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Human populations can be affected in unpredictable ways by the emergence and spread of zoonotic diseases. The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease of 2019) pandemic was a reminder of how devastating these events can be if left unchecked. However, once they have spread globally, the impact of these diseases when entering non-exposed wildlife populations is unknown. The current study reports the infection of brown-headed spider monkeys (Ateles fusciceps) at a wildlife rescue center in Ecuador. Four monkeys were hospitalized, and all tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) by RT-qPCR (Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR). Fecal samples (n = 12) from monkeys at the rescue center also tested positive; three zookeepers responsible for feeding and deworming the monkeys also tested positive, suggesting human-animal transmission. Whole genome sequencing identified most samples omicron clade 22B BA.5 lineage. These findings highlight the threat posed by an emerging zoonotic disease in wildlife species and the importance of preventing spillover and spillback events during epidemic or pandemic events.IMPORTANCEAlthough COVID-19 (coronavirus disease of 2019) has been primarily contained in humans through widespread vaccination, the impact and incidence of SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) and its transmission and epidemiology in wildlife may need to be addressed. In some natural environments, the proximity of animals to humans is difficult to control, creating perfect scenarios where susceptible wildlife can acquire the virus from humans. In these places, it is essential to understand how transmission can occur and to develop protocols to prevent infection. This study reports the infection of brown-headed spider monkeys with SARS-CoV-2, a red-listed monkey species, at a wildlife recovery center in Ecuador. This study reports the infection of brown-headed spider monkeys with SARS-CoV-2, indicating the potential for transmission between humans and wildlife primates and the importance of preventing such events in the future.

AIM: To translate and culturally adapt the FRAIL scale into Spanish and perform a preliminary test of diagnostic accuracy in patients admitted to intensive care units. DESIGN: Cross-sectional diagnostic study. METHODS: Five intensive care units (ICU) in Spain were participated. Stage 1: Three native Spanish-speaking bilingual translators familiar with the field of critical care translated the scale from English into Spanish. Stage 2: Three native English-speaking bilingual translators familiar with critical care medicine. Stage 3: Authors of the original scale compared the English original and back-translated versions of the scale. Stage 4: Five nurses with more than 5 years of ICU experience and five critical care physicians assessed the comprehension and relevance of each of the items of the Spanish version in 30 patients of 3 different age ranges (65 years). RESULTS: The FRAIL scale was translated and adapted cross-culturally for patients admitted to intensive care units in Spain. The process consisted of four stages: translation, back translation, comparison and pilot test. There was good correspondence between the original scale and the Spanish version in 100% of the items. The participating patients assessed the relevance (content validity) and comprehensibility (face validity) of each of the items of the first Spanish version. The relevance of some of the items scored low when the scale was used in patients younger than 65 years. CONCLUSIONS: We have cross-culturally adapted the FRAIL scale, originally in English, to Spanish for its use in the critical care medical setting in Spanish-speaking countries. IMPLICATIONS FOR PROFESSIONALS: Physicians and nurses can apply the new scale to all patients admitted to the intensive care units. Nursing care can be adapted according to frailty, trying to reduce the side effects of admission to these units for the most fragile patients. REPORTING METHOD: The manuscripts authors have adhered to the EQUATOR guidelines, using the COSMIN reporting guideline for studies on the measurement properties of patient-reported outcome measures. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: In a pilot clinical study, we applied the first version of the FRAIL-Spain scale to intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Five nurses with more than 5 years of ICU experience and five critical care physicians assessed the relevance (content validity) and comprehensibility (face validity) of the five items of the first Spanish version. Relevance was assessed using a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (no relevance) to 4 (high relevance), and comprehensibility was assessed as poor, acceptable or good. Each health professional applied the scale to three patients (total number of patients = 30) of three different age ranges (65 years) and recorded the time of application of the scale to each patient. Although the frailty scales were initially created by geriatricians to be applied to the elders, there is little experience with their application in critically ill patients of any age. Therefore, more information is needed to determine the relevance of using this scale in critical care patients. In this pilot study, we considered that nurses and critical care physicians should evaluate frailty using this adapted scale in adult patients admitted to the Intensive Care Units.

