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Under the influence of microorganisms 95 % of sugars and starch, 70 % of fiber and 40–80 % of protein are broken down in the fore stomachs. Since the microfl ora of the rumen cannot always cope with the digestion of a large amount of coarse feed, enzyme drugs designed to increase productivity and preserve animal health come to their aid. The use of enzyme additives is relevant and allows us to prevent the action of anti-nutritional factors of feed, increase the activity of endogenous enzymes, thereby contributing to the increase in metabolic processes in the body and increase milk productivity. The purpose of this work was to study the features of microbial processes in the rumen of lactating cows when the multicomponent enzyme feed additive Kormomix® Enzyme was included. The use of the enzyme additive aff ected the physics and chemical parameters of the rumen fl uid. The pH concentration in all groups was the same. The volatile fatty acids in the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups were on the same level as the control. In the 1st experimental group, there was a decrease in volatile fatty acids by 1,15 mmol/100 ml compare with control group. The assimilation of ammonia in animals of the 2nd experimental group, which received 50 g /head /day of the enzyme additive, was higher in compare with the control group. The ratio of volatile fatty acids in the rumen fluid of cows of the experimental groups has changed towards the increase in the proportion of acetic acid. The composition of the bacterial community of the rumen improved with the inclusion of 50 g/head/day of the enzyme additive Kormomix® Enzyme. The number of cellulolytic microorganisms exceeded the control level by 6,45 abs.%. Thus, the use of the enzyme additive led to the intensification of microbiological processes in the rumen of cows.

The study’s aim was to assess determine the physiological and biochemical status of lactating Nubian and Karachai goats depending on breed and lactation number, as well as to identify correlations between blood biochemical parameters and some antioxidant indicators. Our experiment was divided into two groups for this purpose: the first (comparative group) included Nubian goats (n= 22) and Karachai goats (n= 67), while the second (general group) included Nubian goats (n= 43) and Karachai goats (n= 93). In the comparative group, the levels of total protein, urea, alanine amino transferase (ALT), glucose, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), calcium, phosphorus and magnesium were significantly higher in Karachai goats compared to Nubian goats. In the comparable group, lactation number had a significant effect on calcium and alkaline phosphatase but had no effect on other parameters. Correlations were moderately positive between TBARS level and albumin (0.34), cholesterol (0.34), alkaline phosphatase (0.39), phospholipids (0.43), and calcium (0.35) in Nubian goats. On the other hand, were found moderate negative correlations between ceruloplasmin level and albumin (-0.30), A/G (-0.37), magnesium (-0.35), and the total content of water-soluble antioxidants (TAWSA) (-0.40) in Nubian goats. In Karachai goats, there were moderate positive correlations between TBARS level and albumin (0.41), phospholipids (0.41). However, there was found a very strong negative correlation between ceruloplasmin level and TBARS/CP ratio (-0.67). Total protein, albumin, and ceruloplasmin levels in the general group increased as lactation number increased. Aspartate amino transferase (AST), TBRAS, and TBRAS/CP levels were decreased after the second lactation, and TAWSA decreased from I to IV lactation. Moderate positive correlations between TBARS and albumin (0.44), total protein (0.32), and magnesium (0.33). On the other hand, moderate negative correlations were established between ceruloplasmin level and total protein (-0.30), bilirubin (-0.43), triglycerides (-0.32), ALT (-0.30), TAWSA (-0.31).

