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Background: Previous trials have displayed augmented intracellular vitamin C concentrations in the leukocytes at 24 h after acute supplementation with 1000 mg calcium ascorbate (CA), compared to ascorbic acid (AA). Objective: The primary objective was to evaluate comparative leukocyte vitamin C accumulation kinetics over 32 h following acute 250 mg or 500 mg doses from the two sources. Secondary objectives were to evaluate neutrophil phagocytic function and lymphocyte differentiation between the two sources of vitamin C. Methods: Ninety-three healthy females (250 mg, n = 27; 500 mg, n = 24) and males (250 mg, n = 19; 500 mg, n = 23) were assigned to ingest a single dose of CA or AA providing 250 mg or 500 mg of vitamin C in two separate double-blind, randomized crossover trials. Results: There were no significant differences in the primary or secondary outcomes between the two treatments in the 250 mg low-dose study. Conversely, there was evidence that ingestion of 500 mg of CA increased DHA in plasma, increased neutrophil functionality during the first 8 h of the PK study, promoted increased natural killer cells, and altered weight-adjusted PK profiles, suggesting greater volume distribution and clearance from the blood. Conclusions: These findings indicate that 500 mg of CA may promote some immune benefits compared to 500 mg of AA ingestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the efficacy of Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA, 300 mg), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD, 70 UI), Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA, 300 mg), vitamins B6 (1.5 mg), B1 (1.1 mg), B12 (2.5 mcg), E (7.5 mg), nicotinamide (9 mg), and minerals (Mg 30 mg, Zn 2.5 mg) in one tablet in people with Diabetic Neuropathy (DN). Patients–methods: In the present pilot study, 73 people (age 63.0 ± 9.9 years, 37 women) with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DMT2) (duration 17.5 ± 7.3 years) and DN were randomly assigned to receive either the combination of ten elements (2 tablets/24 h) in the active group (n = 36) or the placebo (n = 37) for 6 months. We used the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument Questionnaire and Examination (MNSIQ and MNSIE), measured vibration perception threshold (VPT) with biothesiometer, and Cardiovascular Autonomic Reflex Tests (CARTs). Nerve function was assessed by DPN Check [sural nerve conduction velocity (SNCV) and amplitude (SNAP)]. Sudomotor function was assessed with SUDOSCAN, which measures electrochemical skin conductance in hands and feet (ESCH and ESCF). Pain score (PS) was assessed with Pain DETECT questionnaire. Quality of life was assessed by questionnaire. Results: In the active group, there was a large improvement of pain (PS from 20.9 to 13.9, p < 0.001). There was also a significant improvement of vitamin B12 (B12) levels, MNSIQ, SNCV, VPT, and ESCF (222.1 vs. 576.3 pg/ mL, p < 0.001; 6.1 vs. 5.9, p = 0.017; 28.8 vs. 30.4, p = 0.001; 32.1 vs. 26.7, p = 0.001; and 72.2 vs. 74.8, p < 0.001 respectively). In the placebo group, neither pain (21.6 vs. 21.7, p = 0.870) or any other aforementioned parameters changed significantly, and MNSIE worsened (2.9 vs. 3.4, p < 0.001). As a result, changes from baseline to follow-up in pain, B12 levels, VPT, and MNSIQ differed significantly between the two groups (p < 0.001, 0.025, 0.009, and <0.001, respectively). CARTs, SNAP, ESCH did not significantly change in either of the two groups. Conclusions: The combination of the ten elements in one tablet for 6 months at a daily dose of two tablets in people with DN significantly improves pain, vibration perception threshold, and B12 levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background India is a land of agriculture, where the economy is based on cash crop cultivation. The wide and chronic use of pesticides for agriculture, domestic, and industrial purposes without protective measures has led to subsequent adverse health effects and further evaluation. It has become a major concern of public health due to its usage throughout the year among pesticide industrial workers, distributors and retail shopkeepers, agricultural field workers, and sprayers. Among the different types of pesticides (organochlorines, organophosphorus, carbamates, and pyrethroid compounds) used, quinalphos is the most common organophosphorus compound used in South India. These compounds were known to produce oxidative damage in the liver, kidney, bone marrow, brain, and intestine. Nonenzymatic antioxidants like vitamin C and E were found to alleviate the oxidative damage imposed by these pesticides. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the effect of oral supplementation of vitamin E and vitamin C in comparison to exposure-free days on complete blood count, antioxidant enzymes, liver enzymes, and histopathological changes in the liver following exposure of male Wistar rats to quinalphos. Materials and Methods This experimental study was done at XXXX after getting scientific and ethical committee clearance. A total of 24 adult male Wistar rats were divided randomly into four groups, with six in each group. Group A consists of animals not exposed to quinalphos for 60 days (control group), group B exposed to quinalphos for 60 days, group C exposed to quinalphos orally only for the first 30 days with exposure-free days for the next 30 days, and group D exposed to quinalphos orally for 60 days along with vitamin E and vitamin C oral supplementation. During exposure, quinalphos was administered at the dose of 3 mg/kg/day mixed with drinking water through oral gavage. Animals were sacrificed at the end of 60 days. Blood was collected by direct cardiac puncture, and the liver tissue was used for histopathological investigation. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and post hoc Turkey’s test for intergroup comparison using SPSS 21.0 software. Results RBC count (P = 0.011), Hb % (P = 0.000), and hematocrit (P = 0.000) were significantly reduced, whereas WBC count (P = 0.005) and neutrophil % (P = 0.001) significantly increased in the quinalphos-exposed group (group B) compared to other three groups. Liver enzymes, SGPT (P = 0.028) and SGOT (P = 0.343), were elevated, and the antioxidants catalase (P = 0.000) and glutathione peroxidase (P = 0.000) were significantly reduced in the quinalphos-exposed group when compared to the control and exposure free group. Histopathology of the liver showed diffuse necrosis of the hepatocytes with central venous congestion in quinalphos-exposed (group B) compared to the other three groups. The exposure-free group (group C) has shown better histopathological changes when compared to quinalphos exposure with (group D) and without (group B) vitamin C and E supplementation group. Conclusion Quinalphos exposure orally results in anemia, leucocytosis with neutrophilia, liver damage, and oxidative stress. As evidenced by liver histopathology and altered antioxidant enzymes in the supplementation group compared to the group with exposure-free days, the toxic effects of quinalphos were less during exposure-free days. Thus, people occupationally exposed to quinalphos can alleviate the ill effects by having exposure-free days as interval breaks to remove the toxic accumulation of organophosphorus compounds.

Calcium, magnesium, phosphate and Vitamin D metabolism is intricately interwoven in human beings. For the foetus, the accretion of these nutrients occurs mainly in the third trimester. Hence, babies who are delivered preterm are at risk of suffering a deficiency of these micronutrients. Inadequate micronutrients can impair the infants' cellular functions, growth and development. Hence, this paper reviews the determinants of plasma levels of the micronutrients and how they are mobilised. It also reviews the evidence about the quantities of the nutrients available in breast milk and how much of them are available to the infant at optimal breastfeeding volumes. The possible implications on growth and the argument for or against supplementation of the nutrients in pregnant women and their preterm neonates who are exclusively breastfed are also discussed.

