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Objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a concentração da fibra em detergente neutro indigestível (FDNi) após a incubação ruminal em bovinos, caprinos e ovinos, e comparar os diferentes resultados com os métodos de estimativa e relacionar os dados com as análises químicas. Quatros forragens (silagem de milho, cana-de-açúcar, Brachiaria decumbens cv. Marandu e Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia) dois concentrados (milho em grão e farelo de soja), um subproduto (casquinha de soja) e três amostras de fezes (bovino, caprino e ovino) foram incubadas em novilhos Nelore, cabras Saanen e ovinos Santa Inês. Os animais foram previamente adaptados a dieta experimental por 8 dias e incubação ocorreu por 240 horas. A concentração de FDNi foi mais alta nas amostras incubadas no rúmen de caprinos comparada com amostras incubadas no rúmen de bovinos. A incubação nos ovinos aumentou a concentração de FDNi nas forragens e tendeu a aumentar no concentrado e subproduto em relação a incubação no rúmen de bovinos. A concentração de FDNi foi similar para incubação em ovinos e caprinos. Em adição, as fezes bovinas tiveram alta concentração de FDNi, e as fezes de caprinos tiveram menor concentração de FDNi em relação às fezes de ovinos. O modelo CNCPS subestimou a concentração de FDNi nas amostras. Estimativas da FDN não degradável por Conrad et al. (1984) subestimou a concentração de FDNi na cana-de-açúcar e superestimou a concentração de FDNi no P.maximume concentrados. Em geral, a concentração de lignina foi ocomponente das amostrasmais relacionado com a concentração de FDNi. FDA foi a melhor para forragens (R2 = 0.668) e FDN foi melhor para concentrados (R2 = 0.454). Em conclusão, os processos digestivos das diferentes espécies afetam a concentração de FDNi do alimento. Erros nas estimativas dos modelos foram consideráveis e as características dos alimentos afetam a composição química e concentração de FDNi.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:09:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-02-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary fat supplementation on dry dairy cows feed intake, digestion, ruminal kinetics, biohydrogenation, and abomasal flow of fatty acids (FAs). Eight Holstein rumen and abomasum fistulated dry cows (average body weight of 614 ± 59 kg), were assigned to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment, with 21-d periods. The experimental diets were: 1) control (CON): corn- and soybean meal-based diet, with no fat source; 2) soybean oil (SO) diet with 30 g/kg dry matter (DM) of soybean oil; 3) whole raw soybean (WS) diet with 160 g/kg DM of whole raw soybean grain; 4) calcium salts of fatty acids (CS) diet with 32 g/kg DM of calcium salts of unsaturated FA. Fat-supplemented diets increased ether extract intake and digestibility without affecting DM intake. However, these diets promoted a decrease in DM and neutral-detergent fiber (NDF) total tract apparent digestibility. Fat sources decreased ruminal acetate to propionate ratio (C2:C3). In addition, SO diet increased ruminal propionate concentration and decreased C2:C3 in relation to protected sources of FA (CS and WS). Furthermore, cows fed CS diet exhibited higher ruminal pH, NH3-N and acetate concentration compared to those fed WS diet. Fatty acid supplementation did not alter serum glucose and urea concentration, but increased the serum cholesterol concentration. Although FA supplementation increased net energy intake of cows, energy and nitrogen balances, and microbial protein synthesis were not affected by the experimental diets. Fat supplementation had no effect on ruminal digestion neither on DM and NDF passage rates. Cows fed CS and WS diets presented higher DM and NDF ruminal digestion rates whether compared to SO one. Consequently, cows fed CS and WS had higher truly digestible NDF ruminal removal rate than those fed SO. Calcium salts of unsaturated FA increased DM and NDF rumen passage rate and decreased NDF digestibility in relation to WS diet. Fat-supplemented diets increased the abomasal flows of C18:2, trans C18:1, C18:0, C16:0 and total FA. The CS supplementation resulted in a higher abomasal flow of DM, total FA, trans C18:1, C16:0 and C18:3 when compared to WS one. On the one hand, FA supplementation increased C18:2 and C18:1 biohydrogenation rates; on the other hand, it protected FA sources decreased C18:2 and C18:1 biohydrogenation rates. In conclusion, fat-protected sources were effective to prevent FA from ruminal biohydrogenation. Department of Animal Nutrition and Production University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga Department of Animal Science UNESP—Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho’, Jaboticabal Department of Animal Science UNESP—Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho’, Jaboticabal FAPESP: #2010/00690-9

