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Исследование механических свойств материалов на основе никелида титана, возникающих в ходе термоупругих мартенситных превращений, в том числе реактивных напряжений представляют огромный интерес. Эффект генерации реактивных напряжений в материалах с памятью формы оказывает влияние на различные области техники. Так, в материалах с эффектом памяти формы, выступающих в качестве механических преобразователей энергии и в качестве силовых элементов приводов используются условия, при которых происходит фиксирование деформации. Данное использование предполагает стабильность свойств и рабочих параметров в такого типа устройствах. В работе были исследованы реактивные напряжения, возникающие в образцах сплавов на основе никелида титана при фиксировании деформации, которая препятствует осуществлению эффекта памяти формы в процессе циклирования мартенситных превращений. Предполагается, что циклирование мартенситных превращений может привести к изменению реактивных напряжений вследствие структурной перестройки материала, что в свою очередь повлияет на рабочие характеристики узлов и агрегатов из сплавов на основе никелида титана. Показано, что уровень реактивных напряжений, развиваемых в образце в цикле нагрев-охлаждение уменьшается в последующих циклах. Наблюдаемое упрочнение от цикла к циклу, в условиях действия реактивных напряжений может характеризовать явление фазового наклёпа.

To test the toolkit, an aggregated analysis of the sectoral structures of the Russian and world economies are carried out according to the reporting data of the largest companies (according to Forbes ratings). The representation of companies in the largest category characterizes the structure of the international division of labour. The obtained partial structures of the world and Russian economies are compared, and conclusions and recommendations are made. The research results can be in demand in the creation and improvement of decision support systems for large companies, as well as priorities and government programs for the development of national and regional economies.

The article is devoted to the study of tools for assessing and modifying the structure of a large geographically distributed industrial complex (company) performing a set of long-term projects. The goal is to develop conceptual approaches to a formalized description of the parameters of such a complex and to identify appropriate calendar dates for changing its structure, based on the changing actual characteristics of projects. The analysis of publications on this issue showed that all companies have problems, and they are still far from a complete solution. Not all the methods of situation analysis proposed in scientific works were ideal, and not all of them were practically implemented on the basis of actually available information. To implement in decision support systems, three technologies are proposed for assessing the situation based on the presentation of multiparametric information in the form of polar diagrams and frequency distributions, including in dynamics.

Проанализирован частотный спектр акустической эмиссии при термоупругих мартенситных превращениях в никелиде титана. Дискретный характер спектра сигналов акустической эмиссии свидетельствует о резонансных свойствах кристаллической среды, в которой распространяются пакеты акустических волн, а резонансные свойства определяются совокупностью естественных резонаторов системы образец-волновод-датчик. То есть низкочастотный спектр акустической эмиссии является вторичным эффектом, результатом преобразования первичных сигналов акустической эмиссии на естественных резонаторах. Установлено, что в окрестности температуры начала превращения B2→B19′ наблюдается резкое смещение частот спектральных линий в низкочастотную область спектра, продолжающееся до температуры окончания превращения. Такое поведение спектра акустической эмиссии, очевидно, связано с эффектом «смягчения» упругих модулей при приближении температуры к температурному интервалу термоупругих мартенситных превращений. Следствием снижения величины упругих модулей является снижение скоростей распространения акустических волн в сплавах и снижение резонансных частот естественных резонаторов. Набор спектральных линий свидетельствует о преобразование первичных сигналов акустической эмиссии на естественных резонаторах.

The article substantiates the relevance of strategic management of organizations in the digital economy, taking into account the specifics of the industry. The development of info communication technologies is currently one of the strategic directions for modernizing the economy not only in Russia, but also in all countries of the world in the context of digital transformation. In connection with the above, the ranking of countries by the Digitalization Index in 2020 has been studied, and the leading countries / markets of the world by the number of smartphone users in 2021 are presented. To improve the strategic management of organizations in the context of digitalization of economies, the key characteristics of internal and external strategic balance are shown, a model of strategic management of organizations - telecom operators is built

Aim. The presented study aims to develop a structural model for industrial ecosystem management and to propose strategies for the industrial ecosystem orchestrator.Tasks. The authors systematize the landscape of existing research in the field of ecosystems; identify the problem and determine the research gap; develop the concept of ecosystem entity; determine the specific features of industrial ecosystem management; develop a structural model for industrial ecosystem management based on the platform concept; recommend strategies for the industrial ecosystem orchestrator.Methods. This study uses general scientific methods (synthesis, generalization, content analysis, graphical data interpretation), economic and statistical methods (correlation and regression analysis, mathematical statistics, expert methods, principal components analysis, hierarchical agglomerative clustering). As part of a study of economic sectors and digital technologies, the market structure is analyzed, and the dynamics of development indicators of digitalization processes is described.Results. The landscape of modern ecosystem research, types and properties of ecosystems, the composition of actors and exchange resources by ecosystem type are systematized, the concept of ecosystem entity is developed, and the specific features of industrial ecosystem management are determined. A structural model for industrial ecosystem management is developed. Four strategies for the industrial ecosystem orchestrator are recommended: increasing value, building trust, activating industrial ecology, institutionalization.Conclusions. In the context of digital transformation, it is advisable to implement strategic management of industrial ecosystems based on the platform concept. The results of managing an industrial ecosystem with the orchestrator function include enhancing the maturity and integration potential of synergetic interaction in the ecosystem, maintaining a high level of coherence (consistency) between actors at different hierarchical levels, creating long-term value and improving the quality of life.

