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The concept of ubiquitous learning has emerged as a pedagogical approach in response to the advancements made in mobile, wireless communication, and sensing technologies. The domain of ubiquitous learning is distinguished by swift progression, thereby presenting a difficulty in maintaining current knowledge of its developments. The implementation of bibliometric analysis would enable the tracking of its development and current status. The objective of the present investigation is to perform a thorough bibliometric examination of the domain of ubiquitous learning. This research aims to discern significant attributes, patterns, and influencers within the discipline by analyzing scholarly works. The primary objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive depiction of the salient characteristics and patterns exhibited by the datasets employed in ubiquitous learning research, namely Scopus, Web of Science (WoS), and merged datasets. Additionally, the study seeks to trace the historical development of publications in this domain and to ascertain the most noteworthy publications and authors that have exerted a significant impact on this field. This study provides an extensive bibliometric analysis of ubiquitous learning, examining output from Scopus, WoS, and a merged dataset. It highlights the field's growth and the rising use of diverse data sources, with Scopus and the merged dataset revealing broader insights. The analysis reveals an interest peak in 2016 and a subsequent decline likely due to incomplete recent data. Documents, predominantly articles, differ across databases, underscoring the unique contributions of each. The study identifies "Lecture Notes in Computer Science" and "Ubiquitous Learning" as major research sources. It recognizes Hwang, G.-J. as a highly influential author, with Asian institutions leading in research output. However, Western institutions also show strong representation in WoS and merged databases. Despite variations in total citation counts, countries like China, Switzerland, and Ireland contribute significantly to the field. Terms like "mobile learning" and "life log" have vital roles in bridging research clusters, while thematic maps reveal evolving trends like mobile learning and learning analytics. The collaborative structure and key figures in ubiquitous learning are illuminated through network analysis, emphasizing the importance of cross-database analysis for a comprehensive view of the field.

The development of the industrial sector and the increase in production capacity have a positive effect on the economic situation of the country, but not on environmental safety. Insufficiently purified and polluted wastewater is constantly discharged into water sources, the amount of which directly depends on the industrial development of the region. Thus, the anthropogenic load on the Oka River affects the composition of water in the source, there are often bursts of instantaneous emissions, as well as the flowering of phytoplankton in the summer. The latter further significantly reduce the efficiency of water purification to drinking quality. Therefore, the development of technologies that will be able to maintain purification at the required level is an urgent task. The article presents the method of charcoalization, which allows to neutralize pollution in a short time and improve the water treatment quality. An industrial experiment of the developed technology was carried out at an operating water treatment plant with testing of two extreme do-sages of sorption material. The optimal dose of coal pulp was determined, the impact on significant purification performance was described, and the technological solutions have been developed to determine the point of coal pulp input and the dosage multiplicity. The conducted research has made it possible to expand knowledge in the field of drinking water preparation and to determine significant water parameters that are affected by the sorption purification method.

AIM OF THE STUDY. To establish the incidence of acute thrombosis of the veins of the lower extremities and the activity of the most significant trigger agents that led to this complication in patients with a new coronavirus infection. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The clinical section of the work is presented by observations of 123 patients with acute surgical pathology and thrombosis of the veins of the lower extremities. The first group (comparison) (n = 48) included patients with thrombosis of the veins of the lower extremities, the second (studied) group (n = 87) included patients with a similar problem that arose against the background of coronavirus infection. All patients underwent surgical interventions: thrombectomy and plication. Before surgery, on the 1st, 4th and 7th days after surgery, disorders of the hemostasis system, the severity of endogenous intoxication syndrome, and lipid metabolism were assessed. RESULTS. Damage to the veins of the lower extremities in patients with acute surgical pathology and new coronavirus infection occurs much more often, in 8.04 % of cases, than in such patients without COVID-19, in 0.76% (χ2 = 252.5, p < 0.001). Of the 87 patients with acute venous thrombosis of the inferior vena cava system and COVID-19, 63 patients (72.41 %) were operated on. In the early postoperative period, venous rethmbosis occurred in 11 (17.5 %) patients. The mortality rate was 6.3 %. According to thromboelastography, in the main group the values of such parameters as reactive time, the growth rate of the fibrin network and its structure formation and the maximum strength of the clot were statistically significantly higher than in the control group, which indicates the predominance of hypercoagulation in these patients. Patients in this group showed more significant phenomena of endotoxemia, oxidative stress and activation of phospholipases. CONCLUSION. With a new coronavirus infection, surgical patients have a high probability of developing threatening thrombohemorrhagic complications. The most important trigger for their occurrence is significant disturbances in the hemostatic system, which are generally characterized by an increased ability of the blood to form thrombosis against the background of a decrease in its fibrinolytic activity. Disturbances in the hemostatic system occurred against the background of oxidative stress, activation of phospholipases and endotoxemia. The obtained material is proof of the significance of the new coronavirus COVID-19 infection worsens coagulopathy, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease in general and the development of complications.