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:06:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-09-01 Fat sources, besides the energy-rich content, have featured beneficial effects on dairy cow production, reproduction and health. This work aimed to study the biohydrogenation process and fatty acid abomasal flow in lactating dairy cows fed different fat sources. Eight rumen and abomasum cannulated cows (188 ± 27.3 days in milk, 18.9 ± 3.24 kg of milk yield, and 572 ± 59.6 kg of body weight) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Control (CON) diet without fat source, soybean oil (SO), raw soybean grain (SG) and calcium salts of unsaturated fatty acids (CS) were evaluated. Fat sources decreased dry matter (DM), crude protein and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake and increased ether extract (EE) intake and ruminal pH (P < 0.05). Acetate to propionate ratio was lower in animals fed diets with fat (P < 0.05). Diets had no effect on microbial protein synthesis, and energy and nitrogen balances. NDF digestibility and DM passage rate were lower in animals fed diets with fat sources (P < 0.05), while protected sources (SG and CS) tended to increase ruminal fiber digestibility (P = 0.092) in relation to SO diet. Intake and abomasal flow of FA were higher (P < 0.05) for animals supplemented with fat sources than those fed CON. Protected sources (SG and CS) promoted greater abomasal flow of linoleic acid (C18:2) and lower biohydrogenation rate compared to the SO diet. Fat sources increased unsaturated milk fatty acids and serum cholesterol concentration while protected sources (SG and CS) increased milk C18:2 cis concentration (P < 0.05). Fat sources improved ruminal fermentation without compromise nutrients digestion and increasing fatty acids abomasal flow and milk concentration. Raw soybean grain had higher ruminal biohydrogenation protection than calcium salts. Department of Animal Nutrition and Production University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga Department of Animal Science UNESP−Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Jaboticabal Department of Animal Science UNESP−Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Jaboticabal

Ruminants have a unique metabolism and digestion of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA). Unlike monogastric animals, the fatty acid (FA) profile ingested by ruminants is not the same as that reaching the small intestine. The objective of this study was to evaluate whole raw soybeans (WS) in diets as a replacer for calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) in terms of UFA profile in the abomasal digesta of early- to mid-lactation cows. Eight Holstein cows (80 ± 20 d in milk, 22.9 ± 0.69 kg/d of milk yield, and 580 ± 20 kg of body weight; mean ± standard deviation) with ruminal and abomasal cannulas were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment with 22-d periods. The experiment evaluated different fat sources rich in linoleic acid on ruminal kinetics, ruminal fermentation, FA abomasal flow, and milk FA profile of cows assigned to treatment sequences containing a control (CON), with no fat source; soybean oil, added at 2.68% of diet dry matter (DM); WS, addition of WS at 14.3% of diet DM; and CSFA, addition of CSFA at 2.68% of diet DM. Dietary fat supplementation had no effect on nutrient intake and digestibility, with the exception of ether extract. Cows fed fat sources tended to have lower milk fat concentration than those fed CON. In general, diets containing fat sources tended to decrease ruminal neutral detergent fiber digestibility in relation to CON. Cows fed WS had lower ruminal digestibility of DM and higher abomasal flow of DM in comparison to cows fed CSFA. As expected, diets containing fat supplements increased FA abomasal flow of C18:0 and total FA. Cows fed WS tended to present a higher concentration of UFA in milk when compared with those fed CSFA. This study suggests that under some circumstances, abomasal flow of UFA in early lactation cows can be increased by supplementing their diet with fat supplements rich in linoleic acid, regardless of rumen protection, with small effects on ruminal DM digestibility.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:00:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-02-01 The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of crude glycerin on dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, ruminal parameters, blood metabolites, milk yield and composition of dairy cows fed corn silage-based diets. Twenty-four Holstein cows (16 non-cannulated and 8 rumen-cannulated; 184±50 days in milk [DIM] and 594±39kg of body weight [BW]) were assigned to a replicated 4×4 Latin square design experiment, consisting of 14 days for adaptation to diets and 7 days for sampling. Cows were assigned to receive one of the diets: 0 (Control), 70, 140 or 210g of crude glycerin/kg of diet dry matter (DM). Dry matter intake and milk yield linearly decreased with the inclusion of crude glycerin. However, crude glycerin did not affect milk composition. Total-tract digestibility of DM, crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) linearly increased, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility linearly decreased according to dietary inclusion of crude glycerin. Feeding crude glycerin changed volatile fatty acid concentrations: linearly increased propionate, quadratically affected butyrate, and linearly decreased acetate concentrations, resulting in lower acetate to propionate ratio. Total volatile fatty acid was not affected by crude glycerin. Ruminal NH3-N linearly decreased according to crude glycerin dietary levels. Crude glycerin linearly increased blood glucose concentration. Inclusion of high levels of crude glycerin (210g/kg) in diets of mid-lactating cows, increased dry matter digestibility and ruminal propionate concentrations, but negatively affected dry matter intake and milk yield. Department of Animal Science UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Campus Jaboticabal, Rod Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane km 5 Department of Animal Nutrition and Production School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science University of Sao Paulo (USP), Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225-Campus da USP Department of Animal Science College of Animal Science and Food Engineering University of Sao Paulo Department of Animal Sciences and Industry Kansas State University Department of Animal Science UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Campus Jaboticabal, Rod Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane km 5