Introduction: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among women globally. Vitamin D has been considered a protective factor; however, its relationship with any aspect of the disease remains controversial. Methods: A cross-sectional, single-center clinical study was conducted between 2015 and 2018, including 141 women diagnosed with BC and 239 women in the control group, with mean ages of 43.1 and 41.7 years, respectively (p = 0.103). Serum levels of vitamin D and lipid profile were measured. Clinical and nutritional data were obtained through interviews and medical records. Results: The vitamin D dosage presented an average value of 25.5 ng/mL and 31.0 ng/mL in the case and control groups, respectively (p < 0.001). The vitamin D cut-off point for discriminating the presence of BC was 27.45 ng/mL. Additionally, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were higher in the case group (121.4 mg/dL) compared to the control group (110.7 mg/dL) (p = 0.002), whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were lower in the case group (47.6 mg/dL) compared to the control group (53.3 mg/dL) (p = 0.001). Alcohol consumption was significantly higher in the case group than in the control group (2.7 vs. 5.3 doses/day; p < 0.001). Conclusion: The results indicate a significant association between lower vitamin D levels and BC, persisting after multivariate analysis (p < 0.001). These findings could inform prevention strategies, highlighting the importance of maintaining adequate vitamin D levels and potentially identifying a risk group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poultry farmers need to consider making adaptations now to help reduce cost, risk, and concern in the future; the industry's high and unstable input costs, which result in losses, need to incentivize manufacturers to concentrate on efficient management, welfare, and health improvements, thereby creating premium and value-added products. Heat stress, a significant concern, particularly affects broiler chicken, which is vital for global meat supply in the dynamic field of poultry farming. Despite advances in breeding and management, these pressures have a negative influence on avian development, well-being, and overall health, threatening the poultry industry's long-term viability. This study investigates the physiological reactions and production consequences of various heat conditions in the chicken business. It thoroughly investigates the complicated implications of heat stress, which has a negative impact on broiler performance and causes economic losses. This article investigates various dietary techniques, such as antioxidants, probiotics, amino acid balance, and vitamin supplementation, with the goal of improving chicken thermotolerance as part of a comprehensive stress reduction strategy. This assessment emphasizes the industry's continuous commitment to sustainable practices by highlighting the need for more research to enhance methodology, investigate creative tactics, and address regional variances in heat stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poultry farmers need to consider making adaptations now to help reduce cost, risk, and concern in the future; the industry’s high and unstable input costs, which result in losses, need to incentivize manufacturers to concentrate on efficient management, welfare, and health improvements, thereby creating premium and value-added products. Heat stress, a significant concern, particularly affects broiler chicken, which is vital for global meat supply in the dynamic field of poultry farming. Despite advances in breeding and management, these pressures have a negative influence on avian development, well-being, and overall health, threatening the poultry industry’s long-term viability. This study investigates the physiological reactions and production consequences of various heat conditions in the chicken business. It thoroughly investigates the complicated implications of heat stress, which has a negative impact on broiler performance and causes economic losses. This article investigates various dietary techniques, such as antioxidants, probiotics, amino acid balance, and vitamin supplementation, with the goal of improving chicken thermotolerance as part of a comprehensive stress reduction strategy. This assessment emphasizes the industry’s continuous commitment to sustainable practices by highlighting the need for more research to enhance methodology, investigate creative tactics, and address regional variances in heat stress.

Fat-soluble vitamins, including vitamins A, D, E and K, are molecules with no energy value that are essential for the body to function and for life. Their intake is almost exclusively exogenous, i.e. dietary. As a result, deficiencies in fat-soluble vitamins are rarer in industrialised countries than in countries with limited resources. However, even in the latter, certain groups of individuals are affected, such as newborns or growing children, pregnant or breast-feeding women and elderly or isolated subjects. Vitamin A, D, E and K deficiencies are also relatively common in people with digestive tract disorders, in patients suffering from chronic pathologies or in intensive care patients. Deficiencies or excesses of fat-soluble vitamins are responsible for a variety of more or less specific clinical symptoms. Treatment of deficiencies requires vitamin supplementation, a well-balanced diet and treatment of the cause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study was realized to evaluate the effects of supplementation with blends of water and fat-soluble vitamins on animal performance and carcass traits of young Nellore bulls. Methods Forty-three Nellore bulls, with an initial weight of 261±27.3 kg and a mean age of 8±1.0 months, were used. Five animals were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment (reference group), to determine the initial empty body weight of the bulls that remained in the experiment. The remaining 38 bulls were fed ad libitum and distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2×2 factorial scheme, with or without supplementation of water-soluble (B-blend+ or B-blend−) and fat-soluble (ADE+ or ADE−) vitamin blends. Diets were isonitrogenous (120 g of crude protein/kg dry matter [DM] of total mixed ration) and consisted of a roughage:concentrate rate of 30:70 based on total DM of diet. The experiment lasted 170 days, with 30 days of adaptation and 140 days for data collection. At the beginning and end of the experimental period, the bulls were weighed to determine the average daily gain. To estimate the apparent digestibility of nutrients and microbial efficiency, spot collections of feces and urine were performed for five consecutive days. Results DM, ashes, organic matter, crude protein, ethereal extract, neutral detergent fiber corrected for residual ash and residual nitrogenous, and N intake and apparent digestibility were not influenced by vitamin supplementation, but total digestible nutrients intake and non-fibrous carbohydrates digestibility were influenced by B complex vitamin supplementation. Nitrogen balance, microbial efficiency, and performance data were not influenced (p>0.05) by vitamin supplementation. Conclusion Vitamin supplementation (a blend of water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins or their combinations) does not influence the animal performance and carcass traits of young Nellore bulls.

Background: Previous trials have displayed augmented intracellular vitamin C concentrations in the leukocytes at 24 h after acute supplementation with 1000 mg calcium ascorbate (CA), compared to ascorbic acid (AA). Objective: The primary objective was to evaluate comparative leukocyte vitamin C accumulation kinetics over 32 h following acute 250 mg or 500 mg doses from the two sources. Secondary objectives were to evaluate neutrophil phagocytic function and lymphocyte differentiation between the two sources of vitamin C. Methods: Ninety-three healthy females (250 mg, n = 27; 500 mg, n = 24) and males (250 mg, n = 19; 500 mg, n = 23) were assigned to ingest a single dose of CA or AA providing 250 mg or 500 mg of vitamin C in two separate double-blind, randomized crossover trials. Results: There were no significant differences in the primary or secondary outcomes between the two treatments in the 250 mg low-dose study. Conversely, there was evidence that ingestion of 500 mg of CA increased DHA in plasma, increased neutrophil functionality during the first 8 h of the PK study, promoted increased natural killer cells, and altered weight-adjusted PK profiles, suggesting greater volume distribution and clearance from the blood. Conclusions: These findings indicate that 500 mg of CA may promote some immune benefits compared to 500 mg of AA ingestion.