The objective of this study was to investigate the response of Charolais and Ile-de-France meat sheep breeds to stimulate superovulation with various follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) preparations. A total of 14 adult ewes of meat sheep breeds were used in our study as donors, including Charolais breed (n = 8) and Ile-de-France breed (n = 6). Donors ewes were randomly divided into two groups in equal numbers (first group, n = 7; second group, n = 7), every group included Charolais breed (n = 4) and Ile-de-France breed (n = 3). Ewes in the first group were treated with Folltropin-V (total dose of 200 mg per ewe, seven injections), and ewes in the second group were treated with FSH-P (total of 280 IU per ewe, six injections). Thirty-seven ewes of Edilbay breed used as recipients were divided into two groups (first group, n = 20; second group, n = 17). Our results showed that the number of corpora lutea in donor groups treated with Folltropin-V was significantly higher than in donor groups treated with FSH-P (p .01). A greater number of embryos recovery and embryos suitable for transplantation were found in the first group compared with the second group of donors. After 30 days from transplantation, transabdominal ultrasonography showed that the presence of pregnancy in recipients groups was found in 16 recipient ewes (43.2%), in the first group of recipients were registered nine pregnant ewes of 20 recipient ewes (45.0%), and in the second group of recipients were registered seven pregnant ewes of 17 recipient ewes (41.2%). In conclusion, using Folltropin-V in Charolais and Ile-de-France meat sheep breeds is a more effective scheme for stimulating superovulation than using FSH-P.

The article discusses the organization of the peculiarities of accounting for animals in growing and fattening. The key directions of the accounting process and documentation are determined, the characteristics of the primary documents that are appropriate for use are presented, the methodology for assessing the inventories. The advanced experience of Russian scientists in the field of accounting and the agricultural economy is generalized, examples of the practical implementation of accounting activities in livestock farming are given, recommendations for improving accounting at livestock farms are presented.

Development of an innovative system of livestock husbandry based on the use of digital aerospace technologies and telemetry is a new modern direction in the development of the livestock industry, designed to solve the many problems of restoring fertility of soil and pasture for animals. To develop a methodology for remote assessment of pasture fertility, we used the technological capabilities of using unmanned aerial vehicles and satellite service, which allows us to study the dynamics of the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) of various pasture plots in the Stavropol Territory of the Russian Federation. The analysis of literary sources shows that the main problems associated with the complex automation of forecasting processes for complex objects are not technical, but methodological in nature and are caused by the lack of a theoretical base that should form the basis for creating the corresponding model and algorithmic support. A comparison of the results of a prognostic assessment of the nutritional value of fodder plants obtained from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images, space services with actual nutritional values obtained from studies of the zoochemical composition of feeds showed a high degree of correlation. The UAV capabilities were recognized as promising for assessing the ethological characteristics of the Manych merino sheep, which allows to optimize the acquisition of groups of animals consolidated by forage activity. The article considers the issues of assessing the nutritional value of pasture feed and the vegetation index when raising sheep of the Jalgin merino breed in the conditions of the steppe regions of the Stavropol Territory. The introduction of remote assessment methods in pastoral livestock can optimize the cultivation of various sex and age groups of sheep and reduce the time to achieve production parameters by 5-8%.

The article presents the findings on the dynamics of the live weight of calves of various breeds in similar climatic conditions in arid regions of the Stavropol Krai of Russia and the steppe zone of Ukraine. It has been established that the live weight of calves of the Hereford, Kazakh white-headed and Kalmyk breeds when raised according to the traditional technology of beef cattle breeding when calves are sucked under cows up to 6-7 months of age, is in relationship with the milk qualities of mothers. At the same time, the live weight of the gray Ukrainian calves was interrelated regarding the live weight at birth and the feeding technology. A positive relationship was shown in the live weight of calves at birth and during their implementation at 15 and 18 months of age. Most effectively animals used pasture fodder in spring and summer. In an arid climate, it is more appropriate to breed specialized cattle belonging to the Hereford breed and then sell them for breeding in other farms in the region.

