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The study investigates different ways in which urbanization and its tempo influence terrorist activity. In line with other researchers investigating nonlinear effects on instability, we suggest tha...

Dynamic and deep socio-economic transformations at the present stage of the development of social and economic life even more accentuate the attention of researchers and practitioners on the concentration of reflected forms that characterize their virtual nature. The superstructure of virtual forms, complementing the real basis of the economic system, transforms it in a similar way. Virtual signs, products, images form many-sided images, reproducing the mental activity of a person endlessly. Rapid flows of information are increasing, financial derivatives and currency transactions are multiplying, specific services are carried out that do not have a subjectobject basis and form virtual reality, reflecting and multiplying. The article shows that behind the movement of reflected forms there is a certain essence containing past and future scenarios of the formation of a new way of organizing economic activity of people, designated in a number of works as “knowledge economy”. For effective management of such economy the system quality of communications in all spheres of social and economic processes and the phenomena at the present stage is important. The authors investigate the structural elements of virtual reality and their characteristics; consider synonymous categories denoting the interaction of socio-economic systems in the network space. The article demonstrates theoretical and methodological approaches that reveal the essence, nature and content of the “virtual economy” and “virtual reality” in the conditions of modern socioeconomic transformations. The article uses the resources of knowledge economy, political economy, evolutionary and post-industrial methodology.

We prove that integrability of a dispersionless Hirota-type equation implies the symplectic Monge–Ampère property in any dimension $\geq 4$. In 4D, this yields a complete classification of integrable dispersionless partial differential equations (PDEs) of Hirota type through a list of heavenly type equations arising in self-dual gravity. As a by-product of our approach, we derive an involutive system of relations characterizing symplectic Monge–Ampère equations in any dimension. Moreover, we demonstrate that in 4D the requirement of integrability is equivalent to self-duality of the conformal structure defined by the characteristic variety of the equation on every solution, which is in turn equivalent to the existence of a dispersionless Lax pair. We also give a criterion of linearizability of a Hirota-type equation via flatness of the corresponding conformal structure and study symmetry properties of integrable equations.

The article considers HIV-associated mental disorders, biopsychosocial factors affecting their development and course. Positive intradynamic pathomorphism of organic mental disorders is revealed. It manifests itself in easier clinical dynamics of psychoorganic syndrome, slower deterioration and dominance of the asthenic version of psychoorganic syndrome.

It is shown that the normalized rms fluctuation of the shear modulus on the medium-range order scale in glasses correlates with fragility: the higher fragility, the smaller the fluctuation amplitude. The latter is calculated within the heterogeneous elasticity theory using the data on the boson peak in glasses. On a smaller scale corresponding to cooperative structural relaxation, the normalized rms fluctuation of the infinite-frequency shear modulus was estimated using the data on the decoupling of viscosity and diffusion in supercooled liquids. These fluctuations are much smaller in amplitude, and, in contrast, they increase with increasing fragility. Extrapolation predicts intersection of both rms fluctuations and disappearing of the boson peak at the upper limit to fragility ≈180.

Understanding the microscopic mechanism of the transition of glass remains one of the most challenging topics in Condensed Matter Physics. What controls the sharp slowing down of molecular motion upon approaching the glass transition temperature Tg, whether there is an underlying thermodynamic transition at some finite temperature below Tg, what the role of cooperativity and heterogeneity are, and many other questions continue to be topics of active discussions. This review focuses on the mechanisms that control the steepness of the temperature dependence of structural relaxation (fragility) in glass-forming liquids. We present a brief overview of the basic theoretical models and their experimental tests, analyzing their predictions for fragility and emphasizing the successes and failures of the models. Special attention is focused on the connection of fast dynamics on picosecond time scales to the behavior of structural relaxation on much longer time scales. A separate section discusses the specific case of polymeric glass-forming liquids, which usually have extremely high fragility. We emphasize the apparent difference between the glass transitions in polymers and small molecules. We also discuss the possible role of quantum effects in the glass transition of light molecules and highlight the recent discovery of the unusually low fragility of water. At the end, we formulate the major challenges and questions remaining in this field.