Objective: This study was realized to evaluate the effects of supplementation with blends of water and fat-soluble vitamins on animal performance and carcass traits of young Nellore bulls. Methods: Forty-three Nellore bulls, with an initial weight of 261±27.3 kg and a mean age of 8±1.0 months, were used. Five animals were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment (reference group), to determine the initial empty body weight of the bulls that remained in the experiment. The remaining 38 bulls were fed ad libitum and distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2×2 factorial scheme, with or without supplementation of water-soluble (B-blend+ or B-blend-) and fat-soluble (ADE+ or ADE-) vitamin blends. Diets were isonitrogenous (120 g of crude protein/kg dry matter [DM] of total mixed ration) and consisted of a roughage:concentrate rate of 30:70 based on total DM of diet. The experiment lasted 170 days, with 30 days of adaptation and 140 days for data collection. At the beginning and end of the experimental period, the bulls were weighed to determine the average daily gain. To estimate the apparent digestibility of nutrients and microbial efficiency, spot collections of feces and urine were performed for five consecutive days. Results: DM, ashes, organic matter, crude protein, ethereal extract, neutral detergent fiber corrected for residual ash and residual nitrogenous, and N intake and apparent digestibility were not influenced by vitamin supplementation, but total digestible nutrients intake and non-fibrous carbohydrates digestibility were influenced by B complex vitamin supplementation. Nitrogen balance, microbial efficiency, and performance data were not influenced (p>0.05) by vitamin supplementation. Conclusion: Vitamin supplementation (a blend of water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins or their combinations) does not influence the animal performance and carcass traits of young Nellore bulls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In the past, vitamins were considered as unknown growth factors, but during the twentieth century, their structure and nature were gradually discovered. These compounds are necessary to maintain the integrity of the tissues and general health of the body. Broiler chickens are unable to synthesize vitamins (except vitamin C) or have the ability to make limited amounts of them (group B and K2). For this reason, vitamins should be added to broiler feed as a supplement. Vitamins interact with other nutrients in various ways. The main reference for vitamin requirements in broilers is the National Research Council (NRC, 1994). The recommended amounts ensure conditions where there are no severe deficiencies. Applying the NRC recommendations cannot guarantee the genetic potential of today's birds. Because these values were taken from old studies and using pure feeds in laboratory conditions. Due to the dependence of Iran's poultry industry on the import of vitamins, unfortunately, in recent years, few studies have been conducted in the country on the appropriate pattern of adding vitamins to the diet of broiler chickens. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the lower levels than the recommendation of the Ross 308 strain catalog (Aviagen, 2019) as the dominant strain of the country and to propose an optimal model for different regions that does not have a negative effect on the performance and safety traits and to reduce the need to import this strain. It will also follow the products.Materials and Methods: The aim of this study was to determine the optimal pattern of vitamin supplementation in diets based on corn, wheat waste and soybean meal on production traits, carcass characteristics and immune responses of broilers from 1 to 42 days of age in Fars province. A total of 500 Ross 308 broilers with similar mean weight (mixed sex) were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments, five replications and 20 chickens per replication. Experimental treatments included five levels of vitamin supplementation: 1) control (100% of the recommended values of Ross 308, 2019 strain catalog), 2) 90% of the recommended values of Ross 308, 2019 strain catalog, 3) 80% of the recommended values of Ross 308, 2019 strain catalog, 4) 70% of the recommended values of Ross 308, 2019 strain catalog and 5) 60% of the recommended values of Ross 308, 2019 strain catalog. At the end of each period, the feed consumption and body weight of the birds were recorded with a digital scale with an accuracy of ±0.01. At the age of 39 days, blood was drawn from the vein under the wing of two birds from each experimental unit, with a syringe containing EDTA anticoagulant, and the blood sample was quickly transferred to the laboratory in a flask containing ice for differential counting of white blood cells. At the end of the 42nd day of rearing, two birds from each experimental unit were slaughtered to measure the relative weight percentage of carcass components. To measure the humoral immune response, the injection of 0.5 ml sheep antigen (SRBC) at the age of 21 days was used. CBH skin hypersensitivity test was also used to measure cellular immune response.Results and Discussion: The highest and lowest mean body weight gain and feed intake belonged to the vitamin pattern of 100 and 60% of the recommendation of Ross 308 strain, respectively (P

