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We studied the dynamics of the composition and diversity of breeding bird assemblage within the Central Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus in Minsk during 2016–2019 and compared with census data from breeding seasons of 1982–1985 and 1991–1992. Total 86 species were recorded and the breeding was confirmed for 59 of them. The interannual dynamics of breeding density for 42 species is analysed. Overall bird densities varied from 2.03 pairs/ha to 8.76 pairs/ha during single year; 16 species (Fringilla coelebs, Erithacus rubecula, Turdus merula, T. philomelos, T. pilaris, Parus major, Cyanistes caeruleus, Sylvia atricapilla, S. borin, S. curruca, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Ph. collybita, Ph. trochilus, Sturnus vulgaris, Pica pica and Columba palumbus) were shown to be the dominants in assemblage during these years. We found that there was increased in species richness (17 new breeding species appeared, 2 breeding species disappeared) and the overall breeding bird density (by almost 3– 4 times) since 1982. The main factors explaining the dynamics of some assemblage characteristics such as synurbization of some bird species and change in habitat structure are discussed.

Saropogon geniculatus Loew, 1869 Figs 3, 27 Saropogon geniculatus Loew, 1869: 92, type locality: Grusien [Georgia]; Engel 1930: 457; Shtakelberg 1933: 120; Richter 1964: 341 (Armenia); 1968: 135 (Transcaucasia); 1969: 519 (Transcaucasia); Lehr 1988: 262. Diagnosis. Body length 10.0–16.0 mm. Mystax white. Ocellar and postocular setae white. Scutum silvery tomentose with short white setae and macrosetae. Scutellum with 2–4 white apical macrosetae. Pleuron silvery tomentose without setae. Wings brownish. Legs reddish yellow with white setae and macrosetae. Femora with black stripe dorsally. Tergites black, with white stripe posteriorly. Hypopygium black with white setae (Richter 1968). Specimens examined. No specimens were examined. Prey. Astata sp., Tachysphex panzeri (both—Hymenoptera, Sphecidae), Chelonus oculator (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) sp. (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae) (Richter 1968). Distribution. Transcaucasia (Armenia, Georgia)., Published as part of Sakhvon, Vital V., 2020, Review of the genus Saropogon Loew, 1847 (Diptera: Asilidae) from Russia Transcaucasia and Central Asia, with description of three new species, pp. 577-591 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on page 579, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/4414391, {"references":["Loew, H. (1869) Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweiflugeligen Insecten. In: Meigen, V. J. W., Beschreibung europaischer Dipteren. Zweiter Band. Halle, H. W. Schmidt, pp. 1 - 310. [in German]","Shtakelberg, A. A. (1933) Key to the Flies of European part of the USSR. AS USSR, Leningrad, pp. 1 - 742.","Richter, V. A. (1964) Zoogeographical characteristics of the robber-flies fauna (Diptera, Asilidae) of the Caucasus. Entomologicheskoye obozrenie, XLIII (2), 335 - 346. [in Russian]","Lehr, P. A. (1988) Family Asilidae. In: Soos, A. & Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Volume 5: Athericidae- Asilidae. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, pp. 197 - 326.","Richter, V. A. (1968) Robber flies (Diptera, Asilidae) of Caucasus. In: Bychovskiy, B. E. (Eds.), Key to the fauna of the USSR published by the Zoological Institute of AS USSR. Vol. 97. Nauka, Leningrad, pp. 1 - 285. [in Russian]"]}