Introduction: This work aimed to create a new platinum-interferon conjugate and investigate its properties. Background: Multiple drug resistance of tumor cells is a serious challenge in modern medicine. Neoplastic diseases are often complicated by persistent bacterial infections, which impairs efficacy and the outcome of anticancer therapy. The development of new bifunctional drugs for the treatment of tumor growth and bacterial complications is an urgent task. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the complex antiblastic and antibacterial properties of interferon-platinum conjugate in vitro. Material and Methods: The coordination complex of dichloro-N,N,N,N-tetrakis-(2-aminoethyl)- 1,6-hexamethylenediaminobisplatin dichloride was used for production of conjugate with human α-interferon. The binding of a metal complex with protein was established by means of radiochemical neutron activation analysis. As test objects, we used lympholeukemic Jurkat cells line, human lymphocytes in reaction of lymphocyte blastic transformation and different strains of microorganisms, including Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results: Binuclear platinum human α-interferon conjugate has a significant dose-dependent antibacterial and antiproliferative suppressive effect on target cells and bacteria. Conclusion: The tested preparation can be of a certain interest in drug designing for rational antiblastic therapy, especially in the case of infectious complications. This conjugate can be a convenient platform for creating drugs for the complex therapy of oncological diseases with bacterial complications.

Background: Developing new antibacterial and antiviral drugs are considered a significant issue due to the emergence and spread of resistant strains of microorganisms. The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically increased the need for new broad-spectrum anti-infective agents. Objective: This experimental study aimed to investigate the antibacterial and phagocytic properties of silver-interferon preparation. The combination of properties of complex drugs makes them promising for treating drug-resistant infections and bacterial complications of viral diseases. Method: The antibacterial effect of the silver-interferon platform was investigated by agar diffusion and serial dilution methods. The drug's effect on the functional activity of phagocytes was studied on human neutrophils in a Staphylococcus aureus uptake test. Results: Investigations have shown that the silver-interferon complex possesses a bactericidal mechanism of action against tested bacterial strains, including Streptococcus pneumonia, Salmonella enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli. Streptococcus pneumonia was the most susceptible bacterial target for the tested complex, with a growth inhibition zone of 12±0.6 mm and a minimal bactericidal concentration of 0.08 mg/ml. A slight stimulating action of the drug in relation to the activity of phagocytes was revealed. Conclusion: Silver-interferon has proved as a prospective anti-infective drug with a wide range of activities.

Illegal actions in the forest industry have a significant impact on national economic security, creating economic, environmental and social threats. In this regard, the authors conducted a study of the specifics of illegal activities regarding wood. Based on the analysis of statistical data on the number of crimes classified at the legislative level as ecological and illegal logging, the authors come to the following conclusion. The general trend to reduce the number of environmental crimes does not have a significant impact on the formation of a trend line for the number of crimes by the type of «illegal logging» under Art. 260 of the Criminal Code, the number of which remains at the level of 15 years ago. This indicates the sustainability of the threat to industry economic security. In addition, on the basis of an analysis of existing legislation and also the practice of compensation for damage from illegal actions related to logging, an organizational and economic mechanism for identifying and eliminating the consequences of illegal activities in the forest was developed and proposed, the difference of which is the application of an integrated approach to wood verification and the organization of interagency cooperation in the formation and use of data in the EGAIS-forest system at the territorial level.