The modernization of electoral systems through digital technologies, such as electronic voting, has marked significant progress in emerging regions like Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Ecuador. However, these systems still face challenges that have hindered their full acceptance by citizens. This study analyzed key elements to ensure the viability and impact of electronic voting within the local electoral system, employing the neutrosophic Delphi method. Findings indicated that trust in electronic voting is bolstered when security measures are in place, and transparent access to information is provided. Additionally, citizen participation in audits and digital education contributes to greater social acceptance of the system. In conclusion, both digital literacy and transparency are essential in establishing reliability in the system. Future research should focus on enhancing cybersecurity and digital education to foster trust in electronic voting systems further.

Despite full recognition of strategic management in the success of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), little attention has been paid to the factors that contribute to the failure of its implementation in the Ecuadorian context. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the obstacles that hinder the successful implementation of strategic management in SMEs in Ecuador. A quantitative study approach was employed. The initial sample comprised 105 entrepreneurs, who were administered a checklist to evaluate the status of strategic planning implementation within their organizations. Based on their responses, nine entrepreneurs were selected for in-depth analysis, categorized as follows: three entrepreneurs with a high level of strategic management implementation, three with a moderate level of implementation, and three with minimal or no strategic management practices. This identified the primary obstacles to effective strategic management implementation. Finally, a comprehensive survey was applied to all participants to quantify these barriers, which allowed the construction of the final model used for the subsequent analysis. Through structural equation modeling, the study demonstrated that these obstacles negatively and significantly correlated with the level of strategic management implementation, revealing that businesses with minimal or no implementation experienced significantly different sales performance compared to those with higher levels of strategic management practices.

In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), metabolic rewiring and resistance to standard therapy are closely associated. PDAC cells show enormous requirements for glucose‐derived citrate, the first rate‐limiting metabolite in the synthesis of new lipids. Both the expression and activity of citrate synthase (CS) are extraordinarily upregulated in PDAC. However, no previous relationship between gemcitabine response and citrate metabolism has been documented in pancreatic cancer. Here, we report for the first time that pharmacological doses of vitamin C are capable of exerting an inhibitory action on the activity of CS, reducing glucose‐derived citrate levels. Moreover, ascorbate targets citrate metabolism towards the de novo lipogenesis pathway, impairing fatty acid synthase (FASN) and ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) expression. Lowered citrate availability was found to be directly associated with diminished proliferation and, remarkably, enhanced gemcitabine response. Moreover, the deregulated citrate‐derived lipogenic pathway correlated with a remarkable decrease in extracellular pH through inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and overall reduced glycolytic metabolism. Modulation of citric acid metabolism in highly chemoresistant pancreatic adenocarcinoma, through molecules such as vitamin C, could be considered as a future clinical option to improve patient response to standard chemotherapy regimens.

Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) deficiency is caused by genetic abnormalities that impair its biosynthesis and recycling, which trigger neurochemical, metabolic, and redox imbalances. Low BH4 levels are also associated with hypoxia, reperfusion reoxygenation, endothelial dysfunction, and other conditions that are not genetically determined. The exact cause of changes in BH4 in nongenetic disorders is not entirely understood, but a role for oxidant species has been implicated. The oxidation of BH4 generates several products, including 7,8-dihydrobiopterin (BH2), the accumulation of which is predicted in cells with low dihydrofolate reductase activity. The relative efficiency of oxidant species at causing variations in BH4/BH2 levels in cells furnished with several antioxidant enzymes has not yet been systematically analyzed. This study examined the quantitative changes of BH4/BH2 in cells challenged with several oxidants. We showed that BH2 is not a major product of treatments with hydrogen peroxide or RSL3, as indicated by the moderate effect of dihydrofolate reductase-inhibitor methotrexate on the accumulation of BH2. However, we found a net loss in BH4/BH2, suggesting that products other than BH2 were generated. These reactions were further examined in NOX4-expressing HEK cells producing hydrogen peroxide. These cells showed slightly decreased BH4/BH2 ratios compared with HEK wild-type cells, and, again, methotrexate treatment moderately increased BH2 levels. In contrast, peroxynitrite-producing RAW 264.7 cells showed dramatically decreased BH4 levels without BH2 accumulation. Following the activation of peroxynitrite production with PMA in lipopolysaccharide-treated cells, we also found a significant time-dependent decline in GTPCH-I protein levels. We conclude that hydrogen peroxide is the least effective oxidant species at decreasing intracellular BH4 levels, while peroxynitrite is highly effective by targeting GTPCH-I and BH4 directly. Moreover, we conclude that BH4/BH2 levels are not a determinant of RSL3 cytotoxicity.