Saropogon dasynotus Loew, 1871 Figs 2, 27 Saropogon dasynotus Loew, 1871: 80, type locality: Sarawschanthal [Tajikistan]; Engel 1930: 453; Lehr 1961: 129 (Kazakhstan); Lehr 1988: 262. Diagnosis. Body length 10.0–18.0 mm. Mystax with dense golden macrosetae occupying the lower half of the face. Distance from upper margin of mystax to antennal sockets equal to or shorter than length of scape and pedicel combined. Face reddish brown with golden tomentum.Antenna reddish brown, but postpedicel dark brown apically; scape and pedicel with goldish and dark brown setae, postpedicel sometimes with a few black setae. First segment of palpus reddish brown, second segment dark brown. Ocellar setae golden, in length reaching the apex of pedicel; postocular macrosetae golden. Thorax black, scutum with dense yellow setae, equal to length of scape, all macrosetae golden. Scutellum with 6–8 golden apical macrosetae. Postpronotal lobe and postalar callus reddish brown, pleuron shiny, silvery tomentose on margins, without setae. Third medial cell of wing closed. Femora black with reddish yellow at apex, tibiae and tarsi reddish brown. Tergites shiny black with dense yellowish setae, tergites I–IV and sometimes tergite V, with reddish yellow stripe posteriorly covered by silvery tomentum. Hypopygium dark brown with yellow and brown setae. Specimens examined. Kazakhstan: Turkistan Reg., Kelessky Distr., Tenteksay, [41 º 38’23’’N 68 º 20’18’’E], 5–22.V.1957, P. Lehr, 6♂, 8♀ (IBSS); Baymuratsay, [41 º 31’04’’N 68 º 42’00’’E], 5.VI.1958, P. Lehr, 1♂ (IBSS); Beskotan, [41 º 17’22’’N 68 º 36’27’’E], 10.V.1959, P. Lehr, 1♂, 2♀ (IBSS); Betpakdala, [44 º 11’8’’N 69 º 11’46’’E], 23–31.V.1959, P. Lehr, 6♂, 7♀ (IBSS); south-eastern Kyzylkum, [41 º 47’8’’N 67 º 42’58’’E], 13–22.VI.1961, P. Lehr, 2♂, 3♀ (IBSS); same place, 18–24.V.1961, G. Nikolaev, 2♀ (IBSS). Uzbekistan: Nuratau Mount., Yamchisay, [40 º 14’10’’N 67 º 15’16’’E], 12.VI.1960, P. Lehr, 2♀ (IBSS); same place, 8–10.VII.1960, P. Lehr, 2♂ (IBSS); S Samarkand, [39 º 31’45’’N 67 º 4’45’’E], 7.VII.1952, Bronshtein, 1♀ (IBSS). Tajikistan: Karatau Mts., [38 º 1’46’’N 69 º 4’54’’E], 9.VI.1960, I. Lopatin, 2♀ (IBSS). 10 km N Garavuti, Vakhsh Riv., [37 º 35’37’’N 68 º 27’40’’E], 1– 2.V.1987, A. Lelej, N. Kurzenko, 18♂, 9♀ (IBSS, BSU). Ura-Tjube, Shahristan, [39 o 46’37’’N 68 o 48’47’’E], 11.VII.1971, P. Lehr, 1♀ (IBSS). Nosiri Khusrav Distr., S. Aktau, [37 o 9’48’’N 67 o 59’29’’E], 14.IV.1977, G. Nikolaev, 1♀ (IBSS). Shahrtuz Distr., Shahrtuz, [37 o 13’28’’N 68 o 9’23’’E], 15–16.IV.1977, G. Nikolaev, 4♂, 2♀ (IBSS). Tigrovaya Balka Res., [37 o 15’37’’N 68 o 27’36’’E], 21.IV.1978, Baratov, 2♂ (IBSS). Khatlon Reg., Levakant, Tabak- chi Mts., [37 º 55’46’’N 68 º 54’9’’E], 4.V.2007, O. Pak, 1♂ (BSU). Prey. Coreidae (Heteroptera) (1), Scarabaeidae (Blytopertha variabilis (1); Alliculidae (1)), Braconidae (1), Mutillidae (1), Apidae (9) (Lehr 1964a); Calliptamus turanicus (Acrididae) (Mishchenko 1952); Apidae (1), Hemictenius nigrociliatus (2) (Melolonthidae) (unpublished data). Distribution. Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Tunisia, Turkey., Published as part of Sakhvon, Vital V., 2020, Review of the genus Saropogon Loew, 1847 (Diptera: Asilidae) from Russia Transcaucasia and Central Asia, with description of three new species, pp. 577-591 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on pages 578-579, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/4414391, {"references":["Loew, H. (1871) Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweiflugeligen Insecten. In: Meigen, V. J. W., Beschreibung europaischer Dipteren. Zweiter Band. Halle, H. W. Schmidt, pp. 1 - 319. [in German]","Lehr, P. A. (1961) Overview of robber flies (Diptera, Asilidae) of southern Kazakhstan. Proceedings of the Kazakh research institute of plant protection, VI, 96 - 130. [in Russian]","Lehr, P. A. (1988) Family Asilidae. In: Soos, A. & Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Volume 5: Athericidae- Asilidae. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, pp. 197 - 326.","Lehr, P. A. (1964 a) About nutrition and the role of robber flies. Proceedings of the Kazakh research institute of plant protection, VIII, 214 - 244. [in Russian]","Mishchenko, L. L. (1952) Acridoidea (Сatantopinae). In: Pavlovskiy, E. N. (Eds.), Fauna USSR. Orthoptera. Vol. IV. Part 2. Akademiya Nauk USSR, Moscow-Leningrad, pp. 1 - 610. [in Russian]"]}

Genus Saropogon Loew, 1847 Saropogon Loew, 1847: 439; Back 1909: 344; Engel 1930: 443; Hull 1962: 276; Richter 1968: 134; 1969: 519; Lehr 1961: 129; Lehr 1988: 261. Type species: Dasypogon luctuosus Wiedemann, 1820, by subsequent designation (Coquillett, 1910: 603). The species of the genus Saropogon Loew, 1847 are medium sized flies with the marginal cell and all of the posterior cells widely open; the anal cell is widely open or narrowly closed. The head and abdomen droop and the head, in anterior view, is noticeably broader than high. The face is usually plane and without setae, except on the lower third or less and the setae are often confined to the epistomal margin. The protibial process is short and its spine is often twisted. The antennae are approximately as long as the head in lateral view. Acrostichal macrosetae on the mesonotum are differentiated. Femora with macrosetae greatly reduced or nearly absent. The abdomen is cylindroid, at most slightly tapered. The general coloration is often pale, sometimes black. The species of this genus tend to be variable and the sexes are often sexually dimorphic in color (Back 1909; Hull 1962)., Published as part of Sakhvon, Vital V., 2020, Review of the genus Saropogon Loew, 1847 (Diptera: Asilidae) from Russia Transcaucasia and Central Asia, with description of three new species, pp. 577-591 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on page 578, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/4414391, {"references":["Loew, H. (1847) Uber die europaischen Raubfliegen (Diptera, Asilica). Linnaea Entomologica, 2, 384 - 568. [in German] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11475","Back, E. A. (1909) The robber flies of America, north of Mexico, belonging to the subfamilies Leptogastrinae and Dasypogoninae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 35, 137 - 400. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 9381","Hull, F. M. (1962) Robber Flies of the World: The Genera of the Family Asilidae. In: Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum. Bulletin 224. Part 2. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Washington, D. C., pp. 431 - 906. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 03629236.224","Richter, V. A. (1968) Robber flies (Diptera, Asilidae) of Caucasus. In: Bychovskiy, B. E. (Eds.), Key to the fauna of the USSR published by the Zoological Institute of AS USSR. Vol. 97. Nauka, Leningrad, pp. 1 - 285. [in Russian]","Richter, V. A. (1969) Fam. Asilidae-Robber flies. In: Stakelberg, A. A., Narchuk, E. P. (Eds.), Key to the insects of European part of the USSR in five volumes. Vol. V. Diptera, Siphonaptera. Part. 1. Nauka, Leningrad, pp. 504 - 531. [in Russian]","Lehr, P. A. (1961) Overview of robber flies (Diptera, Asilidae) of southern Kazakhstan. Proceedings of the Kazakh research institute of plant protection, VI, 96 - 130. [in Russian]","Lehr, P. A. (1988) Family Asilidae. In: Soos, A. & Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Volume 5: Athericidae- Asilidae. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, pp. 197 - 326.","Coquillett, D. W. (1910) The type-species of the North American genera of Diptera. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 37, 499 - 647. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.37 - 1719.499"]}