Relevance. The transition of developed countries to a new technological order and environmental disasters pose new challenges and threats to the domestic economy in the field of accelerating the environmentally friendly transformation of the economic system at an innovative level. These challenges are especially important for metallurgical enterprises, in connection with which the issue of innovative development of the potential of metallurgical enterprises is urgent. Purpose. Based on the analysis of ferrous metallurgy and PJSC "Severstal", to assess the prospects for the development of innovative potential through the introduction of technologies that reduce the burden on the environ-ment. Objectives: Identify the main factors affecting the decline in effective demand for ferrous metallurgy products; to characterize the areas of activity of PJSC "Severstal" with the help of which the problem of reducing the carbon intensity of production is solved; analyze the effectiveness of measures to develop innovative potential. Methodology. The research methodology included the use of methods of retrospective analysis of the volumes of production and consumption of steel; monitoring of individual indicators of corporate financial statements of domestic metallurgical holdings; analysis and synthesis of trends in innovative development and promising directions for modernization of production in the context of the environmental aspect of the concept of sustainable development. Results. The activity of metallurgical enterprises in the development of innovative potential remains insufficiently high, despite the volatility in the domestic and foreign markets. One of the development trends is the introduction of "green" technologies. This conclusion is confirmed by a study of the elements of the investment policy implemented at PJSC "Severstal" and the growth of the enterprise's ESG rating in international analytical agencies. Conclusions. The transition to a new technological structure of developed countries reduces the demand for the products of environmentally dirty industries. This necessitates in the long term the need to develop the innovative and technological potential of domestic metallurgical companies through the implementation of projects that reduce the burden on the environment and increase the level of transparency in the field of carbon intensity of manufactured products while updating equipment and products is updated.

The present paper reports the results of a study of the X-ray and Raman spectra of detonation nanodiamonds after high-pressure–high-temperature (HPHT) annealing at different temperatures. The experiments were carried out using a multi-anvil high-pressure apparatus of the “split-sphere” type (BARS) at 5 GPa and 1100–1500 °C. It was found that HPHT annealing at 1500 °C led to the growth of nanodiamond cores sized from 4.2 to 6.9 nm. It was determined that transformation of the detonation nanodiamond particles includes the formation of both a new diamond phase as well as ordered graphite around the initial diamond core. It was suggested that the gasification of adsorbed impurities from the nanodiamond shell results in the formation of a supercritical fluid that stimulates the growth of the diamond phase. The appearance of newly formed graphite led to covering the exposed areas of the nanodiamond core capable of contacting with neighboring nanodiamonds during annealing, which explains the earlier established heterogeneity of the hardness increase within the sample volume after HPHT sintering.

The presented study models market behavior strategies for firms in real (“impure”) markets.Aim. The presented study aims to develop tools for optimizing (according to the criterion of profit maximization) the market behavior of firms based on the achievements of modern mathematics.Tasks. The authors describe theoretical approaches to modeling the behavior of firms; define the problem of modeling the market behavior of firms in the language of game theory; modify the game model by implementing elements of the theory of fuzzy logic and fuzzy sets; develop and test a methodological approach to identifying the optimal behavior of firms based on fuzzy game modeling.Methods. This study uses general methods of economic and mathematical modeling, provisions of neoclassical and institutional firm theory, tools of game theory and the theory of fuzzy logic and fuzzy sets.Results. The optimal market behavior strategy for firms selling the same product is determined. The implementation of this strategy focuses on maximizing profits with allowance for the imperfections of real markets. A rigorous solution to this problem is proposed, based on the provisions of game theory, theory of fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic. The developed methodological approach to identifying the optimal market behavior strategy based on fuzzy game modeling is illustrated by a meaningful example.Conclusions. The developed and tested methodological approach to identifying the optimal market behavior strategy based on fuzzy game modeling described in the article allows firms to search for optimal strategies with allowance for the imperfections of real markets. It can be used for theoretical modeling of the behavior of firms in an “impure” market, including in a mixed economy, where the government has a certain degree of planning and administrative influence on economic processes. The proposed approach can be recommended for use by the management of firms in the development and implementation of competitive strategies.

The presented study examines the problems and prospects of using innovative methods in the training of economists with higher education.Aim. The study identifies the peculiarities of economic education in the context of the digital transformation of the economy (strategic factor) and restrictive epidemiological measures (tactical factor), and assesses the feasibility and necessity of using innovative methods in the training of economists.Tasks. The authors analyze modern problems of higher economic education in Russia, systematize innovative methods that can be used in higher economic education, and assess the prospects for their use and the practical effects of their implementation.Methods. This study uses the methods of systems and interdisciplinary approaches to the examination of socio-economic phenomena and processes, specific methods of innovative, structural, and comparative analysis, and the results of the authors’ empirical generalizations.Results. It is established that the Russian education system is in a state of permanent reform, which, however, does not fully solve its problems, often generating new ones instead. At the same time, the chosen vector of transformations does little to affect the actual training process. Despite the declared attention to improving its quality, reforms are mainly focused on institutional, organizational, financial, and other system-wide aspects. As a result, the higher education system as a whole and university education of economists in particular face a number of challenges. These challenges exacerbated and clearly manifested in the spring semester of the 2019-2020 academic year due to the implementation of measures aimed at preventing the spread of the new COVID-19 coronavirus infection in Russia. It turned out that many universities are not technologically and methodologically prepared to implement educational programs in the context of distance learning, i.e. they do not fully meet the requirements of the digital age. In this regard, the authors propose to enhance the use of innovative teaching methods in the training of economists with higher education. This study describes the content and advantages of such methods over traditional ones.Conclusions. A summary of the results of this study makes it possible to conclude that it is necessary to enhance the use of innovative methods in the economic training of students. Organizational changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in recent months confirm the correctness of this standpoint. At the same time, attention should be paid to the rational combination of traditional and innovative teaching methods, as well as the global trend of digitalization of socio-economic processes.