The introduction of modern technological advances and principles of dairy herd management, which were developed in the member countries of the International Committee for Animal Registration (ICAR), contributed to the increase in milk productivity of pedigree cattle at the national level. The harmonization of national regulatory documents with the methodological principles developed in ICAR is a promising area. The study of new methodological approaches to the assessment of milk productivity shows that one of the differences in the assessment of daily milk yield, milk fat and protein yield is the different frequency of performing the corresponding work on the control milking of cows, the formation of a daily milk sample and the necessary mathematical calculations. In the in article various approaches to assessing the daily yield of the main dairy components during 2- and 3-fold milking of cows of a herd of pedigree black-and-white cattle are considered and coefficients are proposed for recalculating the daily content of fat and protein in milk. At the same time, the presented research results, in general, coincide with the main trends in the dynamics of milk fat and protein indicators shown in the ICAR recommendations.

The paper focuses on the development of the digital economy in Russian federal districts. The research relevance is because the digital transformation of the economic structure of Russian society as an innovative trend in its sustainable development is of key importance for increasing the efficiency of innovation and overall economic growth, as well as the welfare of the population. The successful implementation of this process requires the development of system-integrated methods for monitoring digitalization processes throughout Russia for an objective differentiated assessment of the current situation of digital transformation in the regions and further management decisions to intensify it. One of these methods is the methodology presented by the author of the paper for analyzing the development of the digital economy of Russian federal districts, which includes five analytical blocks for assessing: availability, technical security, management, infrastructure, and innovation. The author describes in detail the specifics of the development and implementation of this technique. Based on the results obtained with its help, the author draws conclusions about the level of digitalization of the Russian federal districts; their comparative analysis is given in the context of individual analytical blocks of digital transformation. The described methodology can be used for annual monitoring of digitalization in the country and obtaining relevant information for regional and sectoral management of the digital transformation of the regional economy to increase the sustainability of their development and smooth out existing imbalances.

The effect of different genotypes kept in the same feeding level on microstructure and chemical composition of muscular tissue (musculus longissimus dorsi) of sheep has studied. The study aims to see how the gene combination of different breeds influences the mentioned problem. It was revealed that sheep muscular tissue obtained by crossing the North-Caucasian breeds (NC) and Texel (T) was characterized by a larger quantity of muscular fibres by 4.73 % and 10.14% (P

in the study of agricultural land, the priority is the use of remote monitoring techniques using unmanned aerial vehicles, technological portable devices. Obtaining materials by remote methods will expand the possibilities of introducing grazing livestock, increase the yield and thereby improve the efficiency of production indicators. The article considers the issues of assessing the nutritional value of pasture fodder, in particular, the amino acid composition in combination with the vegetation index in the conditions of pasture livestock raising in the Stavropol Territory. Productive qualities of replacement young animals directly depend on the quality of feed. Monitoring the amino acid composition of feeds allows you to optimize the technology of growing sheep, taking into account their productivity direction. The combination of remote methods for assessing the vegetation index and the in-depth composition of the nutritional value of feeds makes it possible to optimize the production schedule for the use of pasture plots by various sex and age groups of animals and increase the average daily gain in live weight of young fattening groups by 8-10%. It has been shown that the introduction of top-dressing with roughage in especially dry periods contributes to preserve of animal growth energy when changing grazing areas. Remote assessment of pasture vegetation was carried out using a special camera to calculate the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), which was installed on an unmanned aerial vehicle. At the same time, the dynamics of the NDVI using a portable manual nitrogen sensor was studied in the same pasture plots. The obtained results of monitoring of the vegetative index on pasture plots were compared with the results of chemical analysis of plant feed. Information on the availability of gross amount of plant biomass in the fields was used for priority selection of a specific site for grazing animals and optimizing the use of agricultural territories. It was proven that the parameters of the NDVI for the pasture keeping of young sheep should not be lower than 0.4. The development and implementation of innovative methods of aerospace monitoring makes it possible to increase the efficiency of land use and increase the efficiency of grazing.