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Introduction1: In the past, vitamins were considered as unknown growth factors, but during the twentieth century, their structure and nature were gradually discovered. These compounds are necessary to maintain the integrity of the tissues and general health of the body. Broiler chickens are unable to synthesize vitamins (except vitamin C) or have the ability to make limited amounts of them (group B and K2). For this reason, vitamins should be added to broiler feed as a supplement. Vitamins interact with other nutrients in various ways. The main reference for vitamin requirements in broilers is the National Research Council (NRC, 1994). The recommended amounts ensure conditions where there are no severe deficiencies. Applying the NRC recommendations cannot guarantee the genetic potential of today's birds. Because these values were taken from old studies and using pure feeds in laboratory conditions. Due to the dependence of Iran's poultry industry on the import of vitamins, unfortunately, in recent years, few studies have been conducted in the country on the appropriate pattern of adding vitamins to the diet of broiler chickens. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the lower levels than the recommendation of the Ross 308 strain catalog (Aviagen, 2019) as the dominant strain of the country and to propose an optimal model for different regions that does not have a negative effect on the performance and safety traits and to reduce the need to import this strain. It will also follow the products. Materials and Methods: The aim of this study was to determine the optimal pattern of vitamin supplementation in diets based on corn, wheat waste and soybean meal on production traits, carcass characteristics and immune responses of broilers from 1 to 42 days of age in Fars province. A total of 500 Ross 308 broilers with similar mean weight (mixed sex) were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments, five replications and 20 chickens per replication. Experimental treatments included five levels of vitamin supplementation: 1) control (100% of the recommended values of Ross 308, 2019 strain catalog), 2) 90% of the recommended values of Ross 308, 2019 strain catalog, 3) 80% of the recommended values of Ross 308, 2019 strain catalog, 4) 70% of the recommended values of Ross 308, 2019 strain catalog and 5) 60% of the recommended values of Ross 308, 2019 strain catalog. At the end of each period, the feed consumption and body weight of the birds were recorded with a digital scale with an accuracy of ±0.01. At the age of 39 days, blood was drawn from the vein under the wing of two birds from each experimental unit, with a syringe containing EDTA anticoagulant, and the blood sample was quickly transferred to the laboratory in a flask containing ice for differential counting of white blood cells. At the end of the 42nd day of rearing, two birds from each experimental unit were slaughtered to measure the relative weight percentage of carcass components. To measure the humoral immune response, the injection of 0.5 ml sheep antigen (SRBC) at the age of 21 days was used. CBH skin hypersensitivity test was also used to measure cellular immune response. Results and Discussion: The highest and lowest mean body weight gain and feed intake belonged to the vitamin pattern of 100 and 60% of the recommendation of Ross 308 strain, respectively (P<0.01). The best feed conversion ratio and production index belonged to the vitamin pattern up to 90% of the Ross strain recommendation (P<0.01). The highest and lowest percentages of pectoralis muscle (22.2% and 19.2%) were related to the pattern of 100 and 60% of vitamin supplementation recommended by the Ross strain (P<0.01). The effect of reducing vitamin supplementation on cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH), serum antibody level against SRBC and percentage of heterophils, lymphocytes and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio was not significant. Conclusion: There was no significant difference between the functional indices and most importantly the production index of treatment 1 (100% vitamin pattern) and treatment 2 (90% vitamin pattern). Carcass traits and indicators related to humoral and cellular immune systems did not show significant differences too. As a result, a 10% reduction in the level of vitamin supplementation compared to the recommended level of the Ross 308 catalog is possible and suggested for raising broiler chickens. The final result is that in the breeding conditions of Fars province poultry farms, it is possible to reduce the level of vitamin supplements in diets containing wheat waste up to 90% of the recommendation of Ross 308 strain compared to the control diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Aim Method Result Conclusion Glioblastoma is the most aggressive type of brain tumor, with current therapies failing to significantly improve patient survival. Vitamins have important effects on cellular processes that are relevant for tumor development and progression.The present study explored the effect of pyridoxine or cobalamin supplementation on the viability and cell cycle progression of human glioblastoma cell line U-87 MG.Cell cultures were treated with increasing concentrations of pyridoxine or cobalamin for 24–72 h. After supplementation, cell viability and cell cycle progression were assessed by spectrophotometry and flow cytometry. Analysis of Bcl-2 and active caspase 3 expression in supplemented cells was performed by western blot.The results show that pyridoxine supplementation decreases cell viability in a dose and time dependent manner. Loss of viability in pyridoxin-supplemented cells is probably related to less cell cycle progression, higher active caspase 3 expression and apoptosis. In addition, Bcl-2 expression did not appear to be altered by vitamin supplementation, but active caspase 3 expression was significantly increased in pyridoxine-, but not cobalamin-supplemented cells, furthermore, cobalamin inhibited the pyridoxine cytotoxicity in the cell viability assay when combinedThe results suggest that pyridoxine supplementation promotes apoptosis in human glioblastoma-derived cells and may be useful to enhance the effect of cytotoxic therapies in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Thiamine deficiency can present with rare neurological symptoms such as urinary retention, along with common symptoms like ataxia and decreased limb muscle strength. Early recognition and treatment are crucial to improve symptoms and prevent complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bariatric procedures increase patient risk of long-term metabolic complications primarily due to nutrient deficiencies. The mainstay of prevention includes routine vitamin and mineral supplementation; however, patient-reported barriers to daily compliance are poorly understood. Methods: Post-bariatric surgery patients electively participated in an 11-point outpatient survey at a single academic institution. Surgical procedures included either laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SG) or gastric bypass (GB). At the time of survey, patients ranged from 1-month to 15 years from surgery. Survey items consisted of dichotomous (yes/no), multiple choice, and open-ended free response questions. Descriptive statistics were evaluated. Results: Two hundred and fourteen responses were collected, 116 (54%) underwent SG and 98 (46%) underwent GB. Of these, 49% of samples were during short-term postoperative follow-up visits (0–3 months), 34% intermediate follow-up (4–12 months), and 17% long-term follow-up (> 1 year). A total of 98% of patients reported that insurance did not cover their supplement cost. Most patients reported current vitamin use (95%), with 87% reporting daily compliance. Daily compliance was observed in 94%, 79%, and 73% of SG patients at short-, intermediate-, and long-term follow-up visits, respectively. While GB patients reported daily compliance in 84%, 100%, and 92% of short, intermediate, and long-term responses. Of those who were unable to take vitamins daily, non-compliance was attributed most to forgetting (54%), and less often to side effects (11%), or taste (11%). Patient-reported strategies for remembering to take vitamins included tying into daily routine (55%), use of a pill box (7%), and alarm reminders (7%). Conclusions: Daily compliance with post-bariatric surgery vitamin supplementation does not appear to vary based on postoperative time-period or surgical procedure. While a minority of patients struggle with daily compliance, factors associated with non-compliance include patient forgetting, side effects, and taste. Widespread utilization of patient-reported daily reminder strategies may lead to improved overall compliance and reduce incidence of nutritional deficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatigue, characterised by lack of energy, mental exhaustion and poor muscle endurance which do not recover following a period of rest, is a common characteristic symptom of several conditions and negatively impacts the quality of life of those affected. Fatigue is often a symptom of concern for people suffering from conditions such as fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, cancer, and multiple sclerosis. Vitamins and minerals, playing essential roles in a variety of basic metabolic pathways that support fundamental cellular functions, may be important in mitigating physical and mental fatigue. Several studies have examined the potential benefits of nutrients on fatigue in various populations. The current review aimed to gather the existing literature exploring different nutrients' effects on fatigue. From the searches of the literature conducted in PubMed, Ovid, Web of Science, and Google scholar, 60 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Among the included studies, 50 showed significant beneficial effects (p < 0.05) of vitamin and mineral supplementation on fatigue. Altogether, the included studies investigated oral or parenteral administration of nutrients including Coenzyme Q10, L-carnitine, zinc, methionine, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), and vitamins C, D and B. In conclusion, the results of the literature review suggest that these nutrients have potentially significant benefits in reducing fatigue in healthy individuals as well as those with chronic illness, both when taken orally and parenterally. Further studies should explore these novel therapies, both as adjunctive treatments and as sole interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The obesity pandemic is associated with an increasing number of bariatric surgeries which allow improvement in obesity-related comorbidities and life expectancy but potentially induce nutritional deficiencies. Vegetarianism becomes more and more popular and exposes as well to vitamin and micronutrient deficiencies. Only one study has explored the impact of vegetarianism on the preoperative nutritional status of eligible patients for bariatric surgery, but none in postoperative care. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective case–control study in our cohort of bariatric patients, matching 5 omnivores for each vegetarian. We compared their biological profile regarding vitamin and micronutrient blood levels before and 3, 6, 12, and 30 months after surgery. Results: We included 7 vegetarians including 4 lacto-ovo-vegetarians (57%), 2 lacto-vegetarians (29%), and one lacto-ovo-pesco-vegetarian (14%). Three years after surgery with equivalent daily standard vitamin supplementation, the two groups showed a similar biological profile including blood levels of ferritin (p = 0.6), vitamin B1 (p = 0.1), and B12 (p = 0.7), while the total median weight loss at 3 years was comparable (39.1% [27.0–46.6] in vegetarians vs 35.7% [10.5–46.5] in omnivores, p = 0.8). We observed no significant difference between vegetarians and omnivores before surgery regarding comorbidities and nutritional status. Conclusion: It seems that, after bariatric surgery, vegetarian patients taking a standard vitamin supplementation do not show an increased risk of nutritional deficiencies compared to omnivores. However, a larger study with a longer follow-up is needed to confirm these data, including an evaluation of different types of vegetarianism such as veganism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message Thiamine deficiency can present with rare neurological symptoms such as urinary retention, along with common symptoms like ataxia and decreased limb muscle strength. Early recognition and treatment are crucial to improve symptoms and prevent complications.

In recent years vitamin D has been in the spotlight of many researchers for its possible role in various disorders, including autoimmune and infectious diseases. Even if vitamin D deficiency remains a major public health problem, its symptomatic manifestations are less and less common in clinical practice, and pediatric age represents a “gray area” where vitamin D supplementation is often administered in the absence of an effective evaluation of its status. Moreover, a poor knowledge about different definitions of “deficiency,” “insufficiency,” and similar terms is spread among clinicians, while guidelines are not univocal, especially after the first year of life. The aim of this brief opinion paper is to sum up recent evidence about vitamin D status and its supplementation in pediatrics, in order to better clarify a common definition of its deficiency. The aim of this opinion article is to raise awareness on this topic among clinicians and encourage a discussion on the real need for routine 25-hydroxycholecalciferol serum evaluation and its supplementation.