The presented study examines the specific sectoral aspects of formation of the digital image of socioeconomic systems. The subject of the study is the logistics system for military customers. Aim . This study aims to examine the problems and prospects of forming a promising digital image of the key element of military-economic relations — the logistics system for military customers. At the same time, the digital transformation of this system is considered not as an independent phenomenon, but in the context of a broader trend involving organizational and technological transformations. Tasks . The authors identify stages in the development of theoretical ideas about the organizational transformations of the examined system; consider the key technologies that can serve as a basis of the digital logistics system for military customers; formulate the principles of operation of this system based on the provisions of the ecosystem approach. Methods . The study uses the methodology of the ecosystem approach, military-economic and evolutionary analysis, methods of grouping, comparison, and expert assessment. Results . Digitalization is found to be one of the key trends in modern socio-economic development. However, the studies of this phenomenon remain insufficiently diverse from the sectoral perspective. The digitalization of military-economic processes is a particularly underexplored area. The authors propose to consider it in the context of not only general socio-economic, but also specific sectoral organizational and technological transformations associated with the improvement of the national (military) security system. It is established that this approach is new and integrates previous directions of Russian research into the transformations of the examined complex sectoral socio-economic system. The conducted analysis indicates that the following key technologies can serve as a basis for an advanced digital logistics system for military customers: Internet of things; big data; cloud technologies; artificial intelligence; virtual and augmented reality; blockchain; process automation; additive manufacturing. When developing such a system, it is recommended to apply the principles of transparency, modularity, platform approach, integrality, and network nature. Conclusions . The conducted study shows that the formation of the digital image of socio-economic systems has peculiar industry-specific features that should be taken into account when creating and developing such systems. In particular, the study highlights this specificity in relation to the logistics system for military customers. The formulated theoretical provisions and practical recommendations can be used to improve this system.

The presented study examines standardization procedures as an integral element of the institution of planning with regard to public and municipal procurement in the Russian Federation. Aim . The study aims to identify the specific features of formation and establishment of requirements for the goods, works, and services being procured for public and municipal needs and their pricing. Tasks. The authors analyze approaches to standardization in public and municipal procurement; systematize tools for the standardization of costs and properties of the goods, works, and services being procured; identify problems in the formation of requirements for the goods, works, and services being procured and outline ways to solve them. Methods . This study uses the methods of the institutional approach to the examination of economic phenomena and processes as well as specific methods of structural, economic, legal, systems, and comparative analysis and expert assessment. Results . It is established that the current system of public and municipal procurement in Russia has a number of flaws that reduce its efficiency. One of the ways to modernize this system is to improve planning, which requires updating approaches to standardization. The most severe problems include the improvement of standardization of costs and properties of the goods, works, and services being procured for public and municipal needs (including substantiation of prices for the subjects of procurement). The solution to the latter problem can be considered as a method of indirect regulation (through the establishment of de facto consumer standards) of production activity in the economy at the micro-level. In the digital era, the development of standardization in procurement is based on the use of unified information systems and catalogs of the goods, works, and services being procured. At the same time, these technical instruments are not yet perfect and in some cases may reduce rather than increase the efficiency of public and municipal procurement. To this end, the authors propose measures aimed at modernizing these instruments. Conclusions . There are a number of problems in the field of standardization of procurement processes, which reduce the efficiency of the examined system. In particular, the issues of cataloging goods, works, services and setting price ceilings need to be addressed urgently. Improving standardization as an element of public and municipal procurement planning is an important and necessary step in improving the validity of budget appropriations allocated for these purposes and increasing the efficiency of their use.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to show how institutional conditions affect food security at the national level.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative research with the usage of the methods of institutional, evolutionary, comparative and retrospective analysis is performed in this paper. During the study, emphasis was placed on the theory of sustainable development, the theory of economic security, the theory of economic systems and the theory of competitive advantages.FindingsFood security policies can be based on the use of the liberal or conservative paradigm. The liberal paradigm focuses on food supply. The conservative paradigm also considers food independence. The growth of global instability has led to increased use of the conservative paradigm. Within the framework of these paradigms, four alternative models of food security have been proposed: “Pure” market, procurement, distribution, directive. For their selection, the matrix method was used. The combination of market and nonmarket management methods in the production and distribution of food is considered. Each of the models is given a meaningful interpretation, and their strengths and weaknesses are identified, the conditions of applicability and efficiency factors are indicated.Originality/valueThe failure of the authorities to provide the population with access to food is largely determined by institutional factors. The system of national institutions sets limits for food security. The main limitations are: technological, land, labor, infrastructure, cluster, ecological. To overcome them, it is recommended to use the tools of innovative, scientific, technological, migration, financial, investment, cluster, sustainable development and other types of state policies. Institutional shocks that lead to crises have a significant impact on food security. The study, using the example of Russia, shows that effective institutional overcoming of them is possible using the conservative paradigm.