Saropogon pittoproctus Loew, 1873 Figs 5, 27 Saropogon pittoproctus Loew, 1873: 124, type locality: Samarkand [Uzbekistan]; Engel 1930: 463; Lehr 1958: 187 (Kazakhstan); 1961: 130 (Kazakhstan); 1964b: 308 (Kazakhstan); Richter 1975: 339; Lehr 1988: 264. Diagnosis. Body length 9.0–14.0 mm. Mystax macrosetae white. Face reddish yellow with silver greyish or golden tomentum as well as frons. Vertex shiny black. Ocellar and lower occipital setae, postocular setae and macrosetae white or yellowish. Antenna reddish yellow, but postpedicel reddish brown at apex. Palpus reddish yellow. Thorax reddish yellow, but scutum dark brown in dorsal view, with golden tomentum. Scutum with all setae and macrosetae yellowish. Scutellum usually with 2 yellow apical macrosetae. Legs reddish yellow, hind femur brown at apex; setae and macrosetae golden, some of them brownish on hind tarsomeres. Tergites I–III reddish yellow, from tergite IV they become reddish brown, last tergite sometimes can be dark brown. Hypopygium dark brown with brownish setae. Specimens examined. Russia. Kalmykia, Yashkulsky Distr., 23 km SSE Hulhuta, [46 º 7’18’’N 46 º 36’24’’E], M. Proshchalykin, V. Loktionov, M. Mokrousov, 4♀ (BSU). Kazakhstan: Turkistan Reg., Shardara Distr., E Shardara, [41 º 15’30’’N 68 º 2’46’’E], 30.VII.1973, N. Kurzenko, 3♂, 2♀ (IBSS); south-eastern Kyzylkum, [41 º 47’8’’N 67 º 42’58’’E], 13.VI–7.VIII.1959, P. Lehr, 10♂, 15♀ (IBSS); same place, 9.VI–2.VII.1960, P. Lehr, 5♂, 6♀ (IBSS); same place, 2.VI–16.VII.1961, P. Lehr, 3♂, 1♀ (IBSS); same place, 7.VI–5.VIII.1961, G. Niko- laev, 13♂, 14♀ (IBSS); Kelessky Distr., Abay, [41 º 30’58’’N 69 º 9’42’’E], 2.VII.1958, P. Lehr, 1♂, 2♀ (IBSS); Betpakdala, [44 º 11’8’’N 69 º 11’46’’E], 28.VI–29.VII.1959, P. Lehr, 2♂, 3♀ (IBSS). Zhetisay Distr., Asykata, Syr Darya Riv., [40 º 55’45’’N 68 º 27’51’’E], 15.VIII.1961, G. Nikolaev, 1♀ (IBSS). Almaty Reg., Sartagoy, Charyn River, [43 o 47’55’’N 79 o 26’32’’E], 6.VII.1962, P. Lehr, 4♀ (IBSS); same place, 4–5.VII.1965, P. Lehr, 3♀ (IBSS); same place, 24.VI–3.VII.1966, P. Lehr, 1♂, 1♀ (IBSS); Ayakkalkan, [43 o 51’8’’N 78 o 24’9’’E], 11.VIII.1966, P. Lehr, 1♂, 1♀ (IBSS); Ili Riv., [44 o 17’47’’N 76 o 40’53’’E], 13–16.VII.1952, P. Lehr, 2♂, 1♀ (IBSS); Kapcha- gay, [43 o 50’19’’N 77 o 3’24’’E], 14.VII.1973, P. Lehr, 1♀ (IBSS); Aksu Distr., 11 km E Zhansugirov, [45 o 23’4’’N 79 o 40’29’’E], 17.VI.1969, P. Lehr, 1♂ (IBSS); Alakol Distr., Kabanbay, [45 o 51’23’’N 80 o 34’14’’E], 17.VI.1970, G. Nikolaev, 1♂ (IBSS); Usharal, [46 o 9’43’’N 80 o 55’32’’E], 17.VII.1964, P. Lehr, 1♂ (IBSS). Jambyl Reg., Chu River, Moiynkum, 30 km SW Ulanbel, [44 o 40’41’’N 70 o 52’56’’E], 16–17.VII.1972, P. Lehr, 1♂, 3♀ (IBSS); Moi- ynkum Distr., 8 km NW Moiynkum, [44 º 18’34’’N 72 º 50’59’’E], 6–18.VII.1975, V. Kazenas, 1♂, 1♀ (IBSS). East Kazakhstan Reg., [46 o 47’54’’N 81 o 36’51’’E], 26.VI.1963, P. Lehr, 4♂, 1♀ (IBSS). Mangyshlak, Mangystau Reg., Mangystau Distr., Ondy, [44 o 1’41’’N 52 o 26’13’’E], 20–21.VI.1961, V. Kazenas, 2♂, 1♀ (IBSS); Tupkaragan Distr., Fort Shevchenko, [44 o 29’1’’N 50 o 16’37’’E], 12.VII.1962, I. Scopina, 1♂ (IBSS). Uzbekistan: Nuratau Mount., Yamchisay, [40 º 14’10’’N 67 º 15’16’’E], 28.VI.1961, P. Lehr, 1♂ (IBSS). Turkmenistan: 10 km S Magtymguly, [38 º 20’45’’N 56 º 17’23’’E], 8–10.VI.1976, A. Lelej, 2♂, 1♀ (IBSS); same place, 9.VI.1976, N. Kurzenko, 2♂, 3♀ (IBSS). Bayramaly, [37 º 31’20’’N 62 º 17’1’’E], 9–17.VI.1968, A. Lelej, 2♂, 1♀ (IBSS). Anau, [37 º 48’47’’N 58 º 29’17’’E], 18.VI.1976, N. Kurzenko, 1♂ (IBSS). Western Karakum, Akhcha-Kuyma, [39 º 20’56’’N 55 º 10’6’’E], 2–6.VI.1976, N. Kurzenko & A. Lelej, 13♂, 7♀ (IBSS); same place, 1.VI.1985, N. Kurzenko, 2♂ (IBSS); same place, 1–6.VI.1988, P. Lehr, N. Kurzenko, A. Lelej, 5♂, 3♀ (IBSS). Farap, [39 º 10’38’’N 63 º 38’8’’E], 20.VI.1968, A. Lelej, 2♀ (IBSS). Dzhu-Dzhu-Klu, 50 km NE Tedzhen, [37 º 48’6’’N 61 º 24’0’’E], 24.V.1985, A. Lelej, 1♀ (IBSS). 5 km N Kushka, Morgunovka, [35 o 18’35’’N 62 o 17’51’’E], 27.V.1985, A. Lelej, 1♂ (IBSS). 60 km E Balkanabad, [39 º 36’46’’N 55 º 2’26’’E], 1–2.VI.1988, P. Lehr, N. Kurzenko, A. Lelej, 5♂, 10♀ (IBSS). Tajikistan: Khatlon Reg., Shaartuz, Dzharkurgan, [37º12’11’’N 68º12’10’’E], 10.V.2006, O. Pak, 2♀ (BSU). Prey. Apidae (18), Chalcitidae (1) (both—Hymenoptera), Asilidae (Saropogon pittoproctus) (Diptera) (1) (Lehr 1961, 1964a); Halictus sp. (2) (Hymenoptera), Heteroptera (1), Diptera (1) (unpublished data). Distribution. Russia [Kalmykia] (new record), Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia, Egypt., Published as part of Sakhvon, Vital V., 2020, Review of the genus Saropogon Loew, 1847 (Diptera: Asilidae) from Russia Transcaucasia and Central Asia, with description of three new species, pp. 577-591 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on pages 580-581, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/4414391, {"references":["Loew, H. (1873) Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweiflugeligen Insecten. In: Meigen, V. J. W., Beschreibung europaischer Dipteren. Dritter Band. Halle, H. W. Schmidt, pp. 1 - 320. [in German]","Lehr, P. A. (1958) To the biology and the meaning of Robber flies (Asilidae - Diptera). Proceedings of the Institute of Zoology of AS KSSR, VIII, 173 - 196. [in Russian]","Richter, V. F. (1975) Asilidae, Subfamily Dasypogoninae (Diptera). Ergebnisse der zoologischen Forschungen von Dr. Z. Kaszab in der Mongolei. Folia Entomologica Hungarica, XXVIII (2), 337 - 340.","Lehr, P. A. (1988) Family Asilidae. In: Soos, A. & Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Volume 5: Athericidae- Asilidae. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, pp. 197 - 326.","Lehr, P. A. (1961) Overview of robber flies (Diptera, Asilidae) of southern Kazakhstan. Proceedings of the Kazakh research institute of plant protection, VI, 96 - 130. [in Russian]","Lehr, P. A. (1964 a) About nutrition and the role of robber flies. Proceedings of the Kazakh research institute of plant protection, VIII, 214 - 244. [in Russian]"]}