The article deals with the actual problem of finding reserves and developing measures to improve the efficiency of agricultural enterprises for the Russian agrarian sector, which is in a situation of shortage of financial and material resources. As the authors point out, despite the great interest in researching reserves to improve the efficiency of agricultural enterprises, there remain many unresolved problems of improving the management tools, monitoring, and diagnosing the effectiveness of the functioning of agricultural enterprises. In this regard, a study on this topic has been conducted and its results are presented in the article. Results of an estimation of economic efficiency of agricultural production of the Stavropol Territory have been given, the rating of an estimation of efficiency of an agricultural production has been submitted, and directions for improving the mechanism of state support for agriculture has been proposed, based on the results of a differentiated evaluation of the efficiency of agricultural production, adapted to modern business conditions.

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the MyoD1 gene polymorphisms on some body parameters in sheep. MyoD1 polymorphisms were detected using NimbleGen sequencing tech-nology (Roche, USA). The effect of polymorphisms identified was investigated in Stavropol sheep breed rams (n=30). In coding and regulatory parts of gene 26, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were detected. These were the substitutions: c.-2112C>G, c.-1806A>G, c.-1687T>C, c.-1608C>T, c.-1603G>T, c.-1578G>A, c.-1235G>A, c.-910G>T, c.-909G>T, c.-880G>A, c.-637C>T, c.-412G>T, c.244C>T, c.246G>T, c.253G>T, c.259G>C, c.261C>T, c.269C>G, c.274C>A, c.276C>G, c.277C>A, c.279C>T, c.281C>A, c.287C>A, c.325T>C and c.483C>T. Sixteen of these SNPs have been identified for the first time. The complex of the four SNPs c.-1578, c.-880, c.-637, c.325 and c.-1235 occurred in Stavropol sheep breed only together. The study of the influence of these SNPs on the body parameters of rams showed the absence of significant correlation between their presence and the body size of the animals. The SNPs c.-910 and c.-909 were associated with improved body parameters, but they were found in a very small numbers of animals, which does not allow making definitive conclusions.

The aim of this research was to study the myostatin gene (MSTN) in Russian Stavropol Merino sheep and compare them with Merino sheep from New Zealand (NZ). Thirty rams of the Stavropol Merino breed and ten NZ Merinos were investigated. In order to detect sequence variation in MSTN, enrichment and sequencing of targeted DNA fragments was undertaken using NimbleGen technology. Nucleotide sequence variations (n = 31) were found in MSTN, including 29 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), one deletion and one insertion. Of these, 21 of the SNPs, the insertion and the deletion, were found in the Stavropol Merino sheep and 17 were found in the NZ Merinos. Eight variations in MSTN are described for the first time: c.373+396T>C, c.374-362A>T, c.374-16delT, c.747+185C>A, c.748-194C>A, c.782_783insT, c.940G>T and c.*310G>T, and these were unique to the Stavropol Merinos. The presence of SNP c.940G>T leads to the formation of a stop-codon (GAA>TAA) and thus truncated protein at amino acid position 314, while the insertion c.782_783insT changes the reading frame and would cause an amino acid sequence change from amino acid position 263 onwards, with the formation of a stop-codon at position 265. The study confirms the presence of additional variability in both non-coding and coding regions of ovine myostatin, which might subsequently be analysed to ascertain whether it affects meat production.

Probiotics development for animal farming implies thorough testing of a vast variety of properties, including adhesion, toxicity, host cells signaling modulation, and immune effects. Being diverse, these properties are often tested individually and using separate biological models, with great emphasis on the host organism. Although being precise, this approach is cost-ineffective, limits the probiotics screening throughput and lacks informativeness due to the 'one model - one test - one property' principle. There is а solution coming from human-derived cells and in vitro systems, an extraordinary example of human models serving animal research. In the present review, we focus on the current outlooks of employing human-derived in vitro biological models in probiotics development for animal applications, examples of such studies and the analysis of concordance between these models and host-derived in vivo data. In our opinion, human-cells derived screening systems allow to test several probiotic properties at once with reasonable precision, great informativeness and less expenses and labor effort.