Background: Increasingly, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is becoming an inevitable consequence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. As the disease progresses, and through dialysis, the need for and loss of water-soluble vitamins both increase. This review article looks at the benefits and possible risks of supplementing these vitamins with the treatment of CKD. Methods: Data in the PubMed and Embase databases were analyzed. The keywords "chronic kidney disease", in various combinations, are associated with thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, folates, niacin, cobalamin, and vitamin C. This review focuses on the possible use of water-soluble vitamin supplementation to improve pharmacological responses and the overall clinical condition of patients. Results: The mechanism of supportive supplementation is based on reducing oxidative stress, covering the increased demand and losses resulting from the treatment method. In the initial period of failure (G2-G3a), it does not require intervention, but later, especially in the case of inadequate nutrition, the inclusion of supplementation with folate and cobalamin may bring benefits. Such supplementation seems to be a necessity in patients with stage G4 or G5 (uremia). Conversely, the inclusion of additional B6 supplementation to reduce CV risk may be considered. At stage 3b and beyond (stages 4–5), the inclusion of niacin at a dose of 400–1000 mg, depending on the patient's tolerance, is required to lower the phosphate level. The inclusion of supplementation with thiamine and other water-soluble vitamins, especially in peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis patients, is necessary for reducing dialysis losses. Allowing hemodialysis patients to take low doses of oral vitamin C effectively reduces erythropoietin dose requirements and improves anemia in functional iron-deficient patients. However, it should be considered that doses of B vitamins that are several times higher than the recommended dietary allowance of consumption may exacerbate left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in CKD patients. Conclusions: Taking into account the research conducted so far, it seems that the use of vitamin supplementation in CKD patients may have a positive impact on the treatment process and maintaining a disease-free condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), a broad-spectrum term comprising coronary artery disease, stroke, hypertension, and heart failure, presents as one of the most significant strains on global healthcare systems. Coronary artery disease, caused by atherosclerosis, has various modifiable risk factors such as dietary changes and exercise. Since these risk factors are found to be linked to oxidative stress and inflammations, the dietary supplementation with vitamins' role in treating and preventing the diseases has been of much debate. With various vitamins having anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties, studies have explored their correlation with cardiovascular health. Therefore, this narrative review explores and evaluates the benefits and risks of all vitamin supplementations in patients with CVD and provides future recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients undergoing stem cell transplantation (SCT) are at high risk of malnutrition during the acute post-transplantation period. This systematic review aimed to collate and analyse the evidence for vitamin requirements post-SCT. A systematic search of five databases was conducted to include studies published until March 2021. The review utilised the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) framework. Inclusion criteria consisted of adults undergoing SCT who received vitamin supplementation or had their vitamin levels monitored up to 100 days post-SCT. Studies with paediatric patients or those that looked at vitamin derivates such as folinic acid were excluded. Main outcomes included vitamin deficiency and relevant clinical outcomes. Eleven studies (n = 11) were eligible for inclusion with five rated as neutral quality and six as positive quality. Five studies focused on allogenic SCT, two on autologous SCT and the remaining included a mix of both. Eight studies monitored vitamins levels post-SCT, and seven studies provided vitamin supplementation. Three studies (one provided supplementation) found a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (23–60%) prior to SCT. Findings indicate an unclear association between vitamin deficiency and post-SCT complications including acute graft-versus-host-disease, oral mucositis, and mortality. The GRADE certainty of evidence across these outcomes was low or very low. It is unclear if supplementation is needed during SCT, though assessing vitamin D levels prior to transplant should be considered. Further large observational studies or randomised control trials are required to establish vitamin requirements and guide supplementation protocols during SCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determine vitamin B12 threshold levels below which additional testing of methylmalonic acid (MMA) and/or homocysteine (Hcy) is useful to diagnose metabolic vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with polyneuropathy, and how vitamin B12, MMA and Hcy levels relate to the effect of supplementation therapy. In a retrospective cohort study of 331 patients with polyneuropathy, vitamin B12, MMA and Hcy were measured. Linear regression models with vitamin B12 as dependent and Hcy or MMA as covariate were compared, to assess which was best related to vitamin B12. Threshold vitamin B12 levels for metabolic deficiency (defined as elevatede metabolites) were determined using logistic regression with elevated metabolites as dependent and vitamin B12 as covariate. A structured interview was conducted in 42 patients to evaluate response to vitamin B12 supplementation. MMA was best related to vitamin B12. Using elevated MMA for metabolic deficiency, we found 90% sensitivity at a vitamin B12 threshold level <264 pmol/L (358 pg/mL) and 95% sensitivity at <304 pmol/L (412 pg/mL). Improvement after supplementation was reported by 19% patients and stabilization by 24%. 88% of patients with improvement and 90% with stabilization either had absolute deficiency (Vitamin B12 < 148 pmol/L) or metabolic deficiency (elevated MMA and vitamin B12 ≥ 148 pmol/L). There were no additional patients with improvement or stabilization with isolated elevated Hcy. Testing of MMA has additional value in identifying patients with clinically relevant metabolic deficiency when vitamin B12 is below 304 pmol/L (412 pg/mL). Supplementation can be effective in patients with absolute and metabolic deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Numerous studies show the benefits of vitamin D: in the prevention of bone disease, supporting the immune system and the prevention and mitigation of cancer. Until recently, supplementation has been deemed unnecessary. Nonetheless, in the light of emerging evidence, some practitioners are adding vitamin D and its analogues (Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification code A11CC) to their prescriptions. Therefore, the aim was to determine the medical insurance prescribing patterns of vitamin D in South Africa. Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional drug utilisation study was conducted on a South African medical insurance administrator database for 2018. Products in ATC subgroup A11CC (vitamin D and analogues) were extracted and analysed. Results: A total of 302 patients received 1 164 prescriptions for a vitamin D or analogue product during 2018. The average age of patients was 47.14 (SD = 24.03) years, and the majority were female (58.28%). Very young patients and middle-aged patients received most of the prescriptions. Ergocalciferol (A11CC01) was the most frequently prescribed (59.79%), followed by alfacalcidol (A11CC), colecalciferol (A11CC05) and calcitriol (A11CC04). Ergocalciferol 50 000 IU tablets comprised the most frequently prescribed trade name product (59.45%), followed by alfacalcidol capsules (21.31%). Conclusion: Vitamin D was used across the age range. Vitamin D supplementation was primarily prescribed in the very young and older age groups, suggesting their need for additional supplementation. As the cost of additional supplements is relatively small compared with the treatment of deficiency disorders, vitamin D supplementation could have broad and positive effects on long-term health for very little outlay.

Vitamin B12 deficiency, mostly of maternal origin in newborns, is a well-treatable condition but can cause severe neurologic sequelae in infants. Early detection of vitamin B12 deficiency allows the pre-symptomatic treatment of affected children. This evaluation assesses the characteristics of maternal vitamin B12 deficiency detected by newborn screening. In a prospective single-center study, a systematic screening strategy for vitamin B12 deficiency using a combination of two second-tier strategies was applied. In addition to confirmatory diagnostics in children, the systematic work-up of vitamin B12 status was also performed for their mothers. Maternal characteristics were assessed including ethnic origin, diet, and vitamin supplementation during pregnancy. For affected mothers, a work-up by internal medicine was recommended. In total, 121 mother–infant couples were analyzed. 66% of mothers adhered to a balanced diet including meat. The cause of maternal vitamin B12 deficiency was unknown in 56% of cases, followed by dietary causes in 32%, and organic causes in 8%. All mothers following a vegan diet and most mothers with a vegetarian diet took vitamin preparations during pregnancy, whereas only 55.8% of mothers with a balanced diet took folic acid or other vitamins. Maternal vitamin B12, folic acid, and homocysteine levels were significantly correlated with the child's folic acid levels, and with homocysteine, methylmalonic, and methylcitric acid levels in first and second NBS dried blood spots. Most children had normal blood counts and showed normocytosis. Although 36.7% of mothers showed anemia, only one presented with macrocytosis. Adherence to vitamin supplementation in pregnancy is low despite the recommendation for supplementation of folic acid. Ideally, the evaluation of mothers for vitamin B12 levels and appropriate therapy should be initiated in early pregnancy. In infants detected through newborn screening, the multidisciplinary assessment and therapy of both children and mothers should be performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatigue, characterised by lack of energy, mental exhaustion and poor muscle endurance which do not recover following a period of rest, is a common characteristic symptom of several conditions and negatively impacts the quality of life of those affected. Fatigue is often a symptom of concern for people suffering from conditions such as fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, cancer, and multiple sclerosis. Vitamins and minerals, playing essential roles in a variety of basic metabolic pathways that support fundamental cellular functions, may be important in mitigating physical and mental fatigue. Several studies have examined the potential benefits of nutrients on fatigue in various populations. The current review aimed to gather the existing literature exploring different nutrients’ effects on fatigue. From the searches of the literature conducted in PubMed, Ovid, Web of Science, and Google scholar, 60 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Among the included studies, 50 showed significant beneficial effects (p < 0.05) of vitamin and mineral supplementation on fatigue. Altogether, the included studies investigated oral or parenteral administration of nutrients including Coenzyme Q10, L-carnitine, zinc, methionine, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), and vitamins C, D and B. In conclusion, the results of the literature review suggest that these nutrients have potentially significant benefits in reducing fatigue in healthy individuals as well as those with chronic illness, both when taken orally and parenterally. Further studies should explore these novel therapies, both as adjunctive treatments and as sole interventions.