Saropogon aliyevi sp. nov. Figs 18–27 Diagnosis. (Figs 18–21). Body length 12.0–14.0 (holotype 12.0) mm. Mystacal macrosetae white, in lateral view almost reaching apex of proboscis (Fig. 18). Orbital and ocellar setae white; postocular setae and macrosetae white. Antenna brown, scape and pedicel reddish yellow at base, pospedicel reddish yellow at base and middle. Thorax black. Scutum with short white and black setae (Fig. 19). Pleuron silvery tomentose, without setae, katatergite with few white setae and macrosetae (Fig. 21). 1 white dorsocentral setae or none, 2 notopleural, 2 supra- and 2–3 postalar setae white. Scutellum reddish on margin, with 2 white apical macrosetae. Wings are darkened anteroproximally. Fore femur reddish yellow with a dorsal and ventral brown stripe. Mid and hind femora dark brown, reddish yellow at base and apex. Tibiae reddish yellow, dark brown at apex. Fore and mid tarsi dark brown, hind tarsus black. Tergites shiny black with white setae. Tergites I–IV, sometimes V, with reddish brown stripe posteriorly in dorsal view and laterally in lateral view. Hypopygium reddish brown with white setae (Figs 20–21). Description. Male. Head black. The face is plane. Clypeus and gena reddish. Face with golden brown tomentum. Frons silvery tomentose. Mystax confined to lower facial margin with dense white macrosetae, in lateral view almost reaching apex of proboscis. Distance from upper margin of mystax to antennal sockets longer than length of scape and pedicel combined. First segment of palpus dark brown, second segment reddish brown. Palpus with long white setae. Proboscis dark brown with white setae at base and apex. Orbital setae white. Ocellar setae white, less than length of scape. Postocular setae and macrosetae white. Lower occipital setae white.Antenna brown. Scape and pedicel reddish yellow at base, with white setae, pospedicel reddish yellow at base and in the middle. Style wide and beveled with seta-like sensory element; equal to 1/3 of scape length (Fig. 18). Thorax black. Median and paramedian stripes in presutural area of scutum and sutural area silvery tomentose. Scutum with wide stripe of silvery tomentum extending from anterior margin to scutellum in lateral view. Scutum with short white and black setae. Pleuron black, silvery tomentose and without setae, but katatergite with few white setae and macrosetae. Anepimeron reddish dorsally. Postpronotal lobe clearly reddish yellow, silvery tomentose and without setae. Postalar callus reddish with silvery tomentum. Scutellum reddish on margin, with 2 white apical macrosetae; disk silvery tomentose, without setae. Notum with 1 white dorsocentral seta or none. 2 notopleural, 2 supra- and 2–3 postalar setae white (Figs 19–20). Wings are darkened anteroproximally due to dense brown microtrichia along veins, veins brown (Fig. 20). Legs. Coxae reddish yellow, black laterally, silvery tomentose, with white setae and macrosetae. Trochanters reddish yellow with silvery tomentum. Fore femur reddish yellow with brown stripe dorsally and a light brown one ventrally, not reaching the apex. Mid and hind femora dark brown, reddish yellow at base and apex. Femora and tibiae with white setae. Fore and mid tibiae reddish yellow, dark brown at apex. Hind tibia reddish yellow at 1/3 of its length, dark brown distally. Tibiae with golden macrosetae, some of them brown at apex of tibiae. Fore and mid tarsi dark brown, hind tarsus black, with black macrosetae, some of them golden. Spine on fore tibia black. Claws dark brown, reddish yellow at base. Pulvillus well developed, reddish yellow, longer than 2/3 of claw length (Fig. 21). Abdomen. Tergites shiny black with white setae; tergite I with white macrosetae laterally. Tergites I–IV, sometimes V, with reddish brown stripe posteriorly in dorsal and lateral view (Figs 20–21). Hypopygium reddish brown, rotated 90 o to the right, with white setae becoming longer and denser towards the apex. Epandrium divided in the middle into two halves. Gonocoxite elongated, with two narrow process on posterior margin. Aedeagus elongated and curved in the middle. Apodeme of ejaculator large and rounded (Figs 21–26). Body length Range 12.0–14.0 (holotype 12.0) mm. Female. Unknown. Specimens examined. Holotype, ♂: Azerbaijan, Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Shahbuz Reg., Salasuz, [39 o 23’44’’N 45 o 30’16’’E], 30.VII.2018, M. Proshchalykin, ♂ (BSU). Paratypes: same place, 30.VII.2018, M. Proshchalykin, 2♂ (BSU). Distribution. Azerbaijan. Etymology. The specific name is dedicated to the hymenopterist Khalid Ali Aga ogly Aliyev (1949–2019) who helped collect these robber flies., Published as part of Sakhvon, Vital V., 2020, Review of the genus Saropogon Loew, 1847 (Diptera: Asilidae) from Russia Transcaucasia and Central Asia, with description of three new species, pp. 577-591 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on pages 586-589, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/4414391