With the development of technological innovations in the field of construction, increasing the efficiency of energy-saving materials used, more and more attention is paid to electrically conductive materials. Electrical conductivity studies were carried out on samples of concrete with graphene addition to obtain the current–voltage characteristics of the material. In order to identify the mechanism of the effects of different concentrations of graphene on electrical conductivity, a series of samples with different concentrations of graphene was made. As a result of the research, it was found that the dependence: the resistivity of the materialthe concentration is percolation, the concentration of graphene in the amount of 8% of the mass of cement is the percolation threshold.

We develop a new approach to the classification of integrable equations of the form $$ u_{xy}=f(u, u_x, u_y, \triangle_z u \triangle_{\bar z}u, \triangle_{z\bar z}u), $$ where $\triangle_{ z}$ and $\triangle_{\bar z}$ are the forward/backward discrete derivatives. The following 2-step classification procedure is proposed: (1) First we require that the dispersionless limit of the equation is integrable, that is, its characteristic variety defines a conformal structure which is Einstein-Weyl on every solution. (2) Secondly, to the candidate equations selected at the previous step we apply the test of Darboux integrability of reductions obtained by imposing suitable cut-off conditions.

The concepts of rural sociology (very interesting, but not to the end methodologically and theoretically grounded eld of sociology), its disciplinary specicity, the main content and concepts, the place in the system of classical and post-classical sociology, genesis and the main modern research schools are considered. Rural sociology is understood as a complex of knowledge of rural space of social life, at the same time - it is a branched theoretical and applied direction, a certain section in the general system of sociological eld. The social space of rural sociology is dichotomous urban, the opposite and at the same time ontologically similar to it by virtue of genetic relations, the social sphere of the village.

Optical properties of hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs) are in stark contrast to properties of ordinary media that fuels interest to various applications of HMMs in photonics. Special attention is attributed to the epsilon-near zero regime (ENZ) of HMMs that is the spectral point in which real part of the permittivity of the HMM becomes zero. This is accompanied by the effects of field enhancement having far-reaching applications. Here we focus on the experimental and theoretical investigation of the propagation of an ultrashort laser pulse through the silver nanorod-based HMM slab in the spectral range over the ENZ. We revealed pronounced resonant change of the pulse delay in HMMs and the transition between the superluminal and slow pulse propagation at the ENZ spectral point. Observed dynamical phenomena are confirmed theoretically and attributed to unusual case when the spectral half of an ultrashort pulse has elliptical dispersion and another has the hyperbolic one. Special attention is payed to the propagation of chirped laser pulses in the HMMs.

Let Gr(d; n) be the Grassmannian of d-dimensional linear subspaces of an n-dimensional vector space V n. A submanifold X Gr(d; n) gives rise to a differential system ⊂(X) that governs d-dimensional submanifolds of V n whose Gaussian image is contained in X. Systems of the form Σ(X) appear in numerous applications in continuum mechanics, theory of integrable systems, general relativity and differential geometry. They include such wellknown examples as the dispersionless Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation, the Boyer-Finley equation, Plebansky's heavenly equations, and so on. In this paper we concentrate on the particularly interesting case of this construction where X is a fourfold in Gr(3; 5). Our main goal is to investigate differential-geometric and integrability aspects of the corresponding systems Σ(X). We demonstrate the equivalence of several approaches to dispersionless integrability such as • the method of hydrodynamic reductions, • the method of dispersionless Lax pairs, • integrability on solutions, based on the requirement that the characteristic variety of system Σ(X) defines an Einstein-Weyl geometry on every solution, • integrability on equation, meaning integrability (in twistor-theoretic sense) of the canonical GL(2;R) structure induced on a fourfold X ⊂ Gr(3; 5). All these seemingly different approaches lead to one and the same class of integrable systems Σ(X). We prove that the moduli space of such systems is 6-dimensional. We give a complete description of linearisable systems (the corresponding fourfold X is a linear section of Gr(3; 5)) and linearly degenerate systems (the corresponding fourfold X is the image of a quadratic map P4 99K Gr(3; 5)). The fourfolds corresponding to `generic' integrable systems are not algebraic, and can be parametrised by generalised hypergeometric functions.