In the present study, XRD, SEM/EDS, Raman, EMR/EPR spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) were used to analyze the reduction of hematite by the carbonization products of waste activated sludge (WAS) at 500–1000 °C. The reduction process includes the following steps: α-Fe2O3 → Fe2O3 + Fe3O4 (Ttr~500 °C) → Fe3O4 (Ttr~600–700 °C) → FeO → Feamorph. (Ttr~1000 °C). The prevalence of certain phase compositions at different hematite reduction temperatures makes it possible to predict the areas viable for the application of reduced oxides: adsorbents (after Ttr~500 °C) → soft ferromagnetic materials (after Ttr~600–700 °C) → electrically engineered amorphous iron (after Ttr~1000 °C).

The key problem of introducing nanoparticles into clinical practice for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes is their safety. Connective tissue, an important component of which are mast cells, reacts actively in response to foreign particles. The reaction of mast cells can be an indicator of the biocompatibility of foreign particles. The study was conducted on male Wistar rats. Iron-carbon nanoparticles in the FeC modification stabilized in an aqueous medium using an auxiliary substance were used. Tissue examination (liver, lungs, heart, thymus, kidneys) was performed 1, 7 and 30 days after injection. After the injection of nanoparticles, the largest quantity of them is found in the liver and lungs, a smaller quantity is found in the heart, kidneys and thymus. The liver and lungs are the main organs of excretion of nanoparticles due to phagocytes. The accumulation of nanoparticles in the liver leads to the development of destructive processes and to the activation of compensatory and adaptive mechanisms in the form of cellular and intracellular regeneration of hepatocytes. In organs with a low content of nanoparticles, structural changes are poorly expressed. The mast cells of the studied organs react differently to the introduction of nanoparticles. The first to react are the mast cells of the liver by reducing the quantity and increasing degranulation. The population of lung mast cells reacts unidirectionally by sharply activating degranulation without changing the amount. An increase in the secretory activity of mast cells in the lungs and liver indicates the participation of mast cells in the regulation of particle elimination through intercellular signaling pathways of interaction with the system of phagocytic mononuclear cells. Heart mast cells are involved in maintaining the inflammatory process in the early period of the experiment, contribute to the return of myocardial parameters to homeostatic norm in the late period of the experiment. Mast cells can be considered as indicators of biocompatibility nanoparticles. The absence of an inflammatory process and the preservation of the structural and functional characteristics of the tissues where nanoparticles accumulate, as well as the reaction of mast cells in them, indicate the relative safety of the particles under study.

It is well known that the number of true truffles in the wild is decreasing. The aim of the study was to develop an effective, simple and affordable method of asci disruption to release black truffle spores. It was shown that the spore release can be achieved by different ways, such as mechanical or biological destruction. Mechanical homogenization of fruiting bodies using an immersion blender in tandem with a ball mill was shown to be effective and led to destruction of at least 85% of asci and release of spores. Also, the first approach we applied was the biological method of spore activation performed by African and grape snails. As a result of digestion of truffle fruiting bodies, the spores not only lost their protective shells, but also changed their morphology, which promoted their germination in vitro. The spores obtained using these two methods are capable of forming mycelial hyphae on nutrient media. The results of our study can be used to prepare inoculum of Tuber spp. and to obtain their pure cultures in agriculture.

Abstract Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) is a versatile tool in plant science, yet its application to non-model species like sunflower demands extensive optimization due to transformation challenges. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the factors that significantly affect the efficiency of Agrobacterium-VIGS in sunflowers. After testing a number of approaches, we concluded that the seed vacuum technique followed by 6 h of co-cultivation produced the most efficient VIGS results. Genotype-dependency analysis revealed varying infection percentages (62–91%) and silencing symptom spreading in different sunflower genotypes. Additionally, we explored the mobility of tobacco rattle virus (TRV) and phenotypic silencing manifestation (photo-bleaching) across different tissues and regions of VIGS-infected sunflower plants. We showed the presence of TRV is not necessarily limited to tissues with observable silencing events. Finally, time-lapse observation demonstrated a more active spreading of the photo-bleached spots in young tissues compared to mature ones. This study not only offers a robust VIGS protocol for sunflowers but also provides valuable insights into genotype-dependent responses and the dynamic nature of silencing events, shedding light on TRV mobility across different plant tissues.