Saropogon tajikistanensis sp. nov. Figs 6–9, 27 Diagnosis. Female. (Figs 6–9). Body length 14.0–15.0 mm. Face and frons with golden tomentum. Mystax yellow; upper margin of mystax reaches middle of eye. (Fig. 7). Orbital setae mainly black; ocellar setae mainly yellow; postocular setae black, macrosetae yellow. Thorax black, postpronotal lobe clearly reddish yellow. Scutum, in lateral view, with wide stripe of silvery tomentum from anterior to scutellum. Scutum with short black setae; 2–6 dorsocentral setae black. 2–4 notopleural, 2 supra- and 2 postalar setae black, some of them yellow. Scutellum with 2 long and 2 short black apical macrosetae (Fig. 8). Wings are darkened anteroproximally. Fore and mid femora reddish brown, with dark brown base and dark brown stripe dorsally. Fore and mid tibiae reddish brown. Hind femur dark brown, reddish brown at apex. Hind tibia dark brown only at base. All tarsomeres reddish (Fig. 6). Tergites shiny black with short black setae (Fig. 9); tergites II–III reddish brown, with stripe of silvery tomentum posterolaterally. Sternites and last tergite with dense short yellow setae. Description. Female. Head dark brown. Face and frons with golden tomentum. Mystaх yellow, longer than 2/3 of proboscis length. Upper margin of mystax reaches middle of eye. Distance from upper margin of mystax to antennal sockets equal to or longer than length of scape and pedicel combined. Orbital setae mostly black, some yellow. Palpus black with black setae. 5–7 ocellar setae yellow, some of them brownish, equal to length of scape and pedicel combined. Postocular setae short and black, macrosetae yellow. Lower occipital setae mainly yellow, but some black anteriorly.Antenna reddish brown, but postpedicel dark brown apically. Length of scape and pedicel combined equal to or longer than half of length of postpedicel. Style wide and beveled with seta-like sensory element; equal to 1/3 of scape in length. Scape and pedicel with black setae and macrosetae. Proboscis black with a few long yellow setae at base and short white setae at apex (Fig. 7). Thorax black. Golden tomentum on presutular area of scutum and silvery tomentum on postsutural area form stripes and spots in dorsal view and a with wide stripe of silvery tomentum extending from the anterior margin to scutellum in lateral view. Pleuron shiny, with golden tomentum anterodorsally; setae lacking. Postpronotal lobe clearly reddish yellow, with 1–3 yellow setae. Scutum with short black setae. 2–6 dorsocentral setae black which don’t reach transverse suture; 2–4 notopleural, 2 supra- and 2 postalar setae black, some of them yellow. Scutellum silvery tomentose with 2 long and 2 short black apical macrosetae (Fig. 8). Wings are darkened anteroproximally due to dense yellowish microtrichia along veins; veins brownish (Fig. 9). Legs. Coxae black with bronze tomentum. Fore coxa with dense long yellow setae. Trochanters black. Fore and mid femora reddish brown with dark brown base and dark brown stripe dorsally. Hind femur dark brownish on 2/3 of length and reddish brown at apex. Fore and mid tibiae reddish brown, hind tibia dark brownish only at base. Femora and tibiae with short black setae, which at apex of tibiae and on tarsi are replaced with yellow setae. Fore, mid and hind tibiae with black macrosetae. All tarsomeres reddish with dense yellow setae and black macrosetae at apex. Spine on fore tibia black. Claws dark brown. Pulvillus well developed, reddish yellow, longer than 2/3 of claw length (Fig. 6). Abdomen. Tergites shiny black with short black setae; tergites II–III reddish brown with stripe of silvery tomentum posterolaterally. Sternites and last tergite with dense short yellow setae. Acanthophorite spines dark brown (Fig. 9). Body length range 14–15 (holotype 15) mm. Male. Unknown. Specimens examined. Holotype, ♀: Tajikistan. Nurobod Distr., Tabakchi Range (h= 1000 m), Darband, [38 º 52’04’’N 69 º 57’37’’E], 29.V.2004, O. Pak (BSU). Paratypes: Tajikistan, Varzob Distr., Varzob Riv. [38 º 46’25’’N 68 º 49’04’’E], 8.VI.1939, A. Vainshtein, sex unidentified (specimen damaged, without abdomen and some legs) (IBSS). Vakhsh Range (h= 1200 m), Pushta-Mazot, [37 º 40’36’’N 68 º 53’51’’E], 25.VI.1957, I. Lopatin, sex unidentified (specimen damaged, without abdomen) (IBSS). Distribution. Tajikistan. Etymology. The specific name refers to Tajikistan, where this species occurs., Published as part of Sakhvon, Vital V., 2020, Review of the genus Saropogon Loew, 1847 (Diptera: Asilidae) from Russia Transcaucasia and Central Asia, with description of three new species, pp. 577-591 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on pages 581-584, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/4414391