Цель. Рост масштабов хозяйственной деятельности человечества вызвал деструктивные изменения природной среды. Экономическая активность в ХХ веке стала значимым геологическим и биосферным фактором. Это привело к формированию Концепции устойчивого развития и теории зеленого роста. Одним из инструментов практической реализации этих подходов является внедрение в деятельность бизнеса зелёных цепей поставок. Целью исследования является анализ зеленых цепей поставок как инновационного инструмента ведения бизнеса, а также изучение его отражения в современной научной литературе. Методология / методика / подход. Для проведения исследования использованы методы сравнительного и ретроспективного анализа, институциональный подход, структурно-функциональный и наукометрический анализ. В качестве источников данных использовалась информация, представленная в международной библиографической базе Scopus и национальной (российской) библиографической базе elibrary.ru. Результаты. Одним из способов ожидаемой трансформации предприятий, отраслей и экономики в целом под воздействием концепции устойчивого развития является внедрение в бизнес-практику зеленых цепей поставок. Понимая значимость внедрения этого инструмента, субъекты бизнеса и их стейкхолдеры формируют «социальный заказ» на исследование зеленых цепей поставок, что вызвало всплеск интереса исследователей во многих странах мира к этой проблематике. В последнее десятилетие интерес к этим вопросам в мировой научной литературе растет лавинообразно. Причем, если первоначально основные исследования проводились в европейских и североамериканских странах, то к настоящему времени первенство перешло к азиатским странам. Такое географическое перераспределение исследовательских усилий приводит к модернизации экономик быстро растущих азиатских стран, прежде всего – Китая и Индии, что неизбежно приведет к улучшению их конкурентных позиций в мире. В то же время, бизнес и власти не во всех развивающихся экономиках осознали стратегическую важность зеленых цепей поставок. В частности, это относится к России, Украине и ряду других стран. Сложившаяся ситуация объективно ослабляет их конкурентные позиции в мировой экономике. Оригинальность / научная новизна. В исследовании количественно оценена исследовательская активность в изучении проблем зеленых цепей поставок. Это исследование выполнено с учетом хронологического и географического факторов. Выявлены тенденции: смещения центра исследований в Азию; корреляции между темпами зеленой модернизации экономики и исследовательской активностью в сфере зеленых цепей поставок; страновой дифференциации в исследовательской активности. Показаны преимущества зеленых цепей поставок как инновационного инструмента ведения бизнеса. Практическая ценность / значимость. Проведенный содержательный анализ показал, что концепция зеленых цепей поставок и ее внедрение в бизнес могут привести к существенным положительным изменениям не только в экономике, но и в обществе в целом. В этой связи, в тех странах, где эта концепция пока еще не стала значимой и воспринимается властями и бизнесом как нечто второстепенное, следует усилить внимание политиков к ней. В частности, необходима активизация специального направления государственной политики, ориентированной на стимулирование формирования и развития зеленых цепей поставок в национальной экономике.

The textbook discusses the legal framework, information support, types of value and principles on which the valuation of the enterprise is based, as well as the main approaches and methods used in the valuation of the enterprise. Modern approaches to enterprise development management, in particular the cost approach, are presented. It is intended for bachelor's and master's students, specialists studying in the disciplines of "Business Valuation", "Company Value Management", "Enterprise value assessment".

The monograph examines the implementation of state economic policy in the era of the formation of a neo-industrial society. The authors have developed new conceptual approaches, methodologies and scientifically based recommendations for the formation of new fundamental principles for the implementation of the state's economic policy in the era of technological and social transformation to ensure promising technological leadership and the creation of an "adaptive territory" in the conditions of the new industrial revolution and the digital economy, which corresponds to modern and promising trends of socio-economic development. It is intended for researchers, teachers of economic and managerial disciplines, specialists of enterprises, organizations and institutions, as well as graduate students and undergraduate and graduate students.

The commercial real estate market has been hit hard by the coronavirus. Many segments of commercial real estate in 2020 found themselves in a situation of complete cessation of activity due to the lockdown. Each segment is experiencing crises in the economy in its own way, however, it should be noted that even in the current circumstances, the commercial real estate market is mobile, supply and demand is present, real estate transactions are being made. The purpose of the study is to determine the capitalization rates for the trading segment using the direct capitalization method. Tasks: determining the state of the commercial real estate market, in particular the retail segment, determining which objects of the considered segments can be applied to the direct capitalization method, determining the calculation of the capitalization ratio, using regression analysis to refine the results of the capitalization ratios, analyzing the obtained values. The work used the method of direct capitalization, the method of direct comparison, regression analysis, data analysis. As a result of this study, capitalization rates for the trading segment were determined using the direct capitalization method. The objects of the considered segments are determined, to which it is possible to apply the direct capitalization method.