RESUMEN Con la victoria de Caseros en 1852, el general Urquiza se convierte en el líder político de la Confederación Argentina. En la nueva capital provisional del Estado, Paraná, comenzó a publicarse un nuevo diario: el Nacional Argentino, controlado por el gobierno central, encargado de nombrar a sus editores. En este artículo se busca exponer qué línea editorial sostuvo el diario con respecto al gobierno de Urquiza durante los primeros años (1853-1854), momento en que se fue forjando el liderazgo del general entrerriano. Para ello, se aborda desde el análisis del discurso, poniendo el énfasis en la producción de discursos políticos, en los conceptos y cómo se estructuraron durante estos años para sostener la figura de Urquiza y rechazar a otros personajes políticos que podía rivalizar con su poder. En general, el Nacional Argentino recurrió a la unidad nacional como núcleo de su discurso, pero planteada como resultado de una relación dialogada entre el centro y las provincias y apoyando la formación de clubs en diferentes ciudades donde se pudieran expresar los intereses y asociarlos a los de la nación.

Durante los últimos años se ha priorizado el estudio de la adqui-sición de lenguas indoeuropeas sobre las indígenas. La UNESCO (2020) ha declarado la década del 2022 – 2032 como el mayor tiempo de declive en su documentación, por lo tanto, existe un llamado urgente a la investigación y registro de la adquisición en lenguas indígenas en el mundo (Kelly et al., 2015). Este estudio explora la adquisición de los verbos de dos niños/as que adquieren el chedungun como primera lengua en la región del Biobío (VIII). Específi-camente, nos hemos propuesto: a) Describir el orden de adquisición de ver-bos b) Comparar la adquisición de los verbos según el modo y el tiempo. Esta investigación sigue un diseño longitudinal de evolución de grupos o cohort. Este proceso es in situ con participación directa de las familias y contempla el registro periódico de los niños/a durante un año. Dentro de los resultados, se evidencia una adquisición sistemática de verbos, en ambos niños/as mapuche. Respecto a Javiera entre los 1;6 y 2;6 años presenta verbos simples de tiempo presente y pasado y marcas morfológicas de modos indicativo e imperativo. En el caso de Mateo entre 4;6 a 5;6 años, presenta verbos más complejos con tiempos verbales presente, pasado y futuro y modos imperativo, indicativo y subjuntivo. Sin embargo, aunque Mateo presente estructuras gramaticales más complejas que Javiera, aún faltan algunos elementos gramaticales para tener un desempeño lingüístico similar a la de un hablante adulto del chedungun.

Introducción: El carcinoma basocelular es una neoplasia maligna de piel y su tratamiento está dirigido a la remoción o destrucción de la totalidad del tumor. Resulta un gran desafío para la cirugía reconstructiva, particularmente en regiones anatómicas complejas como la aurícula, donde tanto los resultados estéticos como funcionales deben equilibrarse cuidadosamente. Objetivo: Presentar un caso clínico de una paciente con reconstrucción del antihélix con un injerto libre del pecho después de exéresis de un carcinoma basocelular. Presentación del caso: Se trata de una paciente femenina, de 55 años de edad, color de piel blanca, ocupación agrícola, con antecedentes de lesiones de cáncer de piel no melanoma que acude a consulta del Hospital Vladimir Ilich Lenin. Se le diagnostica un carcinoma basocelular nodular de 1,5 cm localizado en la antihélix del oído izquierdo apta para exéresis quirúrgica y reconstrucción. Conclusiones: La exéresis del carcinoma basocelular en el antihélix resultó exitosa, la reconstrucción con injerto libre del pecho evidenció resultados estéticos y funcionales satisfactorios y no presentó complicaciones a pesar de la complejidad topográfica y anatómica del oído. Palabras clave: carcinoma basocelular, reconstrucción, injerto