This article has been accepted for publication in International Mathematics Research Notices Published by Oxford University Press. Let Gr(d, n) be the Grassmannian of d-dimensional linear subspaces of an n-dimensional vector space V. A submanifold X ⊂ Gr(d, n) gives rise to a differential system Σ(X) that governs d-dimensional submanifolds of V whose Gaussian image is contained in X. We investigate a special case of this construction where X is a six-fold in Gr(4, 6). The corresponding system Σ(X) reduces to a pair of first-order PDEs for 2 functions of 4 independent variables. Equations of this type arise in self-dual Ricci-flat geometry. Our main result is a complete description of integrable systems Σ(X). These naturally fall into two subclasses. Systems of Monge–Ampère type. The corresponding six-folds X are codimension 2 linear sections of the Plücker embedding Gr(4, 6)↪P14⁠. General linearly degenerate systems. The corresponding six-folds X are the images of quadratic maps P6⇢ Gr(4, 6) given by a version of the classical construction of Chasles. We prove that integrability is equivalent to the requirement that the characteristic variety of system Σ(X) gives rise to a conformal structure which is self-dual on every solution. In fact, all solutions carry hyper-Hermitian geometry.

Acid treatments are among the most common methods to enhance deliverability of productive wells running on carbonate deposits. Such treatment at the oil fields of OOO LUKOIL-Perm, which are conventionally divided into the Southern, Northern and Nozhovskaya groups depending on their location in the the Perm Region, is complicated by the particular features of the deposit geology, difference in the mineralogical composition of rocks, and properties of formation fluids. To determine the optimal formulation for acid treatment of carbonate deposits for each group of fields, the field application of three most used compositions: DN-9010, FLUXOCORE-210 and NPS-K, was reviewed. During the research, the particular features of the reservoir void structure were studied using X-ray tomography, the mineralogical composition of rocks was determined using KM-04M carbonate metering device, the proportion of successful treatment jobs with each of the acid composition was identified and their efficiency was assessed based on changes in well productivity and the reservoir flow parameters after treatments, obtained from the interpretation of hydrodynamic research data. As a result of the field data analysis, it was established that the number of jobs resulting in the target oil production growth using FLUXOCORE-210 and NPS-K compositions in carbonate sediments of the Southern, Northern and Nozhovskaya oil field groups slightly exceeded the number of successful acid treatments using DN-9010 composition, which was confirmed by hydrodynamic research data where the highest efficiency of NPS-K and FLUXOCORE -210 was identified in comparison with DN-9010. The highest efficiency of NPS-K acid composition was observed at carbonate deposits of Southern and Nozhovskaya groups of fields, while FLUXOCORE -210 showed the best results in the deposits of Northern group of fields.

We study second-order partial differential equations (PDEs) in four dimensions for which the conformal structure defined by the characteristic variety of the equation is half-flat (self-dual or anti-self-dual) on every solution. We prove that this requirement implies the Monge–Ampère property. Since half-flatness of the conformal structure is equivalent to the existence of a non-trivial dispersionless Lax pair, our result explains the observation that all known scalar second-order integrable dispersionless PDEs in dimensions four and higher are of Monge–Ampère type. Some partial classification results of Monge–Ampère equations in four dimensions with half-flat conformal structure are also obtained.

We classify integrable Hamiltonian equations in 3D with the Hamiltonian operator d/dx, where the Hamiltonian density h(u, w) is a function of two variables: dependent variable u and the non-locality w such that w_x=u_y. Based on the method of hydrodynamic reductions, the integrability conditions are derived (in the form of an involutive PDE system for the Hamiltonian density h). We show that the generic integrable density is expressed in terms of the Weierstrass elliptic functions. Dispersionless Lax pairs, commuting flows and dispersive deformations of the resulting equations are also discussed., 23 pages

A mathematical model for plasma dynamics is described based on a fully conservative difference scheme for three-dimensional equations of radiation gas dynamics. The model has been implemented using a 3DLINE code for calculations of the physical processes for a target exposed to central and noncentral laser pulses in order to obtain a radiation source with prespecified properties.

The present paper is concerned with the mathematical model and methods of numerical analysis of processes in plasma created in a vacuum chamber by means of a discharge initiated on a cathode by a pulsed laser. The model is capable of describing in a two-dimensional approximation the formation of a plume’ of laser plasma and the magneto-hydrodynamic effects (pinching, etc.) due to the current in the plasma. The results of the first numerical experiments with this model are presented.