The hospitality industry is influenced by an increasing number of factors every year. For a successful hotel business, it is necessary to know exactly the market, your potential guests and be able to prevent all unforeseen risks. By studying all this, you can choose a profitable competitiveness strategy, which, if chosen correctly, can help the company get out of a difficult situation. At the present stage, the hotel business is quite often faced with problems of border closures, pandemics, low tourist flow, customer requirements and outdated service. By defining its unique competitive advantages for customers, the company is able to sustainably survive all these problems. The purpose of the study is to determine the main competitive advantages based on the analysis of the competitiveness of hotels in St. Petersburg. The methods of comparison, induction, competitiveness analysis, and survey were used in the work. As a result of this study, the main trends in the development of the hospitality industry market were identified, the analysis of the work of the Helvetia Hotel as a leading company using a differentiation strategy was carried out, during the analysis of competitiveness, the main competitive advantages for the differentiation strategy in St. Petersburg were identified.

In the context of the dynamics of the modern external environment, the importance of risk management in general and the risks inherent in the processes of mergers and acquisitions has sharply increased. This is becoming one of the primary challenges in business, the solution of which will contribute to economic growth and development. In this article, based on a broad review of literature, the key risks of mergers and acquisitions are identified and classified, the level of their significance is assessed, the relevant management tools are selected for each risk and a computer program is developed that implements the selection of tools for each specific merger and acquisition transaction. A comprehensive automated methodology for the selection of risk management tools in the implementation of mergers and acquisitions can become an effective risk management tool for companies participating in such transactions. This will allow to identify and track risks in a timely manner, assess their significance, and, among other things, contribute to the adoption of effective management decisions regarding risk management.

The presented study identifies the channels through which digital transformation affects the system of socio-economic relations, particularly relations associated with employment, and substantiates the transformations in the system of government regulation caused by digitalization.Aim. The study aims to develop proposals to improve the national economic policy in the field of employment regulation with allowance for the current and future challenges of digitalization and the experience of developed (in terms of information technology) countries.Tasks. The authors provide a brief description of the modern revolution in information technology manifested in the form of large-scale digitalization of socio-economic relations; assess the speed, focus, and problems of development of the digital sector of economy in Russia in comparison with other countries; determine the scale and channels through which digitalization affects the well-being and employment of the population; propose directions for improving the national economic policy in the field of employment regulation with allowance for Russian peculiarities.Methods. This study uses the methods of institutional, structural, and statistical analysis with regard to digital transformation processes and in the context of the examination of changes in the socio-economic system and employment structure. The problems of the impact of digital transformations on socio-economic relations are examined using a systems approach and the methodology of comparative analysis and benchmarking — in a comparative analysis of the situation in Russia and other countries. Results. The authors believe digitalization to be a new trend that determines the direction of socioeconomic development in the medium term. In terms of the level of digitalization, Russia is significantly lagging behind developed and many developing countries, which impairs the sustainability of the national economy and national economic security. At the same time, the existing lag allows us to critically study the foreign experience of large-scale digitalization, particularly in terms of its impact on the labor market, employment, and social structure, to form an efficient national policy for regulating the digital transformation of the economy and society. The study proposes several directions aimed at early recognition and neutralization of the potential negative effects of digitalization on the Russian socio-economic system.Conclusions. It is advisable to improve the national economic policy in the field of employment regulation and related fields with allowance for the current and future challenges of digitalization and the experience of developed (in terms of information technology) countries with a focus on certain areas, such as taking into consideration the prospective requirements of the labor market for “future specialists” (creativity, humanistic orientation of thinking and actions, leadership skills, psychological stability, cognitive flexibility, etc.) when developing and updating educational standards, and paying more attention to the development of continuous education. It is also necessary to strengthen government support for self-employment and individual entrepreneurship as legal forms serving as substitutions for hired labor in the digital economy, taking into account the “forced” (in some cases) nature of such entrepreneurship, which calls for government support in both economic and social terms. Convergence of the national policy in the field of social protection and social security with business policy plays an important role, as does the prevention of digital inequality and its “fusion” with traditional property and income inequality.