The article presents the results of the study of the value structure of 6-7 years old children. The relevance of the study is caused by the role that childhood has on subsequent human development. The basic values that determine human development are formed at the age of 7 years. However, the study of the value sphere of children presents a number of difficulties - the limited methods and techniques that allow us to explore the value sphere of children, the closeness of the family for scientific research, the insufficient social experience of the child himself, differences in the level of communicative development of children and a number of other difficulties and restrictions. At the same time, the use of various research methods - projective, standardized, observations provides empirical data on the structure of values of 6-7 years old children. Both projective and standardized techniques were used in the study. The results show that the development of the value sphere in children 6-7 occurs very unevenly: from complete amorphism to the presence of a clear hierarchical structure. There are confirmed differences in the structure of preferred values among boys and girls. Girls aged 6-7 choose values related to the communicative sphere, while boys of this age are guided by values that are active character.

Maternal infection has emerged as an important environmental risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. Animal model systems of maternal immune activation (MIA) suggest that the maternal immune response plays a significant role in the offspring's neurodevelopment and behavioral outcomes. Extracellular free water is a measure of freely diffusing water in the brain that may be associated with neuroinflammation and impacted by MIA. The present study evaluates the brain diffusion characteristics of male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) born to MIA-exposed dams (n = 14) treated with a modified form of the viral mimic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid at the end of the first trimester. Control dams received saline injections at the end of the first trimester (n = 10) or were untreated (n = 4). Offspring underwent diffusion MRI scans at 6, 12, 24, 36, and 45 months. Offspring born to MIA-exposed dams showed significantly increased extracellular free water in cingulate cortex gray matter starting as early as 6 months of age and persisting through 45 months. In addition, offspring gray matter free water in this region was significantly correlated with the magnitude of the maternal IL-6 response in the MIA-exposed dams. Significant correlations between brain volume and extracellular free water in the MIA-exposed offspring also indicate converging, multimodal evidence of the impact of MIA on brain development. These findings provide strong evidence for the construct validity of the nonhuman primate MIA model as a system of relevance for investigating the pathophysiology of human neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. Elevated free water in individuals exposed to immune activation in utero could represent an early marker of a perturbed or vulnerable neurodevelopmental trajectory.

Coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a risk factor for immunological non-response to antiretroviral therapy. In cases of immunological non-response, HIV viral load suppression occurs without an increase in CD4⁺ T-cell counts, heightening the risk of morbidity and mortality in infected individuals. T-cell exhaustion may hinder their regeneration in immunological non-responders. This study aimed to identify markers of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cell exhaustion in HIV/HCV coinfected immunological non-responders. The study examined three clinical groups: 1) HIV/HCV coinfected immunological non-responders (CD4⁺ T-cells 350/µl blood; n = 9), 2) HIV/HCV coinfected individuals with a standard response to therapy (CD4⁺ T-cells 500/µl blood; n = 9), and 3) relatively healthy volunteers without HIV and HCV infections (n = 9). Ex vivo, the number of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells expressing the inhibitory receptor PD-1 was determined using multi-color flow cytometry. In the 7-day in vitro experiment, cell cultures were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin. The number of dying proliferated CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells (CFSElowZombieUV+) was determined using multi-color flow cytometry. The amount of interleukin-2 in the culture supernatants was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. It was found that in HIV/HCV coinfected immunological non-responders, there was a higher number of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells expressing PD-1, a phenotypic marker of exhaustion, compared to the other two groups. Furthermore, the frequency of dying dividing T-cells was higher in immunological non-responders, with an increase in CD4⁺ T-cells but not CD8⁺ T-lymphocytes. Similarly, a decrease in interleukin-2 production was found in stimulated T-cells of HIV/HCV coinfected immunological non-responders in the CD4⁺ T-cell pool, but not in CD8⁺ T-lymphocytes. Thus, in HIV/HCV coinfected immunological non-responders, CD4⁺ T-cells appear exhausted both phenotypically and functionally. While CD8⁺ T-cells express inhibitory receptors, they do not show functional impairments. It appears that the specialized therapy for HIV/HCV coinfected immunological non-responders should aim to improve CD4⁺ T-cell function.

Aim. To evaluate the prognostic value of GDF-15 in relation the development of bleeding and events in stable CAD patients, receiving combined antithrombotic therapy. Materials and methods. The data was obtained from the prospective registry REGATA, 343 CAD patients (249 males), median age 68 [IQR 62; 75] years) were enrolled. Patients with sinus rhythm and concomitant PAD received acetylsalicylic acid in combination with rivaroxaban 2.5 mg bid (31.8%) or clopidogrel (24.8%). Other 43.4% with concomitant atrial fibrillation (AF) received direct oral anticoagulants in combination with antiplatelet therapy after elective percutaneous coronary interventions. Median follow-up was 12 months [IQR 9.0; 18.0]. The safety end point was major and clinically relevant bleedings (type 2–5) according to the BARC classification. Plasma samples for GDF-15 identification were taken at the inclusion and analyzed using ELISA assay. Results. Frequency of BARC 2–5 bleedings was 16% (BARC 2 – 46; BARC 3 – 9; BARC 4–5 – 0), median GDF-15 level was 1185.0 pg/ml [850.0; 1680.0]. In patients with AF and concomitant MFA, the level of GDF-15 was significantly higher than in the subgroups of patients with only AF or MFA (p=0.0022). According to the quintile analysis, GDF-15 values in the top three quintiles of distribution (cut-off value 943 pg/ml) were associated with higher frequency of bleeding events: 23.2% versus 5.1%; p=0.0001. The multivariable logistic regression model demonstrated that bleeding events were independently associated with GDF-15 level943 pg/ml (OR 2.65, 95% CI 1.11–6.30; p=0.0275), AF (OR 2.61, 95% CI 1.41–4.83; p=0.0023) and chronic kidney disease (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.03–3.60; p=0.0401). Clinical factors determining the risk of bleeding events also determined a GDF-15 elevation. Conclusion. Assessment of GDF-15 level may improve bleeding risk stratification in CAD patients with concomitant AF and/or PAD receiving combined antithrombotic therapy.