Most women in the United States do not meet the recommendations for healthful nutrition and weight before and during pregnancy. Women and providers often ask what a healthy diet for a pregnant woman should look like. The message should be "eat better, not more." This can be achieved by basing diet on a variety of nutrient-dense, whole foods, including fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, healthy fats with omega-3 fatty acids that include nuts and seeds, and fish, in place of poorer quality highly processed foods. Such a diet embodies nutritional density and is less likely to be accompanied by excessive energy intake than the standard American diet consisting of increased intakes of processed foods, fatty red meat, and sweetened foods and beverages. Women who report "prudent" or "health-conscious" eating patterns before and/or during pregnancy may have fewer pregnancy complications and adverse child health outcomes. Comprehensive nutritional supplementation (multiple micronutrients plus balanced protein energy) among women with inadequate nutrition has been associated with improved birth outcomes, including decreased rates of low birthweight. A diet that severely restricts any macronutrient class should be avoided, specifically the ketogenic diet that lacks carbohydrates, the Paleo diet because of dairy restriction, and any diet characterized by excess saturated fats. User-friendly tools to facilitate a quick evaluation of dietary patterns with clear guidance on how to address dietary inadequacies and embedded support from trained healthcare providers are urgently needed. Recent evidence has shown that although excessive gestational weight gain predicts adverse perinatal outcomes among women with normal weight, the degree of prepregnancy obesity predicts adverse perinatal outcomes to a greater degree than gestational weight gain among women with obesity. Furthermore, low body mass index and insufficient gestational weight gain are associated with poor perinatal outcomes. Observational data have shown that first-trimester gain is the strongest predictor of adverse outcomes. Interventions beginning in early pregnancy or preconception are needed to prevent downstream complications for mothers and their children. For neonates, human milk provides personalized nutrition and is associated with short- and long-term health benefits for infants and mothers. Eating a healthy diet is a way for lactating mothers to support optimal health for themselves and their infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous approaches demonstrate how nutritional intake can be sufficient to ensure the necessary supply of vitamins. However, it is evident that not all vitamins are contained in all foods, so it is necessary either to combine different food groups or to use a vitamin supplement to be well-fed. During pregnancy, deficiencies are often exacerbated due to increased energy and nutritional demands, causing adverse outcomes in mother and child. Micronutrient supplementation could lead to optimal pregnancy outcomes being essential for proper metabolic activities that are involved in tissue growth and functioning in the developing fetus. In order to establish adequate vitamin supplementation, various conditions should be considered, such as metabolism, nutrition and genetic elements. This review accurately evaluated vitamin requirements and possible toxic effects during pregnancy. Much attention was given to investigate the mechanisms of cell response and risk assessment of practical applications to improve quality of life. Importantly, genetic studies suggest that common allelic variants and polymorphisms may play an important role in vitamin metabolism during pregnancy. Changes in gene expression of different proteins involved in micronutrients' metabolism may influence the physiological needs of the pregnant woman. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Numerous studies show the benefits of vitamin D: in the prevention of bone disease, supporting the immune system and the prevention and mitigation of cancer. Until recently, supplementation has been deemed unnecessary. Nonetheless, in the light of emerging evidence, some practitioners are adding vitamin D and its analogues (Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification code A11CC) to their prescriptions. Therefore, the aim was to determine the medical insurance prescribing patterns of vitamin D in South Africa. Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional drug utilisation study was conducted on a South African medical insurance administrator database for 2018. Products in ATC subgroup A11CC (vitamin D and analogues) were extracted and analysed. Results: A total of 302 patients received 1 164 prescriptions for a vitamin D or analogue product during 2018. The average age of patients was 47.14 (SD = 24.03) years, and the majority were female (58.28%). Very young patients and middle-aged patients received most of the prescriptions. Ergocalciferol (A11CC01) was the most frequently prescribed (59.79%), followed by alfacalcidol (A11CC), colecalciferol (A11CC05) and calcitriol (A11CC04). Ergocalciferol 50 000 IU tablets comprised the most frequently prescribed trade name product (59.45%), followed by alfacalcidol capsules (21.31%). Conclusion: Vitamin D was used across the age range. Vitamin D supplementation was primarily prescribed in the very young and older age groups, suggesting their need for additional supplementation. As the cost of additional supplements is relatively small compared with the treatment of deficiency disorders, vitamin D supplementation could have broad and positive effects on long-term health for very little outlay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of Review : Erectile dysfunction, or the inability to achieve penile erection, can be caused by many pharmacological and non-pharmacological factors including smoking, diet, alcohol consumption, obesity, and environmental exposures. Therefore, encouragement of healthy routines can result in great improvement in sexual function. In this review, examples of lifestyle and diet types that burden male sexual function have been addressed in order to encourage healthier lifestyle. Recent Findings: Radiant heat, chemical toxins, heavy metals, radio frequency electromagnetic fields, adherence to the Western diet, obesity, lack of exercise, and drug use negatively affect male sexual health through a variety of mechanisms including vascular dysfunction, hormonal dysfunction, and nitric oxide inhibition. Summary: This systematic review reveals a captivating role between environmental exposures, dietary patterns, and reproductive and sexual health, especially erectile dysfunction that would serve as comprehensive guide aiding patients' counseling and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

KARS encodes lysyl-tRNA synthetase, which is essential for protein translation. KARS mutations sometimes cause impairment of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial protein synthesis, and sometimes lead to progressive leukodystrophies with mitochondrial signature and psychomotor regression, and follow a rapid regressive course to premature death. There has been no disease-modifying therapy beyond supportive treatment. We present a 5-year-old male patient with an asymmetrical leukodystrophy who showed overt evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction, including elevation of lactate on brain MR spectroscopy and low oxygen consumption rate in fibroblasts. We diagnosed this patient's condition as KARS -related leukodystrophy with cerebral calcification, congenital deafness, and evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction. We employed a ketogenic diet as well as multiple vitamin supplementation with the intention to alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction. The patient showed alleviation of his psychomotor regression and even partial restoration of his abilities within 4 months. This is an early report of a potential disease-modifying therapy for KARS -related progressive leukodystrophy without appreciable adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Increasingly, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is becoming an inevitable consequence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. As the disease progresses, and through dialysis, the need for and loss of water-soluble vitamins both increase. This review article looks at the benefits and possible risks of supplementing these vitamins with the treatment of CKD. Methods: Data in the PubMed and Embase databases were analyzed. The keywords “chronic kidney disease”, in various combinations, are associated with thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, folates, niacin, cobalamin, and vitamin C. This review focuses on the possible use of water-soluble vitamin supplementation to improve pharmacological responses and the overall clinical condition of patients. Results: The mechanism of supportive supplementation is based on reducing oxidative stress, covering the increased demand and losses resulting from the treatment method. In the initial period of failure (G2-G3a), it does not require intervention, but later, especially in the case of inadequate nutrition, the inclusion of supplementation with folate and cobalamin may bring benefits. Such supplementation seems to be a necessity in patients with stage G4 or G5 (uremia). Conversely, the inclusion of additional B6 supplementation to reduce CV risk may be considered. At stage 3b and beyond (stages 4–5), the inclusion of niacin at a dose of 400–1000 mg, depending on the patient’s tolerance, is required to lower the phosphate level. The inclusion of supplementation with thiamine and other water-soluble vitamins, especially in peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis patients, is necessary for reducing dialysis losses. Allowing hemodialysis patients to take low doses of oral vitamin C effectively reduces erythropoietin dose requirements and improves anemia in functional iron-deficient patients. However, it should be considered that doses of B vitamins that are several times higher than the recommended dietary allowance of consumption may exacerbate left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in CKD patients. Conclusions: Taking into account the research conducted so far, it seems that the use of vitamin supplementation in CKD patients may have a positive impact on the treatment process and maintaining a disease-free condition.