We present mathematical models and methods of the computational experiment using a three-dimensional RMHD model simulating the implosion of Z-pinches formed by an imploding cylindrical array of thin tungsten wires. The calculations take into account the discrete structure of the array and the extended plasma formation at the evaporation of the wire material and they yield the estimated values of the output power and X-ray spectrum. The data are presented on the spatio-temporal distribution in the parameters of the Z-pinch plasma, including the velocity, electron and ion temperatures, ionization degree, and the power output integrated over space. We have also calculated the characteristics of the Z- pinch X-ray spectrum depending on the photon energy at different times after the discharge current starts. It has been found that the trailing mass of tungsten on the periphery affects the emission intensity of the central part of the pinch in the radial direction, which can be explained by the emission absorption in the peripheral plasma layers of the trailing tungsten mass. A detailed model has been constructed of the central pinch formed by the electric current implosion of the material of multiwire tungsten arrays. This model enables one to calculate the intensity of the soft X-ray emission with a temporal, spatial, angular, and spectral resolution for specific experiments on the Angara-5-1 experimental complex intended to study the implosion of cylindrical multiwire arrays, for which there is sufficient information about the time profile of the absolute emission intensity in the low-energy range of the X-ray emission. The obtained numerical results can be directly compared with the experimental values. The RMHD model simulating the implosion of Z-pinches has been verified by comparing its results with the experimental implosion indicators.

The effect of induced transparency of thin Al foils radiatively heated by intense extreme ultraviolet (EVU) radiation has been observed. The radiation of the plasma of Z-pinches appearing under the compression of tungsten liners at the Angara-5-1 facility has been used as the radiation that heats the Al foil (peak illumination on the foil ~0.55 TW/cm2) and is transmitted through it. The photoabsorption has been studied in the formed aluminum plasma at temperatures of ~10–30 eV in the density range of ~1–20 mg/cm3 in the wavelength range of ~5–24 nm. Absorption lines of Al4+...7+ ions have been identified in the experimental spectrum. In addition, radiative gas-dynamic simulations of the foil heating and expansion have been performed taking into account radiation transfer processes.

The book sets out the criteria for the limiting state of the working bodies of tillage machines as a result of wear, analytical expressions for determining their durability based on the wear resistance of the materials from which they are made, and the wear ability of the soil. The results of studies of the relative wear resistance of steels, surfacing materials, technical ceramics. Recommendations on the choice of steel grades for the production of working bodies are given. Methods of calculation of strength of working bodies (on the example of ploughshare) from deformation and fracture are presented. Various technologies of strengthening of working bodies and results of their tests are given. The example of justification materials, technologies and designs during the development of the working bodies (on the example of the blade of the plow) for maximum durability and minimum cost in their manufacture. The book is intended for engineers and technicians involved in the production and operation of agricultural machinery. It can also be useful for students of agricultural universities studying in the direction of "Agroengineering".

We consider a Lax pair found by Xia, Qiao and Zhou for a family of two-component analogues of the Camassa-Holm equation, including an arbitrary function \begin{document}$ H $\end{document} , and show that this apparent freedom can be removed via a combination of a reciprocal transformation and a gauge transformation, which reduces the system to triangular form. The resulting triangular system may or may not be integrable, depending on the choice of \begin{document}$ H $\end{document} . In addition, we apply the formal series approach of Dubrovin and Zhang to show that scalar equations of Camassa-Holm type with homogeneous nonlinear terms of degree greater than three are not integrable.

Soft X-ray spectra (30–70 A) of aluminum plasma have been measured in experiments carried out at the Kanal-2 laser facility at laser intensities of (1–7) × 1013 W/cm2. It is shown that the measured spectra satisfactory agree with those calculated using the RADIAN numerical code.

The novel heterocyclizations of ethyl 5-(hydrazinocarbonyl)-2,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate are developed. New derivatives of ethyl esters of 4-R-6,8-dimethyl-1-oxo-1,2-dyhidropyrrolo[1,2-d][1,2,4]triazine-7-carboxylic acids were obtained. The in vitro anticancer and antibacterial activities of the synthesized compounds were revealed. The most potent antibacterial compound appeared to be 1.3 inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus. Pyrrolo[1,2-d][1,2,4]triazine 2.15 showed significant antifungal activity against Candida tenuis. The anticancer activity of the synthesized compounds was determined.