Background. Immunological studies are impossible without long-term storage of cryopreserved biomaterial. There are no standard procedures for working with cryopreserved mononuclear leukocytes.The aim of the study. To optimize the protocol for culturing T lymphocytes thawed after cryopreservation by assessing their viability and proliferative capacity.Methods. Mononuclear leukocytes were isolated from the peripheral blood of relatively healthy volunteers (n = 18). Cells were subjected to controlled freezing down to –80 °C and were transferred to liquid nitrogen. First step: after thawing, the cells were stained with CFSE (carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester), were divided into two parts and cultured in the presence/absence of interleukin 2 (IL-2). Cell proliferation was stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (type P). Cells were incubated for 7 days. Sample analysis was performed using flow cytometry. Second stage: thawed cells were divided into three parts. Two parts were resuspended in a full growth medium with IL-2 and were placed in a thermostat (+37 °C) to “rest” for one hour or overnight. After “resting”, the cells were stained with CFSE. One third of the thawed leukocytes were stained with CFSE immediately after thawing. Cells were stimulated, cultured and analyzed the same way at both stages of the study.Results. It has been established that adding IL-2 to the culture medium contributes to a better cell survival. In the presence of IL-2, stimulated CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes produced more daughter cell generations. At the end of the 7-day incubation “rested” samples had reduced leukocyte counts compared to the samples that were cultured immediately after thawing. The number of daughter cell generations formed by stimulated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells decreased when the “rest” stage was included into the study protocol.Conclusion. Adding IL-2 into culture medium can increase the viability and mitotic capacity of thawed T cells, making their state more similar to that of freshly isolated lymphocytes. Cell “rest” after thawing negatively affects the viability and proliferative activity of T lymphocytes during their weekly incubation.

The article provides an analysis of the results of a study of the unique aspects of interpersonal interaction among adolescents prone to aggression. The theoretical basis for the purpose of the work was provided by modern research, showing the versatility of the process of interpersonal interaction between adolescents and manifestations of aggression. The respondents of the study were teenagers from educational schools in Moscow, numbering 68 people aged 15-16 years. The empirical study used the aggressiveness test by L.G. Pochebut, “Aggressive behavior” methodology by E.P. Ilyin and P.A. Kovalev, interpersonal relations questionnaire by A.A. Rukavishnikov, emotional empathy questionnaire by A. Mehrabian, N. Epstein. The results of the empirical study established significant differences in the interpersonal interaction of adolescents prone to aggression. They are characterized by a desire to dominate, a lack of willingness to control their behavior, low selectivity and criticality in choosing communication partners, as well as a low level of empathy development. The obtained results can be used in work with adolescents aimed at creating favorable interactions among adolescents and reducing aggression.

The work is devoted to the problem of water purification during the flowering of phytoplankton, as well as during salvo pollution by industrial effluents. Anthropogenic load significantly reduc-es the efficiency of purification according to the current technology, therefore, additional post-treatment methods must be used to obtain purified water of the required quality. The purpose of this article is to substantiate the choice of a sorbent within the framework of the considered wa-ter treatment technology, as well as to determine the optimal effective dosage of its dosing. This goal is achieved by implementing the following tasks: analysis of powdered sorption materials used in water treatment technology, selection of an effective dose and entry point of the selected sorption material based on experimental studies, analysis of the results obtained; and develop-ment of technical solutions for the organization of a hybrid purification plant. The most im-portant results are: determination of the optimal dose of coal pulp and the frequency of dosing to maintain the required quality of purified water; and determination of key water quality indica-tors affected by treatment with activated carbon. The achievement of these results made it pos-sible to determine the main technological features of the water purification method and deter-mine the possibility of combining it with other purification technologies. The significance of the results obtained lies in the fact that new technical solutions have been proposed to improve the efficiency of water treatment facilities during a period of drastic changes in water quality at a water source.