Purpose: Lifelong multivitamin supplementation is recommended to prevent nutritional deficiencies. Despite this advice, deficiencies are common which may be due to poor adherence to MVS intake. The aim of this study was to identify which factors affect patient adherence to Multivitamin Supplement (MVS) intake after bariatric surgery. Materials and Methods: A 42-item questionnaire was sent to 15,424 patients from four Dutch bariatric center. In total, 4975 patients wanted to participate of which 361 patients were excluded. A total of 4614 patients were included, and MVS users (n=4274, 92.6%) were compared to non-users (n=340, 7.4%). Most patients underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (64.3%) or sleeve gastrectomy (32.3%). Results: Seven hundred and ten patients (15.4%) reported inconsistent MVS use and 340 patients (7.4%) did not use any MVS at all. For inconsistent MVS users, most reported reasons included forgetting daily intake (68.3%), gastro-intestinal side effects (25.6%) and unpleasant taste or smell (22.7%), whereas for non-users gastro-intestinal side effects (58.5%), high costs (13.5%) and the absence of vitamin deficiencies (20.9%) were most frequently reported. Overall, 28.5% were dissatisfied about instructions on MVS use, attention paid to MVS use during medical consultation and the extent to which personal preferences were taken into account. Conclusion: The attitude of bariatric patients towards MVS use is predominantly negative. It is important to provide accurate information on different options for MVS intake and collect information about patient's personal preferences when prescribing supplements. Improving adherence to MVS intake is challenging and requires implementation of a shared decision-making process, further optimization of MVS formulas and exploring options for reimbursement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), a broad-spectrum term comprising coronary artery disease, stroke, hypertension, and heart failure, presents as one of the most significant strains on global healthcare systems. Coronary artery disease, caused by atherosclerosis, has various modifiable risk factors such as dietary changes and exercise. Since these risk factors are found to be linked to oxidative stress and inflammations, the dietary supplementation with vitamins’ role in treating and preventing the diseases has been of much debate. With various vitamins having anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties, studies have explored their correlation with cardiovascular health. Therefore, this narrative review explores and evaluates the benefits and risks of all vitamin supplementations in patients with CVD and provides future recommendations.

Vitamin B12 deficiency, mostly of maternal origin in newborns, is a well-treatable condition but can cause severe neurologic sequelae in infants. Early detection of vitamin B12 deficiency allows the pre-symptomatic treatment of affected children. This evaluation assesses the characteristics of maternal vitamin B12 deficiency detected by newborn screening. In a prospective single-center study, a systematic screening strategy for vitamin B12 deficiency using a combination of two second-tier strategies was applied. In addition to confirmatory diagnostics in children, the systematic work-up of vitamin B12 status was also performed for their mothers. Maternal characteristics were assessed including ethnic origin, diet, and vitamin supplementation during pregnancy. For affected mothers, a work-up by internal medicine was recommended. In total, 121 mother–infant couples were analyzed. 66% of mothers adhered to a balanced diet including meat. The cause of maternal vitamin B12 deficiency was unknown in 56% of cases, followed by dietary causes in 32%, and organic causes in 8%. All mothers following a vegan diet and most mothers with a vegetarian diet took vitamin preparations during pregnancy, whereas only 55.8% of mothers with a balanced diet took folic acid or other vitamins. Maternal vitamin B12, folic acid, and homocysteine levels were significantly correlated with the child’s folic acid levels, and with homocysteine, methylmalonic, and methylcitric acid levels in first and second NBS dried blood spots. Most children had normal blood counts and showed normocytosis. Although 36.7% of mothers showed anemia, only one presented with macrocytosis. Adherence to vitamin supplementation in pregnancy is low despite the recommendation for supplementation of folic acid. Ideally, the evaluation of mothers for vitamin B12 levels and appropriate therapy should be initiated in early pregnancy. In infants detected through newborn screening, the multidisciplinary assessment and therapy of both children and mothers should be performed.

Objectives Maternal folic acid supplementation is considered mandatory in almost every country in the world to prevent congenital malformations. However, little is known about the association of maternal folic acid intake with the occurrence of childhood cancer. Hence, this study aimed to determine the effects of maternal folic acid consumption on the risk of childhood cancer. Methods A total of 158 related articles were obtained from PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and ProQuest using standardized keywords, of which 17 were included in the final review. Results Eleven of the 17 articles showed a significant protective association between maternal folic acid supplementation and childhood cancer. Using a random-effects model, pooled odds ratios (ORs) showed a protective association between maternal folic acid supplementation and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (OR, 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66 to 0.86). However, there was no significant association between maternal folic acid supplementation and acute myeloid leukaemia (OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.46 to 1.06) or childhood brain tumours (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.88 to 1.19). Conclusions Maternal folic acid supplementation was found to have a protective effect against childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Thus, healthcare professionals are recommended to provide regular health education and health promotion to the community on the benefits of folic acid supplementation during pregnancy.

Aim - analysis of data on the role of vitamin and carotenoid deficiency in the development of metabolic syndrome (MS), the consumption of individual vitamins and vitamin supplements, as well as estimation of the effectiveness of the use of vitamins in patients with MS. A review of the existing literature has been carried out in the databases of RINC, CyberLeninka, Google Scholar, Pubmed. The lack of vitamins is a risk factor for MS and its components. The diet of people with MS is characterized by excessive caloric content and at the same time contains an inadequate amount of most vitamins. The most frequent in patients with MS is the deficiency (blood level) of vitamin D, E, B vitamins, carotenoids. Among patients with MS, individuals with a reduced concentration of vitamins in the blood plasma are often found. In turn, among those with a deficiency of vitamins, MS is more often found. Low concentrations of 25(OH)D in the serum are associated with an increased risk of MS. An inverse association between the concentration of the hormonal form of vitamin 1.25(OH)2D3 in the serum and the development of MC has been found. In patients with MS, the α-tocopherol concentration associated with lipids is lower than in healthy individuals, and γ-tocopherol, on the contrary, is higher. Taking high doses of one of the vitamin E homologues shifts the balance between tocopherols in the blood plasma. Sufficient supply of the body with all vitamins involved in the formation of metabolically active forms of vitamins (D, B6, PP) is a necessary condition for the exercise of these biological functions by these vitamins. The lack of vitamins is a risk factor for MS and its components. Enrichment of the diet of patients with MS should be considered as a necessary favorable background for its treatment. Since the body has functional connections between vitamins, it is advisable to use not individual vitamins, but their complexes.