The results of modification of the impurity subsystem of detonation nanodiamonds (DND) (from the “Altai” Federal Research and Production Center (Biysk)) with active metals and mixtures of nickel and aluminum metals are presented. Samples made from three different metal-diamond mixtures were investigated: 1) 70 wt % of DND and 30 wt % of Al, 2) 50 wt % of DND and 50 wt % of mixture of nickel and aluminum in NiAl stoichiometry, 3) 70 wt % of DND and 30 wt % of mixture of nickel and aluminum in Ni3Al stoichiometry. The heating of samples of nanodiamonds in a vacuum volume (VUP-5) is accompanied by thermal desorption of volatile compounds. Analysis of the samples using differential scanning calorimetry and mass-spectrometry (DSC - on STA 409 PC Luxx NETZSCH, MS - on QMS 403 D Aeolos NETZSCH) allowed us to study the kinetics of desorption and the molecular composition of volatile compounds desorbed by heating nanodiamonds. Annealing of the charge with aluminum is accompanied by a nonmonotonic change in the weight of the sample during heating. Heating mixtures of nanodiamond with nickel and aluminum is accompanied by an almost monotonic decrease in weight. Weight loss at up to 950 °C annealing can reach 20%. When samples are heated to 950 °C, H2O (up to 200 °С), O2 (up to 60 °С), H2S (up to 700 °С), CO2 (up to 600 °С), SO2 (up to 450 °С), N2 (up to 60 °С) evaporate from the surface of the samples. Endo- and exo-effects indicate the occurrence of chemical reactions between impurities and metals. The cleaning process most actively takes place during the annealing of the metal-diamond mixture containing Ni and Al in Ni3Al stoichiometry.

The presented study determines the prerequisites for accelerating economic growth and improving the quality of socio-economic development by modernizing approaches to the regulation of the labor market and reproduction of labor potential.Aim. The study aims to identify problems in ensuring economic growth in Russia by the workforce and to propose approaches to solving these problems.Tasks. The authors characterize the current rate and prospects of changes in economic growth in Russia; describe the problems of ensuring economic growth from the perspective of a factorial approach (through the example of the labor factor); analyze the causes of labor market imbalance and inefficient provision of workforce for the economy; propose recommendations on improving the process of ensuring economic growth by the workforce at the current stage of development of the Russian economy.Methods. This study applies methods of institutional, structural, and statistical analysis to the processes of economic growth and socio-economic development. A factorial approach to the description of economic growth is used during the analysis of this phenomenon. Its rate is determined by the quantity and quality of (resource) production factors. The labor factor is thoroughly analyzed. The problems of ensuring economic growth in Russia by the workforce are examined from the perspective of the systems approach using methodological techniques of variant and situation analysis.Results. The study substantiates the opinion that the modern Russian economy has stalled in a state of near-zero growth, mostly due to the low efficiency of the implemented socio-economic policy. It is therefore necessary to increase the rate of economic growth. The authors use the factorial approach (through the example of the labor factor) to examine the sufficiency of resourcing of economic growth with production factors. It is shown that, in light of the recent pension reform, workforce in modern Russia is sufficient and even superfluous. The key qualitative problems in the operation of the labor market are comprehensively analyzed, including the structural and quantitative discrepancy between specialist training in the educational system and labor requirements; overeducation of the population (people perform work that requires lower qualification than their actual level of education and/or professional training). This study shows the specificity of these problems and provides recommendations on solving them, which requires revising approaches to the development and implementation of the state economic policy.Conclusions. Russia has the resource capabilities (in terms of workforce) to intensify economic growth and make a breakthrough in socio-economic development. Analysis of the existing problems in this field shows that these issues can be solved. However, this requires a focused, systematic effort spearheaded by the government, which is impossible without improving the implemented state economic policy.

The presented study analyzes the problems of public procurement associated with the pricing of procurement items. Aim . The study aims to substantiate recommendations on improving the pricing of items procured under government contracts implemented in accordance with the laws of the Russian Federation. Tasks . The authors examine various problematic aspects of formation of the initial (maximum) price under government contracts and propose ways of neutralizing them. Methods . This study uses the methods of institutional, structural, and functional analysis of economic phenomena and processes and specific methods of performance evaluation, comparative analysis, and expert assessment. Results . It is established that the Russian public procurement system has a number of shortcomings and does not function efficiently enough. That said, most of the problems that affect its development arise from the inadequate establishment of initial (maximum) contract prices. Errors and inaccuracies in pricing are what makes the public procurement system inefficient. They occur due to the lack of qualified personnel in the procurement divisions of customer organizations, inconsistency of the system of economic interests mediating public procurement, errors and institutional shortcomings in the establishment of the initial (maximum) contract price, etc. In order to increase the efficiency of public procurement, the authors provide recommendations aimed at improving the reliability of substantiation of the initial (maximum) contract price. Conclusions . According to the results of the study, the authors propose directions for improving the pricing mechanism for goods (works, services) procured to meet government needs.

