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Striving to achieve the goals of the training process with the irrational use of physical activity can lead to a decrease in the adaptive and reserve capabilities of the athlete. The development of changes in the endocrine, cardiovascular and central nervous systems may result in the development of overtraining syndrome. There is no unified approach to the definition, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of overtraining syndrome in the literature up to the present day. The endocrine aspects of the development of the overtraining syndrome are not sufficiently studied. In particular, there is no clear understanding of the degree of involvement of various hormonal mechanisms in its pathogenesis and ideas about the possibilities of using hormone levels to diagnose this condition. The purpose of this publication is to summarize and systematize the available concepts regarding the endocrine aspects of the overtraining syndrome.

The purpose of this study was to reveal the preferences in ambiguity resolution of adjunct attachments in Mongolian (referred to as high vs. low attachment). The off-line questionnaire technique in Mongolian native speakers was used to collect the material. The sample comprises data from 193 monolingual Mongolian schoolchildren and university students aged from 16 to 24 years. The typical structure of Mongolian sentences with two potential attachment sites for the adjunct is as shown by the example: Гэмт хэрэгтэн тагтан дээр байсан жүжигчнийNP2 үйлчлэгч-бусгуйгNP1 буудсан (The criminal shot the maidNP1 of the actressNP2 standing on the balcony). Statistical results of responses’ analysis show that young Mongolian native speakers tend to prefer high attachment strategy (59% of total number of cases). This percentage of NP1-preference choices shows a high level of significance of the non-random strategy when Mongolian native speakers have to resolve ambiguity of high attachment of adjunct (Z = 6.77, p

It is reported that PTP1B limits cytokine signaling in vitro. However, PTP1B’s function during inflammation in vivo is not known. In this report, we determined whether PTP1B deficiency affects allergic inflammation in vivo. Briefly, lungs of OVA-challenged PTP1B−/− mice had elevated numbers of eosinophils and eosinophil progenitors at 6 h after one OVA challenge and at 24 h after a third OVA challenge as compared with OVA-challenged wild-type mice. There was also an increase in numbers of CD11b+SiglecF+CD34+IL-5Rα+ eosinophil progenitors in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, and spleens of OVA-challenged PTP1B−/− mice. Intravital microscopy revealed that, in OVA-challenged PTP1B−/− mice, blood leukocytes rapidly bound to endothelium (5–30 min), whereas, in wild-type mice, blood leukocytes bound to endothelium at the expected 6–18 h. Consistent with early recruitment of leukocytes, lung eotaxin and Th2 cytokine levels were elevated early in the PTP1B−/− mice. Interestingly, spleen leukocytes from PTP1B−/− mice exhibited an increased chemotaxis, chemokinesis, and transendothelial migration in vitro. In summary, PTP1B functions as a critical negative regulator to limit allergic responses.

Background Pelvic pain is a major component of the morbidity associated with urinary tract infection (UTI), yet the molecular mechanisms underlying UTI-induced pain remain unknown. UTI pain mechanisms likely contrast with the clinical condition of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB), where individuals have significant bacterial loads yet lack symptoms.

The relevance of the research problem is due to the fact that deviant behavior is becoming increasingly common among adolescents, and the defects of the family socialization are one of the main reasons of this phenomenon. The article seeks to explore the impact of child-parent relationship on the propensity of adolescents toward various kinds of deviant behavior. The leading methods for the study of this problem are the psychological testing and analysis of the statistically processed obtained data. In the course of the empirical research it has been revealed that the adolescents’ propensity toward deviant behavior worsens with emotional coldness, suspicion on the part of their parents, and is attenuated by the parents’ psychological acceptance of their children, friendly attitude to them. The article contents can be useful for developing effective programs to reduce the adolescents’ propensity toward deviant behavior. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n2s3p142

Six hundred ten German and 610 Russian adolescents in three age groups—12, 15, and 18 years—were given a questionnaire assessing their environmental awareness. In both nationalities, anxiety, sadness, and anger about environmental destruction were high, but hopelessness was rejected. Willingness to engage in pro-environmental behavior was also quite strong. German adolescents had stronger feelings and were more willing to engage in personal pro-environmental behavior than were Russians. However, their level of environmental awareness decreased with age. Females of both nationalities had higher levels of environmental awareness than did males; this difference was more pronounced from age 15. Environmental feelings and behavioral tendencies were highly correlated. Differences between culture groups were explained in terms of different societal backgrounds.

Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome is a chronic bladder inflammatory disease of unknown etiology that is often regarded as neurogenic cystitis. The condition is associated with focal inflammation, urothelial lesions, voiding dysfunction and pain in the pelvic/perineal area. Approximately 90% of patients with the condition are women, suggesting the possibility of hormonal involvement in interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome symptoms. We examined the basis of gender specific pelvic pain in a murine model of neurogenic cystitis that recapitulates features of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome and in which pelvic pain is mediated by mast cell histamine.Murine neurogenic cystitis was induced by tail base inoculation of C57BL/6 or BALB/c mice with the Bartha strain of pseudorabies virus. Pelvic pain behavior was assessed by quantifying tactile allodynia in response to mechanical stimulation with von Frey filaments. Bladder mast cells were quantified by flow cytometry.Female mice of each genetic background showed significantly greater pelvic pain behavior than males, although responses were greater in BALB/c females. Gender specific pelvic pain behavior did not correspond to increased bladder inflammation or barrier dysfunction. Modulating reproductive hormonal status by ovariectomy and subsequent estrogen replacement had no effect on the magnitude of pseudorabies virus induced pain. The number of mast cells was associated with pelvic pain severity in female mice but it did not correlate with gender specific pelvic pain.These data suggest that pelvic pain in mice with murine neurogenic cystitis is mediated by gender specific responsiveness to mast cells while pelvic pain severity is modulated by genetic factors.

Berdnikovs, S., V. I. Pavlov, H. Abdala-Valencia, C. A. McCary, D. J. Klumpp, M. L. Tremblay, and J. M. Cook-Mills. 2012. PTP1B deficiency exacerbates inflammation and accelerates leukocyte trafficking in vivo. J. Immunol . 188: [874–884][1]. The fifth author’s name was omitted from the article

Calculations by both ab initio (STO-3G) and MINDO/3 methods have been carried out for the ions (H n X·H·XH n ) m (X = B, C, N, 0, F, Si, P, S and Cl; n = 1, 2, 3; m = ±1) and (HYCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 Y) m (Y = CH 2 , NH 2 , NH, O, F; m = ±1). Fully optimized geometries have been obtained for all species. The orbital nature of a bridging hydrogen bond in these compounds is discussed.