The growth of cities and the transformation of their urban structure reflect the impact of numerous factors: economic, political, social, ideological and others. The Ural region with its concentration of larger cities is among the most urbanised in Russia. The paper explores the urbanistic processes in the Ural region at the turn of the 20th–21st centuries in the context general economic, political and moral factors. The methodological basis of the research rests on the theories of urbanisation and urban development, and the evolutionary approach. The study uses analytical, statistical, and comparative methods. The data for 1989–2022 reflecting the dynamics of urbanistic processes is taken from the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation. The boundaries of the Ural agglomerations are sourced from the official territorial and strategic planning documents. The findings indicate several trends in the transformation of the Ural settlement system and its urbanistic structure, in particular, a qualitative change of the cities’ industrial structure, a decrease in the employment in industry and a fall in the urban population, intensification of agglomerations processes and population tending to concentrate in larger cities. The indicated processes of deurbanisation and deindustrialisation of the Ural region result in the augmented share of larger cities, greater imbalance between size groups of cities. The paper is the first to describe the Ural Urban Square that encompasses four larger urban agglomerations – Ekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Ufa, and Perm. The paper underscores that the Ural Urban Square becomes a place of concentration of investment, human, economic, and social resources, the core of the development of the Ural macroregion and its neighboring territories.

INTRODUCTION. The pathogenesis of antibiotic-associated drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in children has not been fully elucidated to date. Certain genotypes in patients increase the probability of developing DILI. Therefore, the identification of pharmacogenetic markers associated with DILI in children is essential.АIM. This study aimed to identify pharmacogenetic biomarkers of new-onset DILI associated with tigecycline and meropenem in children.MATERIALS AND METHODS. This prospective observational study was conducted in the Morozov Children’s City Clinical Hospital from 1 February 2020 to 1 September 2021. The study analysed the incidence and types of antibiotic-associated adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in 100 critically ill children aged 0 to 17 years (44 boys and 56 girls). Pharmacogenetic testing was performed in children with ADRs (n=30) to identify potential mechanisms involved in the development of their ADRs. The authors isolated and tested DNA from buccal epithelium swabs using the Agena Bioscience iPLEX® PGx Pro-based VeriDose® Core Panel covering 68 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or short insertions and deletions (INDELs) and 5 copy number variants (CNVs).RESULTS. The odds of developing DILI associated with meropenem and tigecycline were higher in carriers of the homozygous cytochrome genotype CYP3A5*3/*3 (OR: 12.6; 95% CI: 1.9–79.4, r=6.54, p=0.011) than in patients with the heterozygous genotype CYP3A5*1A/*3. The odds were even higher in patients not carrying the CYP3A5*1A/*3 genotype (OR: 17.14; 95% CI: 1.79–16.3, r=6.24, p=0.013). The detection of the CYP3A5*3/*3 ge­notype had a prognostic accuracy of 76.7%, a sensitivity of 82%, and a specificity of 74% in predicting the risk of DILI associated with meropenem and tigecycline. Moreover, children with DILI carried the heterozygous ge­notype SLCO1B1*1/*5 (rs4149056 polymorphism) more often than children with other adverse reactions ­associated with meropenem and tigecycline (r=9.8, p=0.002).CONCLUSION. The results of this study prove the prognostic significance of the homozygous cytochrome genotype CYP3A*3/*3 as an indicator of a potential risk for developing DILI associated with meropenem and tigecycline in children in critical conditions.The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under No. NCT04141657 on 24 October 2019.

INTRODUCTION. Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is associated, among other things, with the use of antibiotics. Children with DILI are at risk of acute liver failure and even death. However, the literature on the subject provides little information on the possibility of distinguishing the types of hepatic lesions to diagnose potentially life-threatening DILI in time.AIM. The study aimed to describe the phenotype of new-onset DILI associated with antibiotics in critically ill children with nosocomial infection.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The authors conducted a prospective observational study in the resuscitation and intensive care units of the Morozov Children’s City Clinical Hospital from 1 February 2020 to 1 September 2021. The study assessed the incidence of antibiotic-associated DILI using the Global Trigger Tool. The study enrolled 100 critically ill children aged 0 to 17 years (44 boys and 56 girls) with nosocomial infection.RESULTS. Signs of hepatotoxicity were detected in 19 patients, including 8 with abnormal liver function tests but normal liver function and 11 with abnormal liver function tests and clinically apparent liver disease. Thus, the incidence of new-onset hepatotoxicity associated with antibiotics amounted to 12.9 cases per 100,000 paediatric patients, and the incidence of DILI was 7.5 cases per 100,000 children. Based on the analysis of medical records, biochemical findings, and relationships between the time of dosing and the manifestation of signs of liver disorder in 11 children, the authors characterised the phenotype of idiosyncratic cholestatic hepatitis. Critically ill children treated with antibiotics showed alanine transaminase activity up to 10 times the upper limit of normal (ULN), bilirubin levels up to 4.45 times the ULN, and gamma-glutamyl transferase activity up to 5 times the ULN. The odds of developing new-onset DILI were the highest with tigecycline (OR: 4.07; 95% CI: 1.32–12.50) and meropenem (OR: 1.84; 95% CI: 1.01–3.36). In 6 patients, clinical signs of idiosyncratic cholestatic hepatitis resolved within a few weeks after antibiotic discontinuation. The other 5 patients with clinical signs of idiosyncratic cholestatic hepatitis died.CONCLUSIONS. The authors described the phenotype of idiosyncratic cholestatic liver injury associated with antibiotics in critically ill children. The role of pharmacogenetic markers in the development of DILI associated with antibiotics in critically ill children needs to be assessed further to implement a risk-based approach and mitigate the risks.The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under No. NCT04141657 on 24 October 2019.