Saropogon alternatus Loew, 1873 Figs 1, 27 Saropogon alternatus Loew, 1873: 127, type locality: Samarkand, Soch und Schagimardan [Uzbekistan]; Engel 1930: 449; Abbassian-Lintzen 1964: 431; Hayat et al. 2008: 183; Lehr 1988: 261. Diagnosis. Body length 10.0–13.0 mm. Mystax largely confined to oral margin, white, in length equal to 2/3 of proboscis length. Face golden tomentose. Ocellar setae white, as long as scape. Postocular macrosetae white. Palpus reddish yellow.Antenna reddish yellow, apex brown. Scutum reddish brown in dorsal view, with short yellowish setae. Pleuron mainly reddish brown, silvery or golden tomentose without setae. Dorsocentral macrosetae commonly absent, other macrosetae yellow. In lateral view, a definite reddish yellow stripe extends from anterior margin of scutum to scutellum. Scutellum with 2–4 yellowish apical macrosetae. Legs reddish yellow with yellowish setae, the macrosetae on tibiae and tarsi yellow and brown, especially on tarsi. Abdomen reddish yellow. In dorsal view, tergites I–III anteriorly reddish yellow with reddish brown stripe, tergites IV–V with reddish brown stripes broken in the middle and tergites VI–VII completely reddish yellow. Hypopygium reddish brown with yellow setae. Specimens examined. Uzbekistan: Nuratau Mount., Yamchisay, [40 º 14’10’’N 67 º 15’16’’E], 8–10.VII.1960, P. Lehr, 4♀, same place, 28. VI.1961, P. Lehr, 1♂ (IBSS, BSU). Distribution. Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Iran, Morocco., Published as part of Sakhvon, Vital V., 2020, Review of the genus Saropogon Loew, 1847 (Diptera: Asilidae) from Russia Transcaucasia and Central Asia, with description of three new species, pp. 577-591 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on page 578, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/4414391, {"references":["Loew, H. (1873) Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweiflugeligen Insecten. In: Meigen, V. J. W., Beschreibung europaischer Dipteren. Dritter Band. Halle, H. W. Schmidt, pp. 1 - 320. [in German]","Abbassian-Lintzen, R. (1964). Asilidae (Diptera) of Iran. I. Robber flies belonging to the subfamilies Laphriinae and Dasypogoninae (with description of new species). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 13, 7 (79), 417 - 435. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222936408651481","Hayat, R., Ghahari, H., Lavigne, R. & Ostovan, H. (2008) Iranian Asilidae (Insecta: Diptera). Turkish journal of zoology, 32, 175 - 195.","Lehr, P. A. (1988) Family Asilidae. In: Soos, A. & Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Volume 5: Athericidae- Asilidae. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, pp. 197 - 326."]}

Saropogon platynotus (Loew, 1847) Fig 27 Saropogon platynotus (Loew, 1847): 443, type locality: Makri und Patara [Turkey], Engel 1930: 464; Richter 1964: 341 (Transcaucasia); 1968: 137 (Armenia, Azerbaijan); 1969: 519; Lehr 1988: 264; Ghahari et al. 2007: 4; Mohammadi et al. 2017: 252; Fidalgo & van den Broek 2019: 9. Diagnosis. Body length 9.0–15.0 mm. Mystax white. Palpus with black setae. Postocular macrosetae yellowish. Lower occipital setae black. Scape and pedicel reddish yellow, postpedicel black, reddish yellow at base. Scutum with yellow setae; macrosetae yellow, black or mixed. Scutellum with 6 black apical macrosetae. Anepisternum silvery tomentose dorsally. Wings clear in male. Legs with short black and yellow setae, macrosetae mainly black, some of them yellow. Fore, mid and hind femora black, reddish at apex, fore and mid tibiae reddish yellow; fore and mid tarsi reddish brown, hind tibia and tarsus black in male. Tergites shiny black with black and yellow setae. Hypopygium black with black setae and macrosetae. Specimens examined. No specimens were examined. Prey. Andrena sp. (2), Halictus sp. (2) (both—Hymenoptera, Apidae) (Richter 1968), Ectemnius continuus, Philanthus triangulum (both—Hymenoptera, Crabronidae) (Ghahari et al. 2007). Distribution. Transcaucasia (Armenia, Azerbaijan), Turkey,? Croatia,? Spain, Iran,? Tunisia., Published as part of Sakhvon, Vital V., 2020, Review of the genus Saropogon Loew, 1847 (Diptera: Asilidae) from Russia Transcaucasia and Central Asia, with description of three new species, pp. 577-591 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on page 581, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/4414391, {"references":["Loew, H. (1847) Uber die europaischen Raubfliegen (Diptera, Asilica). Linnaea Entomologica, 2, 384 - 568. [in German] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11475","Richter, V. A. (1964) Zoogeographical characteristics of the robber-flies fauna (Diptera, Asilidae) of the Caucasus. Entomologicheskoye obozrenie, XLIII (2), 335 - 346. [in Russian]","Lehr, P. A. (1988) Family Asilidae. In: Soos, A. & Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Volume 5: Athericidae- Asilidae. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, pp. 197 - 326.","Ghahari, H., Lehr, P. A., Lavigne, R. J., Hayat, R. & Ostovan, H. (2007) New records of robber flies (Diptera, Asilidae) for the Iranian fauna with their prey records. Far Eastern Entomologist, 179, 1 - 9.","Mohammadi, R., Khaghaninia, S. & Astakhov, D. (2017) Study of the robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae) in East and West Azerbaijan provinces of Iran, with two new species records for the country. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics, 3 (3), 247 - 255.","Fidalgo, A. & van den Broek, R. (2019) Checklist de Fauna Iberica. Familia Asilidae (Arthropoda: Insecta: Diptera) en la peninsula iberica e islas Baleares (edicion 2019). In: Ramos, M. A. & Sanchez Ruiz, M. (Eds.), Documentos Fauna Iberica. Vol. 9. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, pp. 2 - 16.","Richter, V. A. (1968) Robber flies (Diptera, Asilidae) of Caucasus. In: Bychovskiy, B. E. (Eds.), Key to the fauna of the USSR published by the Zoological Institute of AS USSR. Vol. 97. Nauka, Leningrad, pp. 1 - 285. [in Russian]"]}

