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Salmonella is one of the most widely distributed and harmful food-borne pathogens; thus, the rapid detection of viable Salmonella is important for ensuring food safety. In this study, a rapid visual strategy based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) with the addition of thermal inorganic pyrophosphatase and linked with an ammonium molybdate chromogenic buffer was established to detect Salmonella. Specific primers were designed based on the phoP gene of Salmonella spp. The pyrophosphatase concentration, LAMP time, addition of ammonium molybdate chromogenic buffer, and color reaction time were optimized. Based on the optimal conditions, the sensitivity and specificity of the method were examined. In addition, the ability to detect actual samples was verified using apple juice containing Salmonella. LAMP was performed at 65°C for 45 min in the presence of thermal inorganic pyrophosphatase at a final concentration of 4 U ml−1, and 20 μl of the LAMP product was reacted with 50 μl of phosphate chromogenic buffer at 25°C for 15 min. According to our results, the limit of detection of the LAMP assay for viable Salmonella was 1.83 × 102 CFU per reaction, and nonspecific amplification was not observed. The detection rates of Salmonella Typhimurium with different concentrations in apple juice were 89.11%–94.80%, which verifies that the visual detection strategy is suitable for actual sample detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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When it comes to the case of Kurdish universities regarding teaching styles and methodologies plenty of obstacles and barriers anyone can face not only due to the low level of the majority of the students; but also other factors like religion, interest, grading system, and most importantly low number of references on the subjects area can be the core cause of the issue. One of those points which drove the researcher to write on the common issue was due to the reason that the researcher could not find enough and adequate sources on the subject area; hence, the researcher tried to enrich the referencing system of Kurdish studies of English language in one hand and provide and broaden the horizon of other nationalities regarding Kurdish EFL learners of English and in English taught programs. As a matter of fact, through decades many scholars have been conducting studies on different teaching methodologies and they provided up to four different styles of language teaching. Apart from that, many other linguists enlightened their studies on Far East Asian countries or European. Even if some Middle Eastern studies were taken into consideration; but still, none can be found in the case of Kurdish university students. The current paper was conducted on English department of Charmo University with a total number of 34 participants from three different stages.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the properties of visual strategies for gaze, eye, and head movements in skilled table tennis players during rallies. Collegiate expert and semi-expert table tennis players conducted forehand rallies at a constant tempo using a metronome. Two tempo conditions were used in the order of 130 and 150 bpm. Participants conducted a 20-stroke rally under each tempo condition. Horizontal and vertical angles between the gaze point and ball positions at the time the ball