Numerous approaches demonstrate how nutritional intake can be sufficient to ensure the necessary supply of vitamins. However, it is evident that not all vitamins are contained in all foods, so it is necessary either to combine different food groups or to use a vitamin supplement to be well-fed. During pregnancy, deficiencies are often exacerbated due to increased energy and nutritional demands, causing adverse outcomes in mother and child. Micronutrient supplementation could lead to optimal pregnancy outcomes being essential for proper metabolic activities that are involved in tissue growth and functioning in the developing fetus. In order to establish adequate vitamin supplementation, various conditions should be considered, such as metabolism, nutrition and genetic elements. This review accurately evaluated vitamin requirements and possible toxic effects during pregnancy. Much attention was given to investigate the mechanisms of cell response and risk assessment of practical applications to improve quality of life. Importantly, genetic studies suggest that common allelic variants and polymorphisms may play an important role in vitamin metabolism during pregnancy. Changes in gene expression of different proteins involved in micronutrients’ metabolism may influence the physiological needs of the pregnant woman.

The COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences, including social isolation, movement restrictions and work instability have altered many people’s nutritional behaviors and daily lifestyle. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on selected eating habits, physical activity and daily lifestyle changes of Polish adults (n = 145). The self-designed and anonymous questionnaire was available online from the 1 May 2021 to the 15 May 2021. In general, 60% of respondents declared that the COVID-19 pandemic did not affect their dietary habits, whereas 26% of surveyed individuals answered in the affirmative. The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on changing dietary habits was differentiated by age (Pearson’s χ2 = 12.604; p = 0.0134). The number of meals consumed by respondents per day differed across gender groups (Pearson’s χ2 = 9.653; df = 4; p = 0.0466). An increase in body weight during the COVID-19 pandemic was reported by 43% of women and 7.6% of surveyed men. Additionally, hybrid working women declared most often an increase in body mass independent of age, education level and living place. Moreover, the majority of respondents who reported the effect of the pandemic on changing dietary habits also declared more frequent sweets consumption. The study revealed that respondents who stated more frequent sweets consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic were more likely associated with an increase in body mass (OR = 6.75, 95% CI, 6.75–91.25). No increase in the consumption of vitamin D, C and Mg supplements and pickled products was found.

Introduction: Proportion of aged people has increased due to improvement in longevity. With advancing age bones loose mass, get weakened, become more prone to osteoporotic fractures. Development of osteoporosis is silent with reduction in total bone mineral content. Bone mineral density is the most important parameter which can measure gravity of OP. The T-score of -2.5 or below indicates OP leading to fractures commonly in bones of spine, hip and distal extremities. Objective: Purpose of this review is to find out currently available as well as future approaches those could be beneficial in faster recoveries. Method: Major databases were searched from inception to till January 2020. Relevant main articles and cross references were evaluated. In addition, findings were compared to a previously published review. Pharmacological and bio-molecule interventions decrease bone depletion by reducing bone resorption and enhancing bone formation process, and other external stimuli like strengthening muscular and skeletal tissues are employed to prevent OP and accelerate fracture healing and normal functioning. Results: A literature review of such interventions showed that bisphosphonates and selective estrogen receptor modulator treatment reduces fracture risks in osteoporosis and increase callus formation during fracture repair but do not reduce total time of fracture healing. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and its analogues prevent OP by promoting callus formation as well as osteogenesis, enhance coupled remodelling and amount of mineralized tissue. When PTH is combined with bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) improve mechanical functioning by integrating new bone tissue with old bone tissue. Restraining and supportive therapies like the physical exercises could be beneficial to minimize gravity of osteoporosis. Electromagnetic field therapy and pulsed ultrasonic therapy could be useful after surgical management of fracture or delayed union. Conclusion: To identify the quantitative effect of these therapies in isolation or in combination, clinical trials under proper experimental settings are especially important. Unlike the therapies for fracture repair in nonosteoporotic patients, the line of treatment and duration of each therapy in isolation or in combination with pharmacological agents, biomolecules, physical stimuli, exercises and lifestyles are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is convincing evidence that vitamin D exerts important pathophysiological effects on the cardiovascular system. Low vitamin D status seems to be associated with increased cardiovascular risk in several reports. This review summarizes possible pathophysiological mechanisms for the role of low vitamin D status in cardiovascular diseases, existing epidemiologic evidence, as well as recently available data from interventional trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Mineral and vitamin injectable supplementation increase pregnancy rates. • Injectable supplementation reduces embryonic loss in very reactive females. • Very reactive non supplemented cows have the worst reproductive performance. • Calm supplemented cows have better reproductive performance. A high-reactivity herd temperament reduces productivity and profitability in cattle farming. In Bos taurus indicus (Nellore) cattle, we hypothesized that a higher reactivity score is associated with a lower pregnancy rate, and that injectable supplementation with minerals (Cu, Zn, Mn, Se) and vitamins (A, E) would increase the pregnancy rate and reduce embryonic mortality in very reactive cows. Injectable supplement or control treatments were administered on days 25 and 10 before fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI; Day 0 : day of FTAI). We selected 1722 cows 45 ± 7 days postpartum, with different behavioral reactivity levels, and a series of measures related to reproduction were measured. The cows were randomly grouped and received sc 1 mL/50 kg live weight of the supplement (n = 872) or placebo (n = 850), 25 and 10 days before the FTAI protocol (Day–25 and Day–10 respectively). On Day −10, devices containing 1 g progesterone were inserted into the vagina, and 2 mg estradiol benzoate was applied intramuscularly. On Day–2, the devices were removed and 530 µg of sodium d -cloprostenol, 300 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin, and 1 mg of estradiol cypionate were applied. At 48 h after final injection, the cows were subjected to FTAI (Day 0). On Day - 25 (25 days before IATF), temperament was graded as 3 to 12 using composite reactivity score (RS), which evaluates movement and breathing while the animal is in the cattle chute, and their escape velocity, and was used to classify cows as calm (RS ≤ 4; n = 590), reactive (RS 5 to 8; n = 573), and very reactive (RS ≥ 9; n = 559). On Day 0, calm cows had a higher largest follicle diameter on the FTAI compared to reactive and very reactive (14.4 + 0.2 vs. 13.6 + 0.4 and 13.2 + 0.2 mm, respectively; P = 0.03). Interactions were observed, where supplemented cows compared to those no supplemented had higher pregnancy on Day 30 (P = 0.04; 60.00 vs. 54.10 % calm and 58.00 vs. 52.50 % very reactive) and Day 60 (P = 0.03; 58.70 vs. 47.90 % calm, 52.20 vs. 49.10 % reactive and 48.40 vs. 41.30 % very reactive) and reduced embryonic loss at 30 to 60 d (P = 0.04; 2.00 vs. 6.10 % calm, 4.20 vs. 8.40 % reactive and 9.60 vs. 11.20 % very reactive). Supplementation on Days–25 and–10 improved pregnancy rates and reduced embryonic in calm and very reactive cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few years, growing interest has been shown for the impact of dietary requirements and nutritional factors on chronic diseases. As a result, nutritional programs have been reinforced by public health policies. The precise role of micronutrients in chronic liver disease is currently receiving particular attention since abnormalities in vitamin levels are often detected. At present, treatment programs are focused on correcting vitamin deficiencies, which are frequently correlated to higher rates of comorbidities with poor outcomes. The literature reviewed here indicates that liver diseases are often related to vitamin disorders, due to both liver impairment and abnormal intake. More specific knowledge about the role of vitamins in liver disease is currently emerging from various results and recent evidence. The most significant benefits in this area may be observed when improved vitamin intake is combined with a pharmacological treatment that may also affect the progression of the liver disease, especially in the case of liver tumors. However, further studies are needed.