Nine species of the genus Saropogon Loew, 1847 are reviewed. Saropogon aliyevi Sakhvon sp. nov. (Azerbaijan), S. astakhovi Sakhvon sp. nov. (Armenia) and S. tajikistanensis Sakhvon sp. nov. (Tajikistan) are described and illustrated. The distribution of some species is increased. Saropogon pittoproctus Loew, 1873 is recorded from Russia (Kalmykia) for the first time. Records of prey of some of the Saropogon species are presented. An identification key to males of the species is given.

Saropogon megriensis V. Richter, 1966 Figs 4, 27 Saropogon megriensis V. Richter, 1966: 416, type locality «Vardanadzor» [Meghrinsky Distr., Armenia]; Richter 1964: 341 (Armenia); 1968: 136 (Armenia); Lehr 1988: 263; Mohammadi et al. 2017: 252. Diagnosis. Body length 15.0 mm. Face golden tomentose, frons and vertex greyish yellow tomentose. Mystax white; ocellar setae, postocular setae white. Scutum with short yellow and black setae, macrosetae mainly black. Scutellum with 2 yellow apical macrosetae. Anepisternum with golden tomentum anterodorsally. Wings darkened anteroproximally. Legs reddish yellow with yellowish setae, yellow and black macrosetae. Tergites shiny yellow, with wide dark brown stripe anteriorly. Sternites dark brown with narrow yellow stripes both anteriorly and posteriorly. Hypopygium black with black setae. Specimens examined. No specimens were examined. Distribution. Transcaucasia (Armenia), Iran., Published as part of Sakhvon, Vital V., 2020, Review of the genus Saropogon Loew, 1847 (Diptera: Asilidae) from Russia Transcaucasia and Central Asia, with description of three new species, pp. 577-591 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on pages 579-580, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/4414391, {"references":["Richter, V. A. (1966) New and little-known genera and species of robber-flies (Diptera, Asilidae) in the fauna of the USSR. Entomologicheskoye obozrenie, XLV (2), 412 - 423. [in Russian]","Richter, V. A. (1964) Zoogeographical characteristics of the robber-flies fauna (Diptera, Asilidae) of the Caucasus. Entomologicheskoye obozrenie, XLIII (2), 335 - 346. [in Russian]","Lehr, P. A. (1988) Family Asilidae. In: Soos, A. & Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Volume 5: Athericidae- Asilidae. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, pp. 197 - 326.","Mohammadi, R., Khaghaninia, S. & Astakhov, D. (2017) Study of the robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae) in East and West Azerbaijan provinces of Iran, with two new species records for the country. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics, 3 (3), 247 - 255."]}

The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and modulatory activity of the

The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and modulatory activity of the Turnera subulate methyl extract in isolation or in combination with aminoglycoside antibiotics, using the microdilution method. The Turnera subulata methyl extract was used in isolation in the antibacterial assays and in combination with antibiotics in the modulation assays. All tests were performed in triplicates. The Turnera subulata methyl extract presented both antibacterial and antibiotic-modulatory effects in vitro, in isolation and in association with aminoglycosides. The extract activity depends on the bacterial strain and may be associated with the presence of tannins and flavonols. However, further studies are required to characterize the Turnera subulata potential for the development of new drugs against multiresistant bacteria.

Nine species of genus Heteropogon Loew, 1847 are reviewed. Heteropogon ater Sakhvon sp. nov. (Kazakhstan, Tajikistan) and H. hiemalis Sakhvon sp. nov. (Turkmenistan) are described and illustrated. A new synonymy is proposed for Heteropogon filicornis (Loew, 1871) = Cyrtopogon leleji Lehr, 1998, syn. nov. The status of Heteropogon lugubris mesasiaticus Lehr, 1970 is upgraded to species level that of mesasiaticus. The distribution of some species is increased. A key to males of the species is given.

