combined total of more than 4000 participants, we developed and validated a new measure of people's desires to change their attachment anxiety and avoidance. In Study 1, we created the new, 16–item Change Goals—Experiences in Close Relationships measure. In Study 2, we replicated the Change Goals—Experiences in Close Relationships’ factor structure and demonstrated that it correlates in theoretically expected ways with criterion variables (e.g. people who were high in undesirable traits such as anxiety or avoidance generally wanted to change those traits; change goals were linked to dissatisfaction with relevant life domains). Finally, in Study 3, we conducted a 16–wave, weekly longitudinal study. Results indicated that goals to change attachment anxiety and avoidance predicted corresponding growth across time (e.g. people who wanted to become less anxious tended to experience declines in attachment anxiety across time). Thus, our research provides a new measure for studying changes in attachment and suggests people may be able to increase in attachment security per their own volition. © 2019 European Association of Personality Psychology

Buyukgoze-Kavas, Aysenur/0000-0001-9072-7040 WOS: 000503121000001 Building from the psychology of working framework, we examined the moderating role of proactive personality in the attainment of decent work among a sample of racially and ethnically diverse employed adults in the United States (N = 238). We tested our hypotheses using structural equation modeling and found experiences of marginalization and economic constraints to have indirect associations with decent work via work volition. We also found marginalization, work volition, and career adaptability to have direct associations with decent work but found no support for proactive personality as a moderating mechanism. Our findings contribute to the growing literature examining how contextual variables are associated with securing decent work among diverse groups. We discuss practical implications along with future directions for research related to the psychology of working.

Long-term recovery from drug abuse is a volitional process. Until now, no measure has been available for assessment of executive functioning capacity in this process. This study aims to identify a volitional process for drug addiction rehabilitation and to develop the Volitional Components Inventory for Drug Rehabilitation (VCI-DR). An item pool was constructed, based on theory construction, individual- and group-focused interviews, and expert feedback. Results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses suggested a structure with five factors: motivation control, impulse control, arousal control, self-discipline, and action management. The VCI-DR displayed promising convergent and discriminant validity with theoretically predicted criterion variables (sense of control, indecisiveness, impulsiveness, motivation of drug addiction rehabilitation, and emotion regulation). In addition, results showed good test–retest reliability, with excellent internal consistencies. Taken together, this research offers promising support for the VCI-DR, potentially advancing both basic and applied addiction research.

Both citizens and public servants have both voluntary and mandatory interactions with government through technology and these interactions range from unstructured to highly structured based on the technology or business processes implemented. Using data on the 50 U.S. states, we develop taxonomies of IT-enabled innovation along two dimensions – volitional vs non-volitional and structured vs unstructured – for both internal (employee-facing) and external (citizen-facing) investments. Using configurational analysis, we link portfolios of IT-enabled innovation investments to internal and external performance outcomes and find that a broad-based approach to IT-enabled innovation leads to the best outcomes while lack of investment hinders performance. We also find that for internal-focused innovation, unstructured innovations – whether volitional or non-volitional – tend to lead to better outcomes than structured innovations, while for external-focused innovation the most successful innovations noted were structured or volitional or both. As such, our findings highlight the differences between employee- and citizen-facing IT-enabled innovation, helping to guide policy makers and future researchers.

Public speaking is frequently referred to as an anxiety-provoking activity. Volition is linked to individuals' willpower and persistence to face distraction in achieving particular goals. The aim of this study is exploring the volitional strategies used by English speaking class students and the factors that particularly influenced the students in dealing with the anxiety in public speaking. The participants are the 30 public speaking class students. This study used a questionnaire and interview as the instruments for data collection. The volitional strategies found in this study are split into two kinds: action control and emotion control strategies. The factors influencing students in learning public speaking revealed are inferiority or lack of self-esteem, audience pressures, the absence of preparation, references, vocabulary; and unpredictable examination. The researcher concluded that the students show high volitional stage with their own strategies to overcome anxiety and distractions in public speaking class. This research is undertaken to encourage EFL students to overcome their anxiety and fear in speaking English.

The present study describes the validation of the German Volition in Exercise Questionnaire (VEQ-D), an instrument to measure volition in the physical exercise context. Volition goes beyond the construct of motivation and describes self-regulatory mental processes that are responsible for initiating and maintaining a desirable action (e.g., exercising regularly). The six-factor scale structure of the original Danish version was confirmed in the translated questionnaire via a confirmatory factor analysis. The analyses showed a good model fit and satisfactory to good internal consistency. In addition, the VEQ‑D showed criterion validity because it was able to predict physical exercise participation. It showed incremental validity by explaining additional variance with regard to self-efficacy and barriers for physical activity, which are well-established motivational predictors of physical exercise participation. Validation in other samples (e.g., in samples with lower physical exercise levels which are more representative of the general population) is, however, needed.

Psychology of Working Theory (PWT; Duffy, Blustein, Diemer, & Autin, 2016) is a recently developed framework aimed at documenting predictors and outcomes of decent work. To date, no studies have explored the applicability of the psychology of working perspective with emerging adults. The goal of the present study is to examine the predictor portion of PWT with a sample of Korean emerging adults from diverse economic backgrounds. Data were collected from a sample of 407 emerging adults attending a large junior college in Korea. Overall, most of the hypothesized direct paths were significant, with economic resources positively relating to both work volition and career adaptability and these positively relating to occupational engagement and future perceptions of securing decent work. Support for the hypothesized indirect effects was mixed. Overall, results suggest that the PWT is generally relevant and applicable to emerging adults when population-appropriate outcomes are included in the model and that the theory is supported in the Korean context. Based on the results, we also propose that interventions based on malleable psychological factors-the mediators in our study-may be targets when working with emerging adults experiencing economic constraints. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).