Objetivou-se avaliar níveis de concentrado para bezerros em crescimento. Foram utilizados quatro bezerros mestiços, Holandês × Zebu, com idade média de 7 meses e 155 kg de peso vivo, distribuídos em quadrado latino (4×4). Os animais foram alimentados à vontade, na forma de dieta completa contendo os níveis de 20, 40, 60 e 80% de concentrado, com base na matéria seca (MS). As dietas foram compostas de feno de Cynodon dactylon, fubá de milho, farelo de soja e mistura mineral e foram isoprotéicas (15,4%). Os consumos de MS, matéria orgânica (MO), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e carboidratos totais (CT) apresentaram comportamento linear e os consumos de proteína bruta (PB) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT), comportamento quadrático, em kg/dia. Quando calculados em %PV, os consumos de MO, PB, EE e NDT apresentaram comportamento quadrático, enquanto os de MS, FDN e CT tiveram comportamento linear. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente total da MS e PB foram influenciados de forma quadrática pelos níveis de concentrado, enquanto os de MO, EE, FDN e CT tiveram comportamento linear. Não foi observado efeito dos níveis de concentrado sobre a concentração média de nitrogênio amoniacal em cada tempo de análise. Entretanto, para pH, observou-se influência dos níveis nos tempos analisados. Os níveis de concentrado não influenciaram a concentração média de glicose sérica, mas tiveram efeito linear negativo sobre o nitrogênio uréico sérico (NUS) em cada tempo pós-prandial. Pode-se incluir até 60% de concentrado na dieta de bezerros, entretanto níveis maiores podem comprometer a utilização do volumoso. The objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of concentrate for growing calves. Four Holstein × Brahman crossbred calves with average age of 7 months and 155 kg of body weight were used, distributed into one Latin square design (4 × 4). The animals were fed ad libtum in the form of complete diet containing levels of 20, 40, 60 and 80% of concentrate on the dry matter basis (DM). The diets were composed of Cynodon dactylon hay, corn, soybean meal and mineral mixture, and were isoprotein (15.4%). The DM, organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and total carbohydrate (TC) consumption showed linear response; and crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN), quadratic response; expressed in kg/day. When expressed in %BW, the OM, CP, EE and TDN consumption presented quadratic behavior; as DM, NDF and TC showed linear behavior. The apparent total digestibility DM and CP coefficients were quadratic influenced by the levels of concentrate, while OM, EE, NDF and TC showed linear behavior. No effect was observed for the average concentration of ammoniac nitrogen, depending on the levels of concentrate, for each time of analysis. However, for pH, there was influence of the levels for the times analyzed. Likewise, no effect was observed for the average concentration of serum glucose, however, for urea nitrogen serum (UNS), a linear negative effect was observed, depending on the levels for each post-feeding time. Therefore, up to 60% of concentrate could be included in the diet of calves; however higher levels can affect the use of bulky.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of intraruminal infusion of propionic acid (RPA) associated to two (80:20 and 60:40) forage:concentrate ratios (FCR), for young bulls. Four Holstein × Zebu crossbred young bulls with average age of 7 months and 160 kg of body weight (BW) were distributed to a 4 × 4 Latin square design. A total mixed ration, isonitrogenous diets, was ad libitum fed to animals. The propionic acid was obtained by fermentation of reconstituted milk whey by the consortium of bacteria Enterococcus sp. and Veillonella sp.. Daily and along with the supply of solid feeds, 2 L of the compound containing propionic acid were intrainfused in the rumen. There was no RPA × FCR interaction for the intake of nutrients, except for total digestible nutrients (TDN). The organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and TDN intakes were influenced by the FCR. There was no RPA × FCR interaction on the total digestibility of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF and TC. However, the digestibility of DM, OM, EE and CT were influenced by the FCR. There was no RPA × FCR interaction for the mean N-NH3 concentration and pH of the rumen fluid; however, RPA provided effect on the pH measured 4 hours after meal. There was no interaction or effect of the main factors on volatile fatty acids concentrations in the rumen fluid, or on glucose levels and serum urea nitrogen. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da infusão ruminal de ácido propiônico (APR) associado a dietas em mistura completa com duas relações volumoso:concentrado (RVC), 80:20 e 60:40 (% da MS), para novilhos. Foram utilizados quatro novilhos mestiços, Holandês × Zebu, com idade média de 7 meses e 160 kg de peso vivo, distribuídos em delineamento experimental quadrado latino. As dietas foram isoprotéicas e os animais alimentados à vontade, na forma de ração em mistura completa. O ácido propiônico foi produzido por fermentação do soro de leite reconstituído, pelo consórcio das bactérias Enterococcus sp. e Veillonella sp. Diariamente e junto ao fornecimento dos alimentos sólidos, infundiram-se no rúmen 2 L do composto contendo ácido propiônico. Não houve interação APR × RVC para os consumos de nutrientes, exceto nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). Os consumos de matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e NDT foram influenciados pela relação volumoso:concentrado utilizada. Não houve interação APR × RVC para as digestibilidades totais de MS, MO, PB, EE, FDN e CT. Todavia, as digestibilidades de MS, MO, EE e CT foram influenciadas pela relação volumoso:concentrado. Não houve interação APR × RVC para as concentrações médias de N-NH3 e pH do líquido ruminal, no entanto, a APR propiciou efeito sobre o pH medido 4 horas após a alimentação. Não se observou interação ou efeito dos fatores principais sobre as concentrações de ácidos graxos voláteis no líquido ruminal, ou níveis de glicose e o nitrogênio uréico sérico.

Summary The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of high levels of whole raw soya beans in the diets of lactating cows. Twelve Holstein dairy cows were used, randomized in three 4 × 4 balanced and contemporary Latin squares and fed the following diets: (i) control (C), without including whole raw soya beans; (ii) 80 g/kg in DM of whole raw soya beans (G80); (iii) 160 g/kg in DM of whole raw soya beans (G160); and (iv) 240 g/kg in DM of whole raw soya beans (G240). There was significant reduction (p

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:08:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-01-01 The aim of the present study was to evaluate effects of partial replacement of corn grain and soybean meal with whole raw soybean or whole cottonseed on milk yield and composition, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites. Eighteen multiparous Holstein cows (133.0 ± 53.1 days in milk, 585.2 ± 54.2 kg of BW and 32.22 ± 5.32 kg/day of milk) were used in six 3 × 3 Latin squares with 21-day periods. The cows were randomly assigned to receive one of the following diets: control (CT), diet without oilseed inclusion; whole soybean (WS), inclusion of 120 g/kg of whole raw soybean (diet DM basis); and whole cottonseed (WCS), inclusion of 120 g/kg of whole cottonseed (diet DM basis). Dietary supplementation with WS or WCS had no effect on milk yield and composition. DM and non-fibre carbohydrate intake were decreased in cows fed WS and WCS when compared with CT; however, WS and WCS increased ether extract intake and digestibility. The WCS decreased DM, crude protein, ether extract and non-fibre carbohydrate intake when compared with WS. Cows fed WCS had higher ruminal pH than those fed WS or CT. Cows fed WS showed higher propionate concentration than cows fed WCS. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration decreased when cows were fed WS compared with those fed CT or WCS. The partial replacement of corn grain and soybean meal with WS or WCS in diets of mid-lactating dairy cows decreased DM intake and altered ruminal fermentation, but did not affect milk yield and composition. Department of Animal Nutrition and Production School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225-Campus da USP Department of Animal Sciences UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita filho'/campus Jaboticabal, Rod. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane km 5, Rural Department of Animal Sciences UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista 'Júlio de Mesquita filho'/campus Jaboticabal, Rod. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane km 5, Rural

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different lipid sources in diets for lactating cows on milk yield and composition, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content, and fatty acid profile in the milk fat. Five primiparous Holstein cows were distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Treatments were: control (no lipid addition) and four other diets containing different lipids sources - ground raw soybean, cottonseed, soybean oil, and calcium salts of soybean fatty acids (CSSFA). The greater milk yield (kg/day) and milk lactose (g/kg) and solids non-fat (g/kg) contents were obtained with the animals fed diets with CSSFA. Regarding the fatty acid profile in the milk fat, the diets with CSSFA and ground raw soybeans produced the greatest concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids and C182. Supplementation with CSSFA provided a greater production (g/day) of CLA, resulting in almost twice the values shown by the other treatments. The use of different lipid sources does not affect the milk total solids (protein, fat, and lactose) and CSSFA has a positive influence on the fatty acid profile of the milk fat and amount of CLA produced. Additionally, milk yield is not affected by this supplement.