Increase in the degree of consanguinity of Holstein breed identified to the best-cultivated dairy breeds is one of the major ways to improve the genotypes of the dairy cattle in many countries all over the world. The widespread biotechnology and large-scale selection adoption reduced the range of the used bull sires in dairy stockbreeding, which resulted in the occurrence of different abnormalities associated with the inheritance caused by gene mutations and chromosomal disorders in the newborn calves. Since the main part of such abnormalities has a recessive inheritance pattern, they represent a hidden genetic load, which is not always expressed in a phenotype. In recent years, the cytogenetic and karyotyping approaches have become more widespread and are required for both the detailed theoretical prerequisites and the applied problem solutions to prevent losses in agricultural production. The results of the cytogenetic analysis of the North- Caucasian population of Holstein cows having problems in reproduction have been reported. The aberrant cells are detected (frequency of occurrence is 5.35%); the number of aberrations per analyzed cell (0.05/1.0) is determined; the absence of the reciprocal translocations in a karyotype in the analyzed livestock is revealed. The genealogical interrelations of ancestors of the lines of Montivik-Chifteyn no. 95679 and Reflekshn- Sovering no. 198998 bull sires with the values for stillbirth incidence among their progeny have been traced.

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to determine the problems and perspectives of multipolarity of the modern global economy. Methodology: The authors use the method of regression analysis for determining the influence of GDP of countries of the world and integration unions in absolute expression on the annual growth rate of the global GDP. The timeframe of the research covers the period from early 21st century up to now (2000–2018). After a series of combinations of independent variables (x), we selected the following ones at which statistical significance of the equation of multiple linear regression is achieved: countries of East Asia and the Pacific region, the European Union, the OECD, the USA, and Russia. Results: It is determined that specifics of the current phase of the cycle of development of the modern global economy (the phase of post-crisis restoration) causes the necessity for selecting integration unions of countries as vectors of its growth. This is due to the fact that separate economic systems do not ensure acceleration of growth of the global economy, which is shown by the example of the USA and Russia in 2000–2018. In their turn, the integration unions countries, as is shown by the example of the OECD, were the growth poles of the modern global economy. Therefore, perspectives of multipolarity of the modern global economy are connected to development of the global integration processes. Recommendations: A conceptual model of highly-effective multipolarity of the modern global economy is developed and recommended for usage.

This paper contains the evaluation of agricultural resource potential; the main factors affecting the agricultural production and the agricultural market in the region. The authors have revealed the reserves to increase economic efficiency of subjects of agro industrial complex.

One of the new promising candidate genes defining productive qualities of sheep is MEF2B. Protein from the MEF2 group encoded by it affects the production of myostatin and the expression of the genes responsible for the growth of skeletal muscle fibers. Thus, the knowledge of the MEF2B gene structure is important for genomic selection. We have studied the structure of the MEF2B gene at sheep of Severokavkazskaya breed bred in Russia. To detect alleles we use NimbleGen sequencing technology by Roche (USA). As a result, it was revealed 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) at the given breed. The discovered SNPare located in not coding areas. From them 7 polymorphisms are in the area of 5' upstream gene in loci: c.-1713, c.-1319, c.-839, c.-321, c.-246, c.-161, c.-3; 6 polymorphisms are in introns, loci: c.55-51, c.258+312, c.258+380, c.259-52, c.452+95, c.452+ 103, 1 SNP is in 3' downstream gene, c.*252. Two of the identified SNPs are significantly connected with high indices of meat productivity: c.55-51 and c.259-52. At the same time it was not possible to find out the impact on productivity of c.-1713 polymorphism. Our investigation is a base of next research of affection of different MEF2B gene alleles on meat quality and can be used to prepare PCR test-system for genomic selection.