Background: The recent COVID-19 pandemic and the emergence of infectious diseases at the human-animal interface highlight the global challenge of mitigating zoonotic risks. The One Health approach emphasizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health, urging for holistic and interdisciplinary strategies in disease prevention. Despite growing interest, the attention to wildlife in pandemic prevention remains limited. This systematic literature review aims to evaluate recent One Health research on zoonotic diseases and wildlife in terms of study design, interdisciplinary collaboration, and participatory approaches. Key questions addressed include the consideration of One Health domains, disciplinary involvement, and the inclusion of non-academic stakeholders. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, PubMed and Web of Science were searched for primary research papers on zoonotic diseases and wildlife from 2018 to 2023. Eligibility criteria included a focus on wildlife, zoonotic diseases, and adoption of the One Health approach. Results: A total of 228 primary research papers were retrieved. Out of these, 105 studies were included in the review. Few studies integrated human, animal, and environmental domains simultaneously in data collection (4.8 %) and knowledge generation (29.5 %). While extensive knowledge was generated for animal health (97.1 %) and human health (84.8 %), environmental health (34.3 %) remained underrepresented. Laboratory methods predominated (82.9 %), with limited integration of social science methodologies (19 %). The majority were epidemiological studies (86.7 %), yet analytical design within these was sparse (17.1 %). Participation of non-academic stakeholders was limited (36.2 % included non-academics; 3.8 % encompassed participative approaches). Conclusions: The synthesis of the domains human, animal and environmental health remained fragmentary in the studies reviewed. Environmental health is underrepresented and the interdisciplinary involvement of social sciences lacks. Neglecting these fields of competence impedes comprehensive understanding of disease dynamics and hampers effective zoonosis prevention strategies. In result, greater inter- and transdisciplinary collaboration, along with participatory approaches, are still needed for advancing One Health research.

La educación en Ecuador enfrenta el desafío de formar ciudadanos competentes para el siglo XXI en un contexto global y tecnológico. En este marco, la innovación educativa se presenta como una respuesta a las necesidades científicas, tecnológicas y socioculturales de la sociedad. El objetivo general de esta investigación fue analizar las percepciones de docentes y estudiantes de Azogues sobre la innovación en ambientes de aprendizaje y su impacto en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. La metodología empleada fue mixta, con una muestra de estudiantes y docentes, utilizando encuestas en escala Likert validadas y análisis por correlación de Spearman. Los resultados destacaron que las categorías de innovación pedagógica y espacial tienen un impacto significativo en la motivación, creatividad y desarrollo de habilidades. La propuesta Aprende Haciendo se presentó como un modelo de capacitación docente basado en la práctica, que busca desarrollar competencias para generar ambientes de aprendizaje innovadores. En conclusión, la innovación en los ambientes de aprendizaje es necesario para mejorar la calidad educativa y preparar a los estudiantes para los desafíos futuros, integrando elementos pedagógicos, tecnológicos y espaciales de manera efectiva.

En la actualidad, la enseñanza escolar se centra considerablemente en fortalecer la comprensión lectora, dado su papel crucial en el aprendizaje de diversas disciplinas académicas; sin embargo, es esencial reconocer que la mejora de esta habilidad no se logra únicamente por el deseo de hacerlo; más bien, requiere la implementación de estrategias específicas; como también el poder acudir a la tecnología, lo cual es importante pero en algunos casos resulta imposible debido a su acceso. En virtud de esta necesidad, el presente estudio se enfoca en examinar un conjunto de documentos oficiales que en estos últimos años introdujeron las tecnologías digitales en el Perú, con el objetivo de evaluar su importancia, acceso, cobertura o aporte hacia una gran problemática en nuestro país, como es la comprensión lectora. Este estudio se basa en un enfoque de análisis de documentos y en la investigación educativa etnográfica de tipo exploratorio, descriptivo y bibliográfico en ciertas fuentes y documentales. Los hallazgos revelaron que en nuestro país se está utilizando la tecnología digital de manera integral, destacándose como un recurso fundamental para potenciar la comprensión lectora; sin embargo, aún existe una amplia brecha digital que limita el trabajo a realizarse originando ciertas desigualdades e incumpliendo en priorizar el derecho a la educación. Se concluye, que la situación de la comprensión lectora en el Perú aún es crítica, a pesar de que se observa cierto progreso en la última evaluación PISA 2022. No obstante, el país persiste en sus esfuerzos por fomentar y reforzar el hábito de la lectura desde el hogar, mediante el respaldo de la tecnología digital. Este enfoque tiene como objetivo convertir la lectura en una experiencia interactiva, proporcionando plataformas digitales personalizadas, atractivas, llenas de color y rica en relatos de descubrimientos tanto para los niños como para sus familias; como también tratando de incentivar la lectura realizando diferentes concursos a nivel nacional integrando el uso de las TICs.