Methods and results of studies of the radiation spectra of high-current Z-pinches with different elemental compositions are presented. To examine a wide spectral range (Ehν = 30–3000 eV), two diagnostics tools were used—a transmission grating and a reflecting mica crystal. The radiation characteristics of the pinch are determined by its elemental composition. For currents of 2–3 MA and low-Z elements (aluminum), the hard end of the radiation spectrum is represented by spectral lines with clearly pronounced K lines, while for high-Z elements (tungsten), the spectrum lies in the softer photon energy range and is quasi-continuous. Two methods of spectrum processing were used to determine the plasma parameters. The parameters of aluminum plasma were traditionally determined from the intensity ratios of the K lines taking into account the plasma transparency for these lines. The spectra of tungsten plasma were compared with the results of computer simulations of pinch compression with allowance for both magnetohydrodynamic and plasma radiation processes. The applicability of these methods of spectral analysis is discussed.

We classify integrable scalar polynomial partial differential equations of second order generalizing the short pulse equation.

Theoretical bases of repair of agricultural machinery and equipment, the basic processes causing a decrease in the working capacity of machines, as well as methods for increasing their reliability are set out. The production processes of machinery repair and modern technological processes for the restoration and strengthening of parts are described. Details are given of technological processes for repairing typical parts and assembly units, as well as progressive ways to restore them. Particular attention is paid to methods for determining rational operating modes of production processes, their effective use at technical service enterprises, as well as the fundamentals of quality management of machinery and equipment repair. The publication is addressed to students studying in the field of 35.03.06 «Agroengineering» (training profile "Technical service in the agro-industrial complex"). It can be useful for specialists of technical service enterprises and research organizations.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T16:48:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-07-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) We classify quasilinear systems in Riemann invariants whose characteristic webs are linearizable on every solution. Although the linearizability of an individual web is a rather nontrivial differential constraint, the requirement of linearizability of characteristic webs on all solutions imposes simple second-order constraints for the characteristic speeds of the system. It is demonstrated that every such system with n > 3 components can be transformed by a reciprocal transformation to n uncoupled Hopf equations. All our considerations are local. Departamento de Matemática UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista Department of Mathematical Sciences Loughborough University Loughborough Departamento de Matemática UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista FAPESP: 2014/17812-0

We present the equation-of-state and opacity calculations for hot and warm dense matter performed with the RESEOS code based on Liberman's average-atom model. The RESEOS model involves a generalized version of the superconfiguration approach providing a substantial simplification of the bound–bound absorption calculations. This simplification is gained by arranging the supershell gathering only among the subshells yielding a predominant contribution to the total dispersion of one-electron transition energies. The statistical broadening of narrow photoionization features connected with the spatial nonuniformity of the continuum-electron gas is modeled by using Gaussian profiles. The sensitivity of beryllium shock Hugoniot to the approximation to evaluate local exchange potential is examined and compared to experimental and other theoretical data. RESEOS shock Hugoniots and opacities are in a good agreement with experimental measurements and other calculated data obtained with up-to-date theoretical models.

In the series of recent publications we have proposed a novel approach to the classification of integrable differential/difference equations in 3D based on the requirement that hydrodynamic reductions of the corresponding dispersionless limits are `inherited' by the dispersive equations. In this paper we extend this to the fully discrete case. Our only constraint is that the initial ansatz possesses a non-degenerate dispersionless limit (this is the case for all known Hirota-type equations). Based on the method of deformations of hydrodynamic reductions, we classify discrete 3D integrable Hirota-type equations within various particularly interesting subclasses. Our method can be viewed as an alternative to the conventional multi-dimensional consistency approach., 29 pages

The model of nonstationary nonequilibrium radiating plasma is developed by considering level kinetics and radiation transport in spectral lines self-consistently. A spherical target explosion and radiation caused by a laser pulse is simulated. The two-temperature 1D Lagrange gasdynamic equation is solved numerically. The radiation field and the level kinetics are considered self-consistently by two different approaches: by using interpolation between the precalculated tables of spectral parameters and by accounting for the detailed level kinetics included in-line in the gasdynamic calculations. Conversion efficiency of EUV radiation is estimated for lithium and tin plasma. It is important for EUV lithography used for microchip production. The conversion efficiency under the optimal parameters of laser pulse is as follows: for lithium it is 1%, and for tin, it is 5%, and it is in a good agreement with the experimental data.

The irradiation of thin films by intensive subpicosecond laser pulses with nanosecond prepulse is accompanied by a number of various physical processes. The laser beam transmissions through the film as well as the re-emission flux on both sides of the film plasma have been evaluated by simulation for Al and CH2 materials. It has been demonstrated that the thickness of the film can be chosen to cut off the long nanosecond prepulse whereas the main pulse is transmitted through the plasma. Thus, thin films can be useful for the laser contrast improvement in experiments with different targets.Nevertheless, the laser energy transformation into the soft X-ray radiation on the back side of the shielding film plasma can reach up to 7% of the incident intensity for the Al film and result in strong preheating of the target. At the same time the re-emission flux produced by a CH2 film is an order lower than that in the case of Al film. The shielding of an Ag bulk target by Al and CH2 films is simulated and discussed.

We investigate the nonlinear radiative thermal conductivity model, which is theoretically well substantiated and based on a small number of assumptions. We consider the spatial and temporal evolutions for a low-density polymer foam heated by radiation waves taking into account the dependence of the absorption coefficients on the quantum energy. The form of the radiation wavefront (its slope and speed of propagation) differs from the classical form by a low-temperature “tongue” penetrating deep into the plasma. The plasma in this segment of the wavefront is heated up to a temperature of 1–2 eV by photons in the hard part of the spectrum, with energies for which hν/kT > 4. We simulate numerically the experiments at the PHELIX facility to heat a low-density cellulose triacetate (TAC, C12H16O8) taking into account the radiation transfer. The energy and the spectral flux of radiation that passed through the TAC layer are satisfactorily consistent with the experimental results.

Two-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics calculations were performed to analyze how a homogeneous plasma layer for ion-stopping measurements can be created by direct laser irradiation of thin carbon foils. At the initial stage, the assumed (so as to imitate the discussed experimental conditions) strongly non-uniform intensity distribution in the laser spot leads to the formation of relatively dense and cold clumps in the plasma. However, it is shown that after several nanoseconds the clumpy structure dissipates predominantly due to the energy transport by thermal radiation. Laser irradiation schemes with the fundamental and doubled frequency light, as well as one- and two-sided heating of the target foil are analyzed and compared. We find that the two-sided irradiation with the doubled laser frequency creates a fully ionized plasma layer and allows to reduce the plasma column-density variations to a level of ≲1%.

Selection of direct drives for tool and workpiece rotation based on their computed torques for gear-hobbing machines of new generation is considered. Significant influence of torsional stiffness of electromechanical drive system, their tuning and peculiarities of operation in the continuous tracking mode on the drives' maximum torque is shown.

We investigate a class of multi-dimensional two-component systems of Monge-Amp\`ere type that can be viewed as generalisations of heavenly-type equations appearing in self-dual Ricci-flat geometry. Based on the Jordan-Kronecker theory of skew-symmetric matrix pencils, a classification of normal forms of such systems is obtained. All two-component systems of Monge-Amp\`ere type turn out to be integrable, and can be represented as the commutativity conditions of parameter-dependent vector fields. Geometrically, systems of Monge-Amp\`ere type are associated with linear sections of the Grassmannians. This leads to an invariant differential-geometric characterisation of the Monge-Amp\`ere property., Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1503.02274

The novel heterocyclizations of ethyl 5-(hydrazinocarbonyl)-2,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate are developed. New derivatives of ethyl esters of 4-R-6,8-dimethyl-1-oxo-1,2-dyhidropyrrolo[1,2-d][1,2,4]triazine-7-carboxylic acids were obtained. The in vitro anticancer and antibacterial activities of the synthesized compounds were revealed. The most potent antibacterial compound appeared to be 1.3 inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus. Pyrrolo[1,2-d][1,2,4]triazine 2.15 showed significant antifungal activity against Candida tenuis. The anticancer activity of the synthesized compounds was determined.

We develop a theory of integrable dispersive deformations of 2+1 dimensional Hamiltonian systems of hydrodynamic type following the scheme proposed by Dubrovin and his collaborators in 1+1 dimensions. Our results show that the multi-dimensional situation is far more rigid, and generic Hamiltonians are not deformable. As an illustration we discuss a particular class of two-component Hamiltonian systems, establishing the triviality of first order deformations and classifying Hamiltonians possessing nontrivial deformations of the second order., Comment: 16 pages

Results are presented from measurements of the radiation spectra of the Z-pinch tungsten plasma produced during the implosion of cylindrical wire arrays with a linear mass of 200–400 μg/cm and an initial diameter of 12–20 mm at a current of ∼3 MA in the experiments performed at the Angara-5-1 facility. The radiation spectra in the photon energy range of 50–900 eV were recorded on a UF-4 X-ray film by using a spectrograph with a transmission grating. The radiation spectrum in the photon energy range of 1–3 keV was recorded using a crystalline panoramic spectrograph. A curtain shutter was used to protect the transmission grating from fast microparticles produced due to the erosion of high-voltage electrodes. The total radiation yield was measured with a thermocouple calorimeter. It is shown that most of the tungsten plasma radiation energy is emitted in the photon energy range of 80–300 eV. Measurements of the spectral intensity of pinch radiation with a spatial resolution along the pinch radius showed that the effective transverse diameter of the pinch did not exceed 2 mm, which agrees with independent current measurements of the pinch size. The results of measurements of the spectral intensity of pinch radiation were compared with calculations per-formed under the assumption of a stationary homogeneous plasma.

The algorithm of the calculation of self-consistent atomic potential accounting for resonant states of electrons is developed by the Liberman model. The resonant states are related to quasi-stationary states of electrons and appear at the squeezing of bound levels of energy into continuum accompanied by an increase in the density of a substance. Such states play an important role in calculations of thermodynamic functions of substance, since they facilitate the smooth dependences of pressure and internal energy on density. Appropriate software (RESEOS) was developed and calculations of the equations of state of aluminum and uranium were performed in a wide range of temperatures and densities. The resulted shock adiabats were compared with the experimental data.

A model of quantum conducting liquid, which arises during melting of molecular hydrogen crystal under megabar pressures, is proposed. This model explains the melting of anomalous type, which was recently experimentally found. The model is based on the cell approximation, which takes into account the contribution of bound states. It is shown that this liquid can be in the metastable state with a density of about 2.3 g/cm3 and may remain in this state after removing pressure.

We report in this work the synthesis, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial activity of ([1,2,4]tri-azolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-2-ylthio)carboxylic acid amides 4―7 in connection with our previous research in the preparation of triazoloquinazoline derivatives. Due to simplicity, general availability of starting materials, and high yields, the most reliable method of synthesis appeared to be the one with N,N-carbonyldiimidazole activation stage. The chemical structures of all obtained substances were deduced from FT-IR, 1 H-NMR, EI-MS, and LC-MS spectral data. The results of cytotoxicity evaluated by bioluminescence inhibition of bacterium Photobacterium leiognathi, strain Sh1 showed that compounds 4.1, 4.6, and 6.1 were the most cytotoxic. Investigation of the antimicrobial and antifungal activity of amides 4―7 (concentration 5 mg/mL) was carried out by the stiff-plate agar-diffusion method. We found that the compounds possessed low (4.1, 4.7) antifungal activity against Candida tenuis and strong (4.21, 5.1, 5.9) or inefficient (4.7, 4.12, 4.16) activity against Aspergillus niger. Substances 5.1 and 5.9 slightly affected Mycobacterium luteum. Staphylococcus aureus was resistant to all obtained substances, and only the n-butyramide derivatives 7.1 and 7.5 inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli. Hence, there was no strong correlation between bioluminescence inhibition and antimicrobial activity of the investigated substances.

Discharge and laser produced plasmas often have non-equilibrium electron distributions containing fast electrons that may have a profound effect on the ionization balance. The influence of high energy electrons on the ionization balance in the collisional-radiative equilibrium model for optically thin plasma is considered forthwith. A nonmaxwellian electron distribution with fast electrons at energies and concentrations is used for calculating collisional rates; this according to the Hartree-Fock-Slater (HFS) quantum-statistical model in the average atom approximation. The calculative approach is based on the distorted wave approximation along with numerical and semiclassical wave functions calculated in the self-consistent HFS potential. The results from ionization equilibrium modeling in argon plasma at temperatures T ∼ 5–1000 eV with fast electron energies ranging from 1 to 10 keV and their different relative concentrations (from 0.1–10%) are analyzed. It is shown that fast electrons increase the impact ionization rates and significantly change the ionization stage as compared with equilibrium plasma.