V. TRUKHACHEV, V. BELYAEV, A. KVOCHKO, A. KULICHENKO, D. KOVALEV, S. PISARENKO, A. VOLYNKINA, M. SELIONOVA, M. AYBAZOV, S. SHUMAENKO, A. OMAROV, T. MAMONTOVA, N. GOLOVANOVA, O. YATSYK & A. KRIVORUCHKO Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Stavropol State Agrarian University, Stavropol, Russian Federation; Stavropol Research Anti-plague Institute, Stavropol, Russian Federation; All-Russian Research Institute of Sheep and Goat Breeding; Stavropol, Russian Federation

One of the main promising directions in the development of pharmacology is the development of selective drugs and effective approaches to their production using nanoscale drug delivery vehicles. Providing the necessary therapeutic concentration of drugs in target cells is not an easy task. To solve it, a specific drug carrier is required. The most promising is the use of biodegradable delivery systems, due to the lack of the need to use expensive equipment, and it is also possible to synthesize them in production volumes. The need to develop systems for the controlled delivery of drugs, especially antibacterial drugs, is due to their clear advantage over antibiotics in standardized dosage forms. Increasingly, in poultry industry, high mortality rates of chickens began to be observed in the acute form of enterotoxemia due to Clostridium perfringens and its associations with another microflora. The aim of this paper is to study the therapeutic efficacy of a free and included in biodegradable system antibacterial drug (cefotaxime) for bacterial infections in birds. There were formed 3 experimental and 1 control group of broiler chickens of the cross Cobb-500 daily age of 15 animals each. At the age of 10 days, the birds of group 1-3 were orally infected with virulent diurnal cultures of microorganisms: Clostridium perfringens. During the experiment, daily monitoring of the general condition and behavior of the birds, consumption of feed and water was carried out, the clinical status of the sick birds, the time of onset of positive dynamics and the time of recovery were evaluated. After completing the course of therapy, monitoring of the state of the birds continued for 7 days. After completion of the experiment, bacteriological examination showed that the use of cefotaxime at a dose of 10 mg/kg for 7 days does not eradicate Clostridium perfringens, while the use of cefotaxime based on chitosan and cefotaxime based on exosomes at a dose of 10 mg/kg provides 100% therapeutic efficiency.

The paper studied the effect of microbial polysaccharides on the leukogram of laboratory animals and studied the dynamics of peripheral blood parameters with an assessment of immunobiological reactivity based on established patterns of physiological status. The results of numerous studies of the state of natural resistance of farm animals indicate that protective forces are a dynamic indicator, and is determined both by the genetic characteristics of the body and the impact of various environmental factors. This circumstance allows directionally influencing the formation and manifestation of the body’s defenses. Thus, the study of the immunological reactivity of the organism of farm animals becomes relevant for understanding the pathogenesis of diseases, for rational pathogenetic therapy. The problem of increasing the nonspecific resistance of productive animals has not lost its relevance in the current difficult economic situation in Russia. This fact is dangerous by the manifestation of enzootic outbreaks of infectious diseases and a gradual decrease in the breeding value of animals.

Numerous quantitative indicators are currently available for evaluating research productivity. No single metric is suitable for comprehensive evaluation of the author-level impact. The choice of particular metrics depends on the purpose and context of the evaluation. The aim of this article is to overview some of the widely employed author impact metrics and highlight perspectives of their optimal use. The h-index is one of the most popular metrics for research evaluation, which is easy to calculate and understandable for non-experts. It is automatically displayed on researcher and author profiles on citation databases such as Scopus and Web of Science. Its main advantage relates to the combined approach to the quantification of publication and citation counts. This index is increasingly cited globally. Being an appropriate indicator of publication and citation activity of highly productive and successfully promoted authors, the h-index has been criticized primarily for disadvantaging early career researchers and authors with a few indexed publications. Numerous variants of the index have been proposed to overcome its limitations. Alternative metrics have also emerged to highlight 'societal impact.' However, each of these traditional and alternative metrics has its own drawbacks, necessitating careful analyses of the context of social attention and value of publication and citation sets. Perspectives of the optimal use of researcher and author metrics is dependent on evaluation purposes and compounded by information sourced from various global, national, and specialist bibliographic databases.