Introdução: A obstrução da junção pielo-ureteral (OJPU) é a causa congénita mais comum de uropatia obstrutiva na criança. O objectivo deste trabalho é documentar a experiência desta Unidade de Urologia Pediátrica relativamente às primeiras 20 pieloplastias realizadas por via laparoscópica. Material e Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo em que foram incluídos vinte doentes com o diagnóstico de OJPU submetidas a pieloplastia por via laparoscópica, por um único cirurgião, no nosso Hospital, no período compreendido entre Novembro de 2010 e Dezembro 2014, tendo completado pelo menos um ano de seguimento. O sucesso do procedimento foi definido como ausência de conversão, resolução dos sintomas e melhoria dos critérios imagiológicos. Resultados: A mediana da idade à data da cirurgia foi de 9,5 anos (variando entre os 10 meses e os 17 anos). Constatou-se a existência de obstrução intrínseca em sete casos, obstrução extrínseca em 12 casos, sendo que num caso se verificaram as duas situações. O tempo operatório mediano foi de 235 minutos (variando entre 165 e 275 minutos), tendo havido necessidade de conversão para abordagem laparotómica em dois casos (10%). O tempo mediano de internamento foi de dois dias (variando entre 2 e 5 dias). Em quatro casos (20%) registaram-se complicações pós-operatórias precoces e houve necessidade de re-intervenção em dois casos (10%) durante o seguimento. O tempo mediano de seguimento foi de 33 meses (variando entre 12 e 60 meses). No seguimento, todos excepto dois doentes estavam assintomáticos. Constatou-se melhoria imagiológica da hidronefrose em todos os doentes excepto em um, apesar de não apresentar padrão obstrutivo no renograma. Conclusão: Os nossos resultados são consistentes com os da literatura publicada, com taxas de sucesso comparáveis com a abordagem por via laparotómica e com as vantagens da cirurgia minimamente invasiva. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks have been traditionally managed via craniotomy with an intradural repair. The endonasal endoscopic approach represents a minimally invasive alternative. This study aimed to compare the outcomes of the two methods.This is a prospective case series of 18 consecutive patients who underwent endonasal repair of a CSF leak. Thirteen variables were evaluated during the study, including age, gender, body mass index, site of the defect, CSF leak etiology, days of hospitalization, use of lumbar drainage, the success of repair, complications, recurrence, duration, and cost of surgery as well as patient satisfaction. The outcomes were compared with a historical cohort of 25 patients treated for CSF leaks with a craniotomy. Though we found no significant difference in the success of the repair, the endoscopic group had a significantly shorter duration of the procedure and hospitalization, a lower rate of complications, lower cost, and higher patient satisfaction.The presented data further solidify the endoscopic approach as the preferred method to address CSF leaks located in the anterior and middle skull base in cases not associated with complex intracranial pathology. Hippokratia 2016, 20(4): 299-302.

Five species of genus Habropogon Loew, 1847 from Russia are reviewed. Habropogon lehri Sakhvon sp. nov. (Altai Republic and Zabaykalsky Territory) is described and illustrated. The status of H. verticalis mesasiaticus Lehr, 1960 is updated to species level and a lectotype of the latter is designated. Habropogon mesasiaticus Lehr is newly recorded from Russia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. A key to males of the species is presented.

We report acase of!ovotesticular disorder of sex development!(DSD) with ambiguous genitalia, 46XX presenting the clinical, laboratory, imaging and operative findings and highlighting the pertinent features of this case. Results of hormonal, genetic testing and histopathology findings are reviewed. Diagnosis of true hermaphroditism is well defined and the condition can be recognized even prenatally. Conservative gonadal surgery is the procedure of choice after the diagnosis of true hermaphroditism, if the risk of a gonadal malignancy is low. Continued follow-up is necessary because of the multiple psychological, gynecological and urological problems encountered postpubertally by these patients.

Introduction: there is no consensus over the best approach to selection of patients for septoplasty. Clinical examination is often inadequate and objective testing has not gained wide popularity due to technical, cost and training issues. The aim of this study was to evaluate bilateral nasal spirometry (BNS) as a quick and easily interpretable method of selecting appropriate candidates for septoplasty. BNS measures airflow asymmetry caused by a nasal septal deviation (NSD) and it is expressed as the nasal partitioning ratio (NPR). The NPR after decongestion can be used as an objective measure of the degree of NSD. NPR ranges from –1 (complete left nasal obstruction) to +1 (complete right nasal obstruction). Patients/methods: Thirty patients (25 males/5 females, mean age 33 years) with nasal obstruction and a NSD were assessed by subjective measures (NOSE score, 10 cm visual analogue scale, 10-point double vertical scale) and the BNS before and after septoplasty. Thirty healthy controls (25 males/5 females, mean age 31.7 years) were recruited for providing a reference range of NPR values. Results: All patients were subjectively improved after septoplasty but only those with NPR out of the normal limits (–0.25 to 0.24) had a significant reduction of NSD (Wilcoxon Signed ranks test, p, GMS Current Posters in Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; 7:Doc49; ISSN 1865-1038

Introduction: The association of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) with inflammatory conditions such as vestibular neuronitis, head trauma or prior ear surgery has already been reported. In this study, we showed that BPPV can also be diagnosed in patients suffered from Meniere’s disease during vertiginous attack. Methods: A 55-year-old man, suffering from Menière’s disease in the right ear for a year, presented with a new vertigo attack in the affected ear. On the admission, the patient showed a third degree horizontal nystagmus beating to the right. Audiometry confirmed a severe sensorineural hearing loss in the right ear especially at the low- and high-frequencies. The following day, the patient also complained of short episodes of vertigo related to the head movements; the Hallpike test showed a torsional nystagmus compatible with BPPV of the right posterior semicircular canal. For Meniere’s disease symptoms, the treatment was based on intravenous dexamethasone and vasoactive agent; for BPPV, the Epley’s maneuver was performed. Results: Within one week of treatment, the symptoms of Meniere’s disease attack were successfully eliminated. The patient was free of BPPV positional vertigo after two sessions of Epley’s maneuver in a period of 10 days. Conclusions: Certain patients may simultaneously experience BPPV and Meniere’s disease symptoms on the same ear. In this case, it is possible that during the Meniere’s attack, the hydropic distension or rupture damaged the otolithic apparatus leading to release of otoconia debris which migrated to the posterior semicircular canal, resulting in BPPV. Combined therapy addressed to Meniere’s disease and BPPV, including one or two sessions of Epley’s maneuver could be efficacious., GMS Current Posters in Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; 6:Doc35; ISSN 1865-1038

Spontaneous haemorrhage is a well known complication of oral anticoagulation therapy. Various sites of bleeding have been reported in the literature, most commonly being the gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary system and central nervous system. Spontaneous haematoma is rarely reported to involve the upper aerodigestive tract, being potentially a life threatening condition. We report a case of a 67 year-old female patient who developed spontaneous heamatoma of the upper aerodigestive tract as a consequence of a rare interaction between acenocoumarol and clindamycin. Reversal of anticoagulation, careful observation, and when necessary prompt intervention to secure the airway are the main aspects of management. We highlight the need for a thorough evaluation of patients who develop new painful or other symptoms while being on anticoagulation therapy. Clinicians should be highly alerted as these could potentially be manifestations of haemorrhagic complications.