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Objectives: Rett syndrome (RS) is a severe neurological developmental disorder characterised by stereotypical hand movements, epileptic seizures, craniofacial dysmorphism and digestive dysfunction. This study aimed to examine the correlation between the severity of malocclusion and dysphagia in patients with RS. Methods: This preliminary study was conducted at the Ear, Nose & Throat Clinic of the University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy, from January 2014 to December 2017. A total of 56 patients with RS were examined and grouped according to the severity of dysphagia (absent, mild, moderate or severe) and malocclusion (<2 mm, 2–3 mm, 3–4 mm or >4 mm). Results: All of the patients were female and the mean age was 11.3 years. Eight (14.3%) patients had mild, 18 (32.1%) had moderate and 30 (53.6%) had severe dysphagia. Four (7.1%) patients had <2 mm occlusion, 10 (17.9%) had 2–3 mm occlusion, 26 (46.4%) had 3–4 mm occlusion and 16 (28.6%) had >4 mm occlusion. Mild dysphagia was observed in 100% and 40% of patients with <2 and 2–3 mm malocclusion, respectively, while moderate dysphagia was present in 60% and 38.5% of patients with 2–3 and 3–4 mm malocclusion, respectively. Severe dysphagia was observed in 28.6% and 87.5% of patients with 3–4 and >4 mm malocclusion, respectively. There was a significant correlation between dysphagia and malocclusion severity (P <0.001). Conclusion: A higher degree of malocclusion was associated with more severe dysphagia among a cohort of patients with RS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a rare mesenchymal malignancy, of which 3–10% of cases occur in the head and neck region. We report a 22-year-old woman who was referred to the University Hospital of Siena, Italy, in 2016 with an ostensibly benign asymptomatic lump on the mandibular gingiva. The lesion grew rapidly, causing otalgia in the right ear. An excisional biopsy was performed and primary LMS was diagnosed histologically. Subsequently, the patient underwent radical re-excision of the perilesional mucosa, a partial bone resection and the extraction of four teeth. No recurrences or metastases were detectable at a 20-month follow-up. This report discusses the differential diagnosis of LMS with regards to other benign and malignant lesions and reviews the recent literature on primary and secondary oral LMS. Due to its innocuous clinical features—including its asymptomatic nature and presentation at a young age—this aggressive malignancy can go undetected; therefore, an early histopathological diagnosis is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the prevalence of oral cancer around the world. Squamous cell carcinoma is described as the most frequent malignant tumor of the oral cavity. Smoking and alcohol abuse are identified as risk factors of oral carcinoma. Signs and symptoms of oral cancer include a persistent colored or white patch, an ulcer that does not heal and widespread bleeding of gums. Also discussed are available treatments for oral cancer, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Breast carcinoma is the leading cause of cancer death in women. Metastatic tumours of the oral cavity arising from breastcancer (and other forms of cancer) maybe similar to hyperplastic or reactive lesions. They are uncommon and typically appear when various organs have already been affected by the neoplasia. A53-year-old woman presented with "discomfort" in her left mandible, specifically, swelling of recent onset accompanied by progressive loss of sensation. The mandibular swelling had been preceded by neuralgia involving the trigeminal nerve. Biopsy and histologic examination of the intrabony mass revealed ductal adenocarcinoma with infiltration of bone and stromal tissues. The lesion was determined to be metastatic from previously undiagnosed breastcancer. The neuralgia was also related to a metastatic lesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herpes zoster (Shingles), similar to HSV-1 (lip Herpes) and HSV-2 (genital Herpes), is a virus that has a characteristic neurotropism (alpha-herpes virus), i.e. after the first contact with the host and the possible primary manifestation (herpetic gengivostomatis, chicken-pox), it remains latent in the sensory ganglion on the skin or mucous section where the infection first occurred. The reappearance of the HSV-3 viral infection occurs many years after the first contact between the virus and the host, with a higher incidence in the 50 to 70 age group. The varicella-zoster virus persists throughout the entire life of the person infected, lying dormant in the spinal ganglia. An immune suppressed state, surgical stress, drug therapies can bring about the reactivation of the virus, usually with a metameric distribution which constitutes the framework for the secondary infection known as herpes zoster. Initial symptoms can include chills (shivers), fever, malaise and complaints (such as paresthesia or neuralgia) in the interested area; these symptoms persist for a few days (rarely more than 5-7) followed after a few days by the appearance of boils and/or blisters on the skin or mucus. The pain is constant, intermittent or triggered by stimuli such as clothes in contact with the skin, with an intensity varying from mild to excruciating; lasting a few minutes or developing in a chronic manner. Post herpetic neuralgia can last between 30 days to 6 months after the appearance of the rash. In some cases the pain can last years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mucocele is a relatively common, uncomplicated, and truly benign oral lesion. It is frequently seen in young age and mainly affect the lower lip; it often occurs after trauma to a minor salivary gland, such as lip biting. We are presenting a particular case of a 33-year-old woman who repeatedly developed superficial swelling in the lower lip, the last one enduring from many weeks. Surgical removal revealed "Mucocele" at histological examination and, in this particular case, the presence of nine accessory ectasic salivary glands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five members from 3 generations, including a 35-year-old woman and her 2 sons, both mentally impaired to a different degree, were studied in a tertiary care hospital. Anamnestic, clinical, neurological, and radiological evaluations were used to describe phenotypes. A and B postaxial polydactyly, transmitted likely as autosomal dominant, was associated with an extensive variability of phenotypic features: (1) cutaneous syndactyly, (2) nail-teeth dysplasia. (3) osteopenia, and (4) mental delay. The likelihood that the constellation of observations we report here is caused by mutation of a single gene that subsequently affects multiple physiological activities, although fascinating, remains to be proven. Instead, we hypothesize that it likely develops as a contiguous gene syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study aims to verify that the craniofacial plastic surgery robot with piezosurgery is more accurate and safer than traditional operations in genioplasty. This study chose data from the Digital Plastic Surgery of Plastic Surgery Hospital in the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College. The CT data of the patient's skull were reconstructed in the software, and the authors designed the measurement index. The surgical plan was designed as an ideal scheme (control group). Patients underwent traditional surgery according to the preoperative surgery plan (clinical group). Guided by surgical navigation, the osteotomy was operated on patients' same size plaster model using the surgery robot equipped with a piezosurgery (robot group). At last, the accuracy was calculated by CT data. There was no significant difference between the robotic group and control groups in the postoperative measurement index (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the robotic group and the control group ( P > 0.05) in the line of osteotomy, but there was a significant difference between the clinical group and the control group in the line of the osteotomy., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 by Mutaz B. Habal, MD.)

Breast carcinoma is the leading cause of cancer death in women. Metastatic tumours of the oral cavity arising from breast cancer (and other forms of cancer) may be similar to hyperplastic or reactive lesions. They are uncommon and typically appear when various organs have already been affected by the neoplasia. A 53-Year-old woman presented with "discomfort" in her left mandible, specifically, swelling of recent onset accompanied by progressive loss of sensation. The mandibular swelling had been preceded by neuralgia involving the trigeminal nerve. Biopsy and histologic examination of the intrabony mass revealed ductal adenocarcinoma with infiltration of bone and stromal tissues. The lesion was determined to be metastatic from previously undiagnosed breast cancer. The neuralgia was also related to a metastatic lesion.