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Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem technischen Entwurf eines humanoiden Roboters. Der Roboter muss so entwickelt und konstruiert werden, dass dieser stehen und gehen wie ein menschliches Wesen kann. Auf das niedrig halten der Kosten und des Gewichts ist besonders zu achten. Alle Körperteile des Roboters sollen mittels Rapid-Prototyping Verfahren hergestellt werden. Der Roboter soll als Bausatz konzipiert sein um das Konzept an fachunkundige Dritte weitergeben zu können. Die Aufgabe einen humanoiden Roboter zu konstruieren, wurde in sechs Arbeitspakete unterteilt, welche jeder Teilnehmer behandelt hat. Die Teilnehmer waren Sarah Machinek, Matthias Nagl, Dominik Lai, David Nechi, Rafael Wallner und Matthias Vogl. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich hauptsächlich mit der Konstruktion eines Ellbogen- und Kniegelenks. Der Oberschenkel mit der Anbindung zum Kniegelenk ist auch Teil dieser Arbeit. Begonnen wird mit dem Erstellen von Bewegungskonzepten. Nach den ersten Berechnungen sind die Motoren und Lager zu dimensionieren. Zusätzlich könnten alle Bauteile mit einer Simulation auf ihre Festigkeit überprüft werden. Es ist im Allgemeinen besonders auf Gewicht und Kosten zu achten. Das Ergebnis ist ein fertig konstruierter Oberschenkel und ein Ellbogen- und Kniegelenk. Alle Bauteile müssen den Proportionen des Roboters angepasst sein. This thesis deals with the technical design of a humanoid robot. The robot must be designed and constructed to stand and walk like a human being. It is very important, to keep the weight and the costs a slow as possible. All body parts should be able to be manufactured by rapid prototyping. The robot should be conceived as an assembly kit. The hole Projekt is divided to six diffrent work packages. The participants were Sarah Machinek, Matthias Nagl, Dominik Lai, David Nechi, Rafael Wallner and Matthias Vogl. This work is mainly concerned with the construction of an elbow and knee joint. The upper leg with all connections to the knee joint, is also a big part of this thesis. It starts with the creation of movement concepts. After the first calculations, the motors and bearings can be dimensioned. All components could be checked for a strength analysis with a simulation software. The result is a fully constructed thigh and an elbow and knee joint. All components must be adapted to the proportions of the robot.

Additional file 5: Table S5. Time until effect on health state, pain and mobility and general effect after 6 months.

Results of the Classification and regression tree analysis (CART) for group A and B. (DOCX 17 kb)

Multiple linear regression on costs per day. (DOCX 19 kb)

Spearman’s correlation coefficient on costs per case for group A (n = 2151). (DOCX 18 kb)

Aims To evaluate costs, effects and cost-effectiveness of increased reach of specific smoking cessation interventions in Germany. Design A Markov-based state transition return on investment model (EQUIPTMOD) was used to evaluate current smoking cessation interventions as well as two prospective investment scenarios. A health-care perspective (extended to include out-of-pocket payments) with life-time horizon was considered. A probabilistic analysis was used to assess uncertainty concerning predicted estimates. Setting Germany. Participants Cohort of current smoking population (18+ years) in Germany. Interventions Interventions included group-based behavioural support, financial incentive programmes and varenicline. For prospective scenario 1 the reach of group-based behavioral support, financial incentive programme and varenicline was increased by 1% of yearly quit attempts (= 57915 quit attempts), while prospective scenario2represented a higher reach, mirroringthe levels observed inEngland. Measurements EQUIPTMOD considered reach, interventioncost, number of quitters, quality-of-lifeyears (QALYs) gained, cost-effectivenessand returnon investment. Findings The highest returns throughreduction insmoking-related health-care costswere seen for the financial incentive programme ((sic)2.71 per (sic)1 invested), followed by that of group-based behavioural support ((sic)1.63 per (sic)1 invested), compared with no interventions. Varenicline had lower returns ((sic)1.02 per (sic)1 invested) than the other two interventions. At thepopulationlevel, prospective scenario1led to15 034QALYsgained and (sic)27millioncost-savings, compared with current investment. Intervention effects and reach contributed most to the uncertainty around the return-oninvestment estimates. At a hypothetical willingness-to-pay threshold of only (sic)5000, the probability of being cost-effective is approximately 75% for prospective scenario 1. Conclusions Increasing the reach of group-based behavioural support, financial incentives and varenicline for smoking cessation by just 1% of current annual quit attempts provides a strategy to German policymakers that improves the population's health outcomes and that may be considered cost-effective.

Introduction: Tobacco smoking claims 700 000 lives every year in Europe and the cost of tobacco smoking in the EU is estimated between €98 and €130 billion annually; direct medical care costs and indirect costs such as workday losses each represent half of this amount. Policymakers all across Europe are in need of bespoke information on the economic and wider returns of investing in evidence-based tobacco control, including smoking cessation agendas. EQUIPT is designed to test the transferability of one such economic evidence base—the English Tobacco Return on Investment (ROI) tool—to other EU member states. Methods and analysis: EQUIPT is a multicentre, interdisciplinary comparative effectiveness research study in public health. The Tobacco ROI tool already developed in England by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) will be adapted to meet the needs of European decision-makers, following transferability criteria. Stakeholders’ needs and intention to use ROI tools in sample countries (Germany, Hungary, Spain and the Netherlands) will be analysed through interviews and surveys and complemented by secondary analysis of the contextual and other factors. Informed by this contextual analysis, the next phase will develop country-specific ROI tools in sample countries using a mix of economic modelling and Visual Basic programming. The results from the country-specific ROI models will then be compared to derive policy proposals that are transferable to other EU states, from which a centralised web tool will be developed. This will then be made available to stakeholders to cater for different decision-making contexts across Europe. Ethics and dissemination: The Brunel University Ethics Committee and relevant authorities in each of the participating countries approved the protocol. EQUIPT has a dedicated work package on dissemination, focusing on stakeholders’ communication needs. Results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications, e-learning resources and policy briefs. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion