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We are reporting a rare case of a painful accessory ossification center of the bilateral medial malleoli in a 9 years old girl. Patient was not involved in any sport activity. There was no local foot deformity and limb malalignment. The patient was treated conservatively. There was complete clinical and radiographic healing of the medial malleolus eight months after the first presentation. Osteochondrosis of the accessory ossification center of medial malleolus is generally unilateral and bilateral involvement is very rare. There are various differential diagnosis for this pathological condition with similar clinical features and presentation in this age group. We ruled out the uncommon pathological conditions causing chronic pain in the medial malleolus during this period of skeletal growth. We consider this painful condition to be classified as a bilateral osteochondroses of the accessory ossification center of the medial malleolus. Osteochondrosis of the accessory ossification center of the bilateral medial malleolus is a rare entity. Due to rarity of disease and common presentation similar to other disease this is commonly misdiagnosed or missed in clinical practice. Osteochondrosis is characterized by a disturbance of endochondral ossification in skeletally immature patients and should be investigated in children having a history of persistent foot and ankle pain. An increased clinical attention to this painful condition could lead to improved diagnosis and treatment among the paediatric age group.

This article presents a unique mathematical analysis of the magnetic field ( $H$ -field) forming using coil antennas to mitigate the lateral misalignment problem in the wireless power transfer (WPT) system. The state of the art emphasizes generating uniform $H$ -field distribution as a solution to the stated problem and for that large-sized transmitters (Txs) are designed to enhance receiver (Rx) working region. In this article, by optimizing the field forming technique based on derived closed-form analytical expressions, a general nonuniform $H$ -field distribution is proposed as an optimal solution to the misalignment problem. Through rigorous analysis, this work proposes a stepwise procedure for designing the Tx coil array antenna to generate the nonuniform $H$ -field distribution. To validate the model, two planar antenna arrays are designed by following the proposed procedure. This results in a uniform induced voltage profile under the misaligned Rx condition and, hence, resolves the problem. The antenna designs are simulated, fabricated, and measured. The analytical results are found in agreement with the simulated results and further verified experimentally. The results indicate that the antennas designed using the proposed method are able to mitigate the lateral misalignment problem in a wider area of the Rx region with a smaller Tx size.

This article addresses the angular misalignment problem in wireless power transfer (WPT) systems by a magnetic field ( $H$ -field) forming approach using coil antennas. To power up a planar receiver coil in any orientation, 3-D rotating $H$ -field is required. Using the transmitter coil antennas with amplitude-modulated current excitations, 3-D polarization of $H$ -field is achieved. The power transfer efficiency depends on the polarization of the $H$ -field and varies with receiver inclination. This is applicable for a spherically polarized $H$ -field which is otherwise expected to provide uniform induced voltage in the receiver in any orientation. To completely mitigate the misalignment problem, mathematical analysis of $H$ -field forming is presented followed by optimization of the 3-D polarization. This evolves in understanding the effect of various 3-D $H$ -field polarizations on the induced voltage and results in an optimum ellipsoidal polarization achieving performance that is invariant to the receiver orientation. The results are compared for various 3-D polarizations and the best performance is shown by the proposed solution. The analytically obtained results are validated through simulations and experimental studies. The results thus obtained proved the potential of the proposed optimized 3-D $H$ -field polarization in WPT systems where a free-orientation of the receiver is necessary.

The current analysis deals with a preparation and depiction of composites based on epoxy reinforced with natural fibers of hemp and silk as well as alloy fiber of steel wool on the basis of impact and flexural strength. It has been found that there is substantial increase in impact strength of steel wool/epoxy composites where as flexural properties are found better in hemp/epoxy composites. These composites can be utilized as an optional material for existing plastic materials.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an additive manufacturing technique where objects are created under computer control. Apart from opening many avenues of manufacturing, 3D printing of medicine has become a lucrative area in research. The technology can deliver customised and effectively on-demand treatments for individuals with unique needs; drug delivery system capable of dispensing spatially accurate and low volumes of medicine; preparation of medicine comprised of complex composition and geometric shape. Advent of 3D printed drugs like Spritam® has been FDA approved which have heightened the hopes. Pharmaceutical industry at present is shifting from mass production to personalised medicine as it promises future production of on-demand printed drugs with customised doses, increased productivity and cost-effectiveness. The goal of this article is to outline and explore the various approaches, along with the key aspects of drug printing, and also allow space for exploration of the main areas of 3D printing to be tackled in the future in order to make it an effective manufacturing route for the pharmaceutical industry.

This study aims to compare the outcome of Total Extra Peritoneal (TEP) hernia repair procedure with or without using mesh fixation device. A total of 60 patients with clinically diagnosed, non-recurrent, uncomplicated symptomatic inguinal hernias were randomized into two groups: 30 patients to TEP with fixation of mesh and 30 patients to TEP without fixation of mesh. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was assessed during the immediate postoperative period at 1, 6, and 24 hrs and at 1 week and at 3 months of follow-up. We analyzed demographic profile, symptoms and examination findings, operative variables, postoperative complications, stay in hospital and cost of treatment. The mean ages were 45.8±13.74 years for the non-mesh fixed group and 55.47±16.74 years for the mesh fixed group. The patients in the mesh fixed group were significantly older than non-fixed group (p = 0.017). After 1, 6 and 24 hours of surgery, the mean VAS score was significantly low in non-fixed group (p=0.003, p=0.033 and p=0.047 respectively). After 1 week and 3 months of surgery, the VAS score was comparable in both the groups (p=0.126, p=0.183). The mean duration of surgery in both the groups were comparable (p=0.258). The mean analgesic use in mesh fixed group was 1.42±0.62 and in non-fixed group was 1.18±0.57 which was comparable (p=0.124). Prior to discharge, the mean analgesic use was significantly less in non-fixed group (p=0.003). On comparing complications, urinary retention was significantly less in non-fixed group (p=0.0.028). The mean length of hospital stay and mean time to return to normal activities were significantly less in non-fixed group (p=0.026 and p

In this work, a high-performance multioperation bit-manipulator is presented. The presented electro-optical design can perform several bit-manipulations such as bidirectional bit-shifting, bit-rotation, multiply-by-2 and divide-by-2, and sequence designing operation. The technique relies on the electrooptic principle in lithium niobate. Lithium niobate-based waveguides have been used to design Mach–Zehnder interferometer, which is the fundamental optical switching element of the whole model. Extinction ratio, contrast ratio, and insertion loss values computed for the simulated results are 29.16 dB, 29.48 dB, and 0.77 dB, respectively.

This paper addresses the angular misalignment problem in the far-field Microwave Power Transfer systems operating at 5.8GHz using the proposed 3D polarized field-forming technique. A 3D rotating E-field is generated by using a distributed antenna system to achieve this objective. The system is analyzed to understand the effect of 3D rotating E-field in comparison to the 2D E-field (circular polarization). The analytical results are verified using a commercial simulator and prove the potential of the proposed 3D polarized field-forming technique to achieve an orientation-insensitive MPT system to power a freely rotating receiver node.

An implants' effectiveness depends upon the form of biomaterial used in its manufacture. A suitable material for implants should be biocompatible, sterile, mechanically stable and simple to shape. 3D printing technologies have been breaking new ground in the medical and medical industries in order to build patient-specific devices embedded in bioactive drugs, cells and proteins. Widespread use in medical 3D printing is a broad range of biomaterials including metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. Continuous work and developments in biomaterials used in 3D printing have contributed to significant growth of 3D printing applications in the production of personalised joints, prostheses, medication delivery system and 3D tissue engineering and regenerative medicine scaffolds. The present analysis focuses on the biomaterials used for therapeutic applications in different 3D printing technologies. Many specific forms of medical 3D printing technology are explored in depth, including fused deposition modelling, extrusion-based bioprinting, inkjet and poly-jet printing processes, their therapeutic uses, various types of biomaterial used today and the major shortcoming , are being studied in depth.

This work presents an electro-optic effect-based design for the widely used Hamming code for checking single bit errors in the received data. The structure is based on Mach-Zehnder Interfer...

In this work, an algorithm of machine learning for self-driving car using udacity and unity self-driving car simulation software has been presented. Using the software, the car is driven on the simulated circuit having three cameras mounted on car hood which generate three images simultaneously and acceleration and de-acceleration of the car steering angle and brake. This method includes a behavior cloning approach and tries to replicate a behavior of human driver. For training the model, approximately, 18,000 training samples are required, and by using image augmentation technique, an increase in the data sample with few times is obtained, which leads to little robust simulated self-driving car.

The next new trend called additive fabrication manufacturing was as large as the mobile phone industry. 3D printing is also called as additive design technology. 3D printers print objects from a real 3D physical model physical prototype. In 3D printers, the printout consists of plastic, ceramic, nylon and over one hundred other components layers by layer (fabrication with additives). Factory, industrial design, art, clothes, furniture, architecture and building, automobile, dental and medical, aerospace, geographic details, education, structural engineering, and many other fields of study are where 3D printing found to be useful. In any area of implementation, it was found to be a simple and cost-effective approach. Applications for 3D printing are on the rise, and this is an important method that you can search for. We will discuss in this paper the way 3D printing works and existing and potential implementations.

Optical error detection has appeared as a fresh research area in the past two decades. Here, a 2-dimensional parity generator has been proposed that works on the electro-optic effect inside a lithium niobate based Mach–Zehnder Interferometer. Parity generation using the 2-dimensional method is a step towards multiple bit error detection that increases the likelihood of detecting burst errors. The design calculates the row and column parities separately and produces the encoded message, that is sent over the channel. Evaluation of the design is carried out mathematically as well as using beam propagation method.

In this paper, an artificial human interface based on magnetic resonance coupling is proposed to detect and sense the direction of movement of a fingertip. The finger movement is analyzed by recognizing the change in magnetic coupling observed between a static transmitter coil and a static receiver coil array due to presence of a small coil resonator placed at the fingertip. By measuring induce voltage responses in the spatially distributed receiver coil array, the movement of the resonator coil is characterized. A commercial software Ansys EM suite 19.1 is utilized to demonstrate applicability of the proposed design. The fingertip movement is examined by moving the resonator in various directions and the observed results corroborate the claims. Therefore, the proposed touchless pad is found well suitable for infection free accessibility of the computer systems.

In this paper, a novel trapezoidal multi-coil antenna is proposed to mitigate lateral misalignment in wireless charging application of electric vehicles (EVs). The proposed coil antenna used at the transmitter is optimized to improve stability of induced voltage which intern is expected to provide a stable power transfer efficiency over a wide range of vehicle’s misalignment. The proposed design adopts an isosceles trapezoid shape after analytical optimization and consists of three series connected coils placed at the top faces of the structure. The magnetic field distribution originated from this complex geometry is analytically modeled and optimized to obtain wider uniformity in the induced voltage of the receiver coil as compared to a conventional planar antenna. The design is verified using commercial EM software and results are corroborated. The results show that the proposed antenna provides enhanced tolerance towards misalignment is proved to be a potential design for wireless powering application of EVs.

The multiplexer is a combinational circuit that transfers multiple data inputs over a single output line. The input data are selected and transferred to the output line based on the selection line. In this work, 2 × 1 and 4 × 1 multiplexer is proposed. The proposed multiplexer has been worked out using the electro-optic principle. It is implemented using lithium niobate-based Mach–Zehnder interferometer (LN-MZI). LN-MZI is used as an optical switching device. The performance parameters extinction ratio, contrast ratio and insertion loss have been computed and found 31.31, 28.02 and 0.043 dB respectively.

Data communication around the whole globe has seen an enormous increase in the exchange of data across the networks. This has urged the need of optical communication systems that can provide the desired bandwidth. This paper is a step to the path of building such optical processing elements. The paper presents optical designs of a 3-bit incrementer and a 3- bit decrementer logic function. The two optical circuits increment or decrement each 3-bit input binary number by unity. The optical designs have been implemented using the LiNbO3 based Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (LNMZI) electrooptical switches. The incrementer circuit has employed just five LNMZIs and the decrementer circuit has only six LNMZIs. The optical circuits have been designed and tested using beam propagation method (BPM). A critical analysis of the two designs has been performed by calculation of the important performance metric parameters like extinction ratio (ER), contrast ratio (CR), insertion loss (IL). The incrementer/decrementer shows best values of ER, CR and IL as 31.43 dB, 35.71 dB and 0.95 dB respectively. The calculated parameters have been found within the acceptable limits which support the feasibility of the design.

In this paper, tri-state buffer and tri-state inverter circuits using the electro-optical effect have been proposed. Both the tri-state devices have three terminals as input, output and enable. An enable terminal is used to control the direction of the flow of the input towards the output. Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) is used as the switching element for the designing of the tri-state buffer and tri-state inverter. The tri-state buffer circuit transfers the data, as it is, to the desired output port and the tri-state inverter sends the inverted data to the desired output port. Using the tri-state buffer and inverter, an optical integrated circuit is proposed. To analyse the operation of the device, the performance parameters like extension ratio, insertion loss, and contrast ratio are computed and found as 26.65, 19.41 and 0.07 dB respectively.

Optical logic circuits are making their position stronger and stronger with the development in the optical integrated circuits. Conventional digital logic gate integrated circuits have been very useful components in the field of electronics. Two input XOR and XNOR digital logic gates are available as two separate integrated circuits (IC) 7486 and 74266 respectively. Here, an optical integrated circuit (OIC) is presented as a single unit that can cater to the job of the XOR as well as XNOR logic functions. The single OIC contains four XOR gates that are designed using the electro-optical unit – Mach-Zehnder Interferometer.

For High-speed processing and optical computing, look ahead carry adder is played a very important role. In this work look ahead carry adder based on electro-optic principle is proposed. Mach-Zehnder interferometer is used as an optical switching device. The performance parameters extinction ratio, contrast ratio, amplitude modulation, and insertion loss for the proposed device have been computed and obtained as 17.980dB, 16.450dB, 1.391dB, 0.022dB respectively.

In this paper the effect of process parameters on the tensile and flexural properties of carbon fiber–polylactic acid (CF-PLA) composites is analyzed. We used a commercially available fused deposition modeling (FDM) three-dimensional (3D) printer and CF-PLA. When there are a variety of processing parameters, especially when no linear processing parameters are defined, the exact factors required in the design of experiments (DOEs) is hard to research. Furthermore, a large number of samples are needed to discover the optimum processing parameters. The key effects of four processing parameters for the FDM process, i.e. layer height, infill density, printing speed and infill pattern, were examined in this work using the Taguchi DOE. The mechanical characteristics of the fabricated FDM components expressed the power of the processing parameters. We used the Taguchi L9 range of nine runs with three specimens each, so 54 different processes were used to make a total of 54 specimens. In comparison with the 3D computer-aided design model, the measurements of the manufactured specimens were tested according to the standards ASTM D638 and ASTM D790. Variance analysis (ANOVA) was generated using Design Expert tools in order to assess the importance of the variables and their interactions for tensile and flexural strength. After performing ANOVA we obtained the exact parameters for which the mechanical properties are highest.

In this paper novel designs for linear block code encoder and decoder using optical techniques have been proposed. The structures are designed and simulated using lithium niobate based Mach–Zehnder Interferometer (LN-MZI) and nonlinear material MEH-PPV [poly (2-methoxy-5-(28-ethylhexyloxy)-PPV)] (plasmonic) based MZI (P-MZI). The proposed LN-MZI designs offer attractive parameters such as high extinction ratio (>35 dB) and low insertion loss (2). An analytical comparison between the two design methodologies and other earlier proposed designs is presented. Each design is presented with a verified mathematical structure. Other performance parameters like contrast ratio and amplitude modulation have also been computed for the presented designs.

It is very unfortunate to hear a news of any accident and if it happens with our dear ones it causes great pain to us. Road accidents are very common in India, whatever the reason may be. Two wheeler accidents happen mostly because of not wearing the helmet or wearing it improperly such as not putting on the buckle belt. Helmets save the riders life by reducing the shock of the impact from the accident. This paper presents a design of a tested system which ensures the rider wearing the helmet properlywhile the complete journey details are recorded on the server. The system records the helmet status, speed of the vehicle, accident status and the location of the vehicle all through the time the vehicle ignition starts. Such data may be provided to the traffic authorities for traffic monitoring or to any medical aid center which can provide first-aid to the injured rider. At present the project demonstrates to access the data by a registered user such as guardians of the rider.

This paper describes the performance of Electronic Load Controller (ELC) connected with hybrid hydro-wind system and examine the total harmonics distortion of the output voltage waveform. ELC used mainly for standalone generating stations. To maintain a desired output voltage magnitude and frequency of the modeled hybrid system a back to back converter with dc link capacitor is used. A dump resistor is also used in parallel with load to absorb excess power when demand of the load is reduced. This dump load is controlled by using a chopper circuit. This paper also present the MATLAB SIMULINK of hybrid hydro-wind system used with Electronic Load Controller.

A code is said to be an error-correcting, if the correct code word can always be deducted from an erroneous word. Hamming code is most suitable for error detection and correction for digital data. It facilitate error detection and correction in code information. Here 7 bit Hamming code convertor is proposed. In this code, to each group of m information bits, n parity checking bits are located at positions 2 (n-1) from left are added to form an (m+n)-bit code word. Code convertor device is designed using Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). MZI is an optical switch, able to transfer signal from one port to other.

This paper contains designing of energy efficient memory circuit using two different IO standard i.e. LVTTL and Mobile-DDR on 28nm (Artix-7) Field Programmable Gate Array. We are using Xilinx ISE simulator version 14.2, Verilog hardware description language and Artix-7 FPGA. The design has been tested at different operating frequencies of Latest Intel processor that are at Intel I-3, Intel I-5 and Intel I-7 to check the compatibility of the design with processors available in the market and to find most efficient IO standard at different operating frequencies.

Kautilya was the first one to write extensively on political economy. He theorized that to maintain a strong kingdom, the king must develop healthy relations with the neighbouring states through trade. When we talk about India, we can never ignore the Pakistan. India and Pakistan are the countries whose relations not only affect the economic relations of both the countries but also have some influence in the world politics. Pakistan is a neighbouring country of India. But the relationship of both the countries is bitter enough since 1947. Due to this there is extra burden on Indian economy on defence sector. If there is a good relationship it will be beneficial for growth and development of both the countries. So, there is a need to find out the solution of some major problems which exist between both the countries. An effort is made in this article to search out solutions of some big problems between India and Pakistan.

Antifungal therapy failure can be associated with increased resistance to the employed antifungal agents. Candida glabrata , the second most common cause of invasive candidiasis, is intrinsically less susceptible to the azole class of antifungals and accounts for 15% of all Candida bloodstream infections. Here, we show that C. glabrata MED2 ( CgMED2 ), which codes for a tail subunit of the RNA polymerase II Mediator complex, is required for resistance to azole antifungal drugs in C. glabrata . An inability to transcriptionally activate genes encoding a zinc finger transcriptional factor, CgPdr1, and multidrug efflux pump, CgCdr1, primarily contributes to the elevated susceptibility of the Cgmed2 Δ mutant toward azole antifungals. We also report for the first time that the Cgmed2 Δ mutant exhibits sensitivity to caspofungin, a constitutively activated protein kinase C-mediated cell wall integrity pathway, and elevated adherence to epithelial cells. The increased adherence of the Cgmed2 Δ mutant was attributed to the elevated expression of the EPA1 and EPA7 genes. Further, our data demonstrate that CgMED2 is required for intracellular proliferation in human macrophages and modulates survival in a murine model of disseminated candidiasis. Lastly, we show an essential requirement for CgMed2, along with the Mediator middle subunit CgNut1 and the Mediator cyclin-dependent kinase/cyclin subunit CgSrb8, for the high-level fluconazole resistance conferred by the hyperactive allele of CgPdr1. Together, our findings underscore a pivotal role for CgMed2 in basal tolerance and acquired resistance to azole antifungals.

Iron is an essential nutrient for all living organisms and human pathogens employ a battery of factors to scavenge iron from the high-affinity iron-binding host proteins. In the present study, we have elucidated, via a candidate gene approach, major iron acquisition and homoeostatic mechanisms operational in an opportunistic human fungal pathogen Candida glabrata. Phenotypic, biochemical and molecular analysis of a set of 13 C. glabrata strains, deleted for proteins potentially implicated in iron metabolism, revealed that the high-affinity reductive iron uptake system is required for utilization of alternate carbon sources and for growth under both in vitro iron-limiting and in vivo conditions. Furthermore, we show for the first time that the cysteine-rich CFEM (common in fungal extracellular membranes) domain-containing cell wall structural protein, CgCcw14, and a putative haemolysin, CgMam3, are essential for maintenance of intracellular iron content, adherence to epithelial cells and virulence. Consistent with their roles in iron homoeostasis, mitochondrial aconitase activity was lower and higher in mutants disrupted for high-affinity iron transport, and haemolysin respectively. Additionally, we present evidence that the mitochondrial frataxin, CgYfh1, is pivotal to iron metabolism. Besides yielding insights into major in vitro and in vivo iron acquisition strategies, our findings establish high-affinity iron uptake mechanisms as critical virulence determinants in C. glabrata.