The presented study examines human capital and methods of its assessment at the micro-level of the economic system, in the activities of trading enterprises.Aim. The study aims to substantiate a methodological approach to the assessment and prediction of the human capital of a trading enterprise using the concept of enterprise value management.Tasks. The authors determine the importance of human capital for the efficiency of managing a trading enterprise, explore the essence of human capital and specific aspects of its analysis at the micro-level of the economic system, and propose a combined method for assessing and predicting human capital indicators at an enterprise.Methods. This study uses the methods of institutional and structural analysis, assessment of investment projects, systems analysis, enterprise value management, and specific methods of human capital research.Results. The study provides a detailed description of human capital with allowance for the specific aspects of its manifestation at the micro-level of the economic system and industry-specific features of trade; examines the methods of and approaches to the assessment of efficiency of investments in human capital, also taking into account industry-specific features; proposes a combined method for human capital assessment at a trading enterprise based on a combination of CIV and MVAIC methods and a criterion for the assessment of efficiency of investments in human capital based on the relationship between the value of investment and human capital growth during the reporting period.Conclusions. A new method for assessing and predicting the human capital of trading enterprises is proposed. It is harmonized with a value-based approach to management and can be integrated into the management systems of trading enterprises.

The purpose of this article is to explore the possibilities and develop proposals for the integrated solution of some of the problems of sustainable development related to waste processing and improving the energy efficiency of the economy. This purpose was achieved by solving the following objectives: 1) analysis of the problem of energy efficiency and how to solve it; 2) study of the problem of waste management and approaches to its solution; 3) development of proposals for the implementation of energy-efficient waste treatment. The leading methods used in the article were the following: a review of the literature, statistical analysis, expert assessments, systems, technological and institutional analysis, economic modeling. As a result of the study, it was proved that the problems of energy efficiency of the economy and waste management should not be solved in isolation, but in a comprehensive manner. The key idea of the study was that waste may be an unconventional (alternative) energy source. The existing technological solutions for their implementation require significant investments, changes in regulation, as well as transformation of the behavior of the population. Modernization of waste management often comes down to the modernization of landfill management. This is not effective enough (from environmental, economic, energy efficiency positions). The development of new institutional rules and innovative technologies is required. The authors propose to use waste as an energy resource using the technology of thermal catalytic depolymerization. In addition to the beneficial environmental effect, the proposed technology has high energy efficiency.

The crystalline structure of intermetallic Cu3Sn synthesized by successively condensing thin layers of copper and tin on a substrate at 150°C has been studied. Cu3Sn compound exists in a very narrow homogeneity range and has a long-period close-packed ordered D019 superstructure. It has been found that the crystal lattice exhibits many slip traces associated with dislocation motion. The dislocation motion is due to the stressed state of the crystal, which can be characterized as uniform extension. Electron micrographs show that slip traces in the Cu3Sn crystal are parallel to the ( $$\bar {1}\bar {1}21$$ ) and ( $$11\bar {2}1$$ ) planes belonging to pyramidal slip system II, which is a main slip system along with pyramidal and basal ones. Slip traces result from the motion of partial dislocations, as indicated by the amount of slip, which is equal to half the interplanar distance. Since the crystal is ordered, slip is accomplished by a pair of superpartial dislocations and a slip trace may be a superstructural or complex stacking fault.

Processes in which the island structure is ordered occur in composite carbon films produced by preliminary population of an amorphous substrate with a detonation-diamond system and subsequent condensation of carbon from the vapor–gas phase. These processes, observed already upon filling of the substrate with diamond-growth centers, are manifested in that there appears a structural periodicity of the islands. It was found that the condensation of carbon on the populated substrate is accompanied by the evolution of the island structure of primary growth centers. This consists in that a hexagonal packing of the islands is formed, with the size of these islands increasing by two orders of magnitude. All these structural features of how a composite diamond-carbon film is formed indicate that self-organization processes occur in the system of diamond islands when carbon atoms are condensed and interact with primary diamond crystals.

In modern conditions, aggravation of problems of ensuring national security of Russia is observed. It is caused by influence of a complex of factors. Authors consider the situation developing in the sphere of ensuring economic and military security of the country. For the analysis both empirical materials and expert estimates, and objective statistical data from the Russian and international sources are used. Authors prove a conclusion about existence of close interrelation of military and economic security, impossibility and inexpediency of their separate consideration in the theoretical analysis that generates need of correction of institutional mechanisms of their providing. At the same time, the conclusion is drawn on priority of start in Russia of mechanisms of sustained economic growth: without solution of this task, ensuring national security in the military and economic sphere will be, according to authors, extremely difficult.

—The structural and physicomechanical properties of composite materials obtained by sintering detonation nanodiamonds under high pressures and temperatures (P = 5 GPa, T = 1200°C) have been investigated. There is a slight growth of diamond crystals after sintering from 4.5 to 5.2 nm. It is shown that the strength of the samples locally reaches 14 GPa. The high microhardness of the material is due to the consolidation of diamond nanocrystals into strong polycrystalline aggregates owing to the formation of covalent bonds between crystals under high pressure and temperature conditions.