Introduction. Various compounds of mushroom extracts are of interest as a source of new active pharmaceutical substances with antithrombotic activity.Aim. The aim of the work is to determine the potential antithrombotic activity in vitro of aqueous extracts of xylotrophic mushrooms: Lentinula edodes, Pholiota squarrosa, Flammulina velutipes (Curtis) Signer, Kuehneromyces mutabilis, Armillaria cepistipes, Armillaria borealis, Hypholoma capnoides, Lentinellus cochleatus, Léccinum aurantíacum, Pleurotus ostreatus.Materials and methods. The study of fibrinolytic activity of water extracts of mushrooms in vitro was carried out. The effect of test objects on plasminogen activation, on the activity of enzyms of the fibrinolysis system α2-antiplasmin, on the time of euglobulin clot lysis and on the concentration of fibrinogen was evaluated. For the analysis we used reagent kits of SPD «RENAM» and LLC Company «Тechnology-Standard» (Russia).Results and discussion. Pronounced antithrombotic activity is demonstrated by an aqueous extract of L. edodes and fractions of aqueous extract. Extracts of L. edodes affect all studied parameters of fibrinolysis to varying degrees. Caps and stems of P. squarrosa, K. mutabilis, and F. velutipes aqueous extracts and fractions of aqueous extracts also demonstrate antithrombotic (fibrinolytic) activity in vitro, having a statistically significant effect on various parameters of fibrinolysis. A less pronounced effect on fibrinolysis parameters in comparison with the above samples is observed when using an aqueous extract of L. cochleatus marked. A. cepistipes, A. borealis, H. capnoides, L. aurantiacum, P. ostreatus fruiting bodies aqueous extracts do not affect the studied parameters of fibrinolysis and the concentration of fibrinogen.Conclusion. The data obtained make it possible to recommend extracts from L. edodes, F. velutipes, P. squarrosa and K. mutabilis for further study, for example, in order to develop functional food products for cardiovascular diseases or to create antithrombotic drugs.

In preparing the review, articles on the functioning of the reverse transcriptase enzyme of endogenous repeat sequences LINE1, the mechanisms of action and antitumor activity of viral reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Articles available in the biomedical literature information databases SciVerse Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Russian Science CitationIndex (RSCI) were analyzed. The review used information from 140 publications, of which 95 and 39 were published, respectively, over the last ten and three years, 2 articles present the results of clinical studies, and 45 articles refer to results demonstrating the anticancer properties of the studied compounds in various models in vitro and in vivo. Aim. Based on data on the functional properties of the reverse transcriptase enzyme of endogenous repeat sequences LINE1 (long interspersed nuclear elements 1), analyze the potential use of viral reverse transcriptase inhibitors in oncology, presenting their classification and main mechanisms of action. About 98 % of the human genome consists of repetitive sequences, most of which are represented by mobil genetic elements, the activation of which leads to increased genome instability. These include long (LINE) and short (SINE) interspersed nuclear element repeated DNA sequences interspersed nuclear elements, respectively, which occupy about 45 % of the human genome. Increased expression levels of these sequences in the genome have been identified in many forms of malignant neoplasms. Their transposition occurs due to the expression of LINE1-encoded reverse transcriptase, whichis homologous to viral reverse transcriptase. To date, reverse transcriptase inhibitors of viruses of nucleoside and non-nucleoside structure have been developed and are successfully used in the clinic. These drugs demonstrate an inhibitory effect on both LINE1 reverse transcriptase and telomerase, which provides the tumor cell with the ability to overcome replicative senescence. Due to these properties, these compounds are expected to exhibit both their own antitumor activity and increase the sensitivity of tumor cells to the therapy of malignant neoplasms, which is experimentally confirmed in models of malignant tumors in vitro and in vivo. Use of reverse transcriptase inhibitors in combination therapy seems advisable both to prevent further genome rearrangements caused by LINE1 and to suppress the survival of tumor cells by inhibiting telomerase activity.

