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Cultural events and collections, as curated assemblies of artists and artwork attended by live audiences, are recognised as a large and growing source of added value in contemporary accounts of 'creative', 'enrichment' and 'experience' economies. We analyse these, and empirical festival studies, to assess the impact on cultural production when the COVID-19 pandemic forces events to cancel or move online. Contrasting the relative optimism of 'enrichment' (Boltanski & Esquerre 2020) with pre-pandemic developments, we argue 'festivalisation' is best understood as a defensive reaction to mediated alternatives. These increasingly offer experientially comparable, lower-cost substitutes for the premium-priced immersive performance on which cultural workers have come to rely, for creative ideas, skills and career openings as well as income. Online channels weaken the eventisation defence and curatorial quests for 'singularity', while remote participation limits audiences' size and mode of engagement, risking permanent damage to vital components of cultural production and valorisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay investigates how, why and with what results the Rockefeller Foundation (RF) influenced the development of UK economics between 1930 and 1950. It shows the extent to which the RF, as the major sponsor of the newly emerging 'applied economics' research in the US and Europe, shaped the conversion of newly emerging macroeconomic theory into policy and research, and steered the fast expanding 'applied' economics in an econometric direction based on newly available national accounts data. The RF played a decisive role in selecting the economists retained for applied research when World War 2 ended, and with it the type of work funded. We argue that the RF's preference for financing stand-alone institutes restrained the initial expansion of England's applied economics research despite a head-start on national income accounting and business-focused research. Drawing on unpublished correspondence between John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946) and senior RF officers, we show how the difficulty in obtaining start-up funding conditioned the turn towards econometrics in the early choice of leadership and research plans at the University of Cambridge's Department of Applied Economics, narrowing its earlier vision for a 'realistic approach' consonant with that of Keynes. Covering the path-dependent nature of applied economics in its formative phase, the essay demonstrates the role of philanthropic elite organisations in knowledge formation that led to the making of microeconomics and macroeconomics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Agrobacterium tumefaciens tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid contains the various virD genes which are involved in the initiation of the reactions for the T-strand DNA synthesis. Of the five known VirD proteins, the exact functions of VirD3 and VirD4 remain unknown. A complementation analysis was conducted to determine the role of VirD3 in virulence. The results showed that the virD3 gene is not required in tumor formation.

The DNA binding site of the VirD2 protein of Agrobacterium tumefaciens was determined by mutational analysis. Site-specific mutagenesis was used to alter the different tyrosine-coding sites of the Ti plasmid. Results showed that tyrosine residues at positions 68, 121 and 160 are required but could be replaced with at least one other amino acid to produce proteins with reduced DNA-nicking activity. However, at position 29, a tyrosine residue is specifically required, indicating that this residue participates in covalent protein-DNA complex formation.