This study aims to investigate the differences in e-learning adoption among university students in Indonesia, Albania, Russia, and Kazakhstan and examine the role of cultural dimensions in explaining these differences. This research draws upon Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions Theory to explore the impact of culture on e-learning adoption in diverse global contexts. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a sample of university students from the four countries, and the data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) and multi-group analysis (MGA) techniques. The findings reveal significant differences in e-learning adoption among the four countries, with learner engagement, learning satisfaction, and technology accessibility exhibiting varying levels of influence on e-learning adoption. The multi-group analysis indicates that cultural dimensions partially explain these differences, highlighting the importance of considering cultural factors when examining e-learning adoption in diverse settings. This study fills a gap in cross-cultural e-learning research, offering key insights into factors shaping students’ adoption of online platforms worldwide. The findings emphasize the importance of cultural considerations for educators, policymakers, and e-learning developers in global higher education. This study contributes to the theoretical understanding of the complex interplay between culture and e-learning adoption by demonstrating the explanatory power of cultural dimensions. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2024-08-03-015 Full Text: PDF

Background. Rationing of health care—restricting patients’ access to potentially beneficial health care interventions through non-market instruments—is a natural feature of all health care systems as they operate under resource constraints. The purpose of this study is to characterize rationing practices and the attitude of doctors themselves to it, with an emphasis on comparing Russia and the United States and on changes in the perception of rationing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. We conducted a bibliometric analysis of publications in the medical scientific literature since 1989 on the issue of rationing of medical care. To characterize rationing practices in Russia and the United States and the attitudes of doctors towards them, we used data from published studies and data from semi-structured in-depth interviews with 28 Russian doctors. Results. Despite the increasing frequency of publications related to the topic of resource allocation over the past 20 years, studies using the term “rationing” are rare. Both Russia and the USA have practices of explicit and implicit rationing. In Russia they are more diverse and widespread. In both countries, doctors prefer implicit rationing and do not want open discussion of these issues. The practice of rationing is institutionalized. In Russian medical organizations its most common form is a chain of permissions for the use of resources. But most doctors believe they are not rationing care. The pandemic briefly brought the topic of rationing into the public sphere, but then its discussion was limited. The probable reason is that medical practice during the pandemic was carried out within the previous legal framework. Professional organizations have developed several recommendations for rationing, but their usefulness and level of acceptance by professionals and the public is unclear. Conclusions The transition from implicit to explicit rationing is extremely difficult, but is necessary to ensure equitable patient access to scarce medical resources and the effective functioning of health care systems. A major barrier to the explicit and informed use of rationing instrument is the limited public acceptance of it and the reluctance of professional communities to make public decisions that maximize public benefit by prioritizing access to effective interventions.

Health and physical condition determine the success of students’ social self-development and professional selfrealization. The purpose of the study was to assess the health according to the physical development characteristics and functional condition of the first-year male students of Volgograd State University (n = 79). The results of measurements of students conducted under the guidance of a teacher and recorded in workbooks on physical education were analyzed. The data obtained were processed using mathematical statistics methods. Physical health indicators were test results that determine physical development and functional capabilities of students. High variability of indices evaluating physical development is shown, which indicates significant differences in the physical condition of first-year students. Participation of students in the self assessment of indicators of physical development and functional fitness caused a critical attitude to their health, which was reflected in the formation of a conscious need for physical education. At the same time, some students understand that low indicators are the result of insufficient physical activity of students. It is indicated that in this situation, the main role in reducing the factors of physical inactivity is assigned to compulsory physical education classes provided by the state program, which are more likely to be tasked with the increase of physical activity of students.

BackgroundEpidemiological studies suggest that maternal immune activation (MIA) is a significant risk factor for future neurodevelopmental disorders, including schizophrenia (SZ), in offspring. Consistent with findings in SZ research and work in rodent systems, preliminary cross-sectional findings in nonhuman primates suggest that MIA is associated with dopaminergic hyperfunction in young adult offspring.MethodsIn this unique prospective longitudinal study, we used [18F]fluoro-l-m-tyrosine positron emission tomography to examine the developmental time course of striatal presynaptic dopamine synthesis in male rhesus monkeys born to dams (n = 13) injected with a modified form of the inflammatory viral mimic, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], in the late first trimester. Striatal (caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbens) dopamine from these animals was compared with that of control offspring born to dams that received saline (n = 10) or no injection (n = 4). Dopamine was measured at 15, 26, 38, and 48 months of age. Prior work with this cohort found decreased prefrontal gray matter volume in MIA offspring versus controls between 6 and 45 months of age. Based on theories of the etiology and development of SZ-related pathology, we hypothesized that there would be a delayed (relative to the gray matter decrease) increase in striatal fluoro-l-m-tyrosine signal in the MIA group versus controls.Results[18F]fluoro-l-m-tyrosine signal showed developmental increases in both groups in the caudate and putamen. Group comparisons revealed significantly greater caudate dopaminergic signal in the MIA group at 26 months.ConclusionsThese findings are highly relevant to the known pathophysiology of SZ and highlight the translational relevance of the MIA model in understanding mechanisms by which MIA during pregnancy increases risk for later illness in offspring.

Newborn screening (NBS) for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) has been widely implemented to enable early detection and intervention. Trisomy 21, commonly known as Down syndrome (DS), poses unique challenges in NBS due to its frequent association with T and/or B cell lymphopenia. The pilot NBS screening program recently conducted in Russia was aimed to identify both severe T and B cell deficiencies by measuring TREC and KREC. This study aims to evaluate the incidence of DS in newborns who participated in the pilot program, assess their TREC and KREC values, and determine the proportion of DS newborns potentially identifiable through T/B lymphopenia NBS. We conducted a retrospective analysis of the data obtained during the pilot NBS program, involving 202,908 newborns from eight regions of Russia. The study identified 157 patients with trisomy 21 among the screened cohort, resulting in a DS birth prevalence of 1:1,284. Median TREC and KREC values did not significantly differ between full-term and pre-term subgroups of DS patients. TREC values in DS newborns were decreased and comparable to those of the extremely preterm newborns. DS newborns also demonstrated significant differences in KREC values as compared to the general cohort regardless of gestational age. Our data suggests abnormalities of T- and B-cell lineages development and requires further investigation. This article highlights the need for increased awareness of the intrinsic immunological defects associated with DS. The findings underscore the importance of continued follow-up and comprehensive support by healthcare teams for individuals with DS.

The class Limnochordia harbors a single cultivated member, the mesophilic Limnochorda pilosa, which was isolated from a meromictic lake. Despite numerous molecular signatures reported in various ecosystems, the ecophysiological versatility of this deeply branched lineage of Firmicutes (Bacillota) remains poorly understood. The objective of this study was to use targeted cultivation, based on metagenome-assembled genomes from a deep terrestrial aquifer in Western Siberia, to isolate two new thermophilic members of the class. These isolates, described as Geochorda subterranea gen. nov. sp. nov. and Carboxydochorda subterranea gen. nov. sp. nov. within the Geochordaceae fam. nov., were capable of both anaerobic and aerobic respiration using fumarate and O2, respectively, with simple sugars as electron donors. The cultivated Geochordaceae have demonstrated fermentative growth and degradation of various polymers, including starch, maltose, maltodextrin, xylan, and chitin. The carboxydotrophic C. subterranea sp. nov. exhibited autotrophic growth via the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle, using CO, H2, and formate as electron donors and O2 as an electron acceptor, adding metabolic flexibility to the bacterium in the nutrient-depleted “deep biosphere” and supporting the possibility of aerobic metabolism in the deep subsurface. The broad physiological potential deciphered from physiological experiments and comparative genomic data explains the widespread distribution of uncultivated members of the class Limnochordia in various ecosystems, where they can oxidize complex organic substrates through both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, as well as pursue a chemolithotrophic lifestyle through the oxidation of H2 or CO.

Aim. To present data from the AURA Registry (real-world data registry on AlbUminuRia detection rate among patients with previously undiAgnosed chronic kidney disease). It is important to perform population studies both to study the occurrence of markers (albuminuria (AU), decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR)) and the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which will provide information on the actual detection rate of CKD and the related markers in territories included in the registry of research centers.Material and methods. The article presents the first data from the AURA registry. Recruitment was carried out from March 6, 2023 to January 23, 2024. Thirty-four research centers in various federal districts of the Russian Federation and 104 doctors took part in the recruitment. We included 4580 subjects over the age of 40 years who had no previously established diagnosis of CKD and did not have type 1 or type 2 diabetes. During recruitment, the researchers were guided by the AURA study protocol (Version 1.7/12-26-2022).Results. AU more than 20 mg/g was detected in 64,9% of cases. At the same time, AU is more common at GFR values that may correspond to stage 3A of CKD. The rarer occurrence of AU in those examined with GFR >60 ml/min/1,73 m2 may be explained by less severe renal damage at this CKD stage. The incidence of AU was significantly higher in men, older people, smokers, people with metabolic syndrome, hypertension (HTN), prediabetes and overweight. The occurrence of AU also increased as HTN grade increased. AU detection rate was associated with hypertriglyceridemia, a high blood level of C-reactive protein, which is an integrative marker of inflammation that negatively affects cardiovascular risk.Conclusion. The presented first data from the AURA registry demonstrated the high AU prevalence in people over 40 years of age. A high incidence of AU was typical for patients with HTN, coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, and prediabetes. An association has been demonstrated between the high incidence of AU and male sex, age, overweight, hyperuricemia, dyslipidemia, and a number of other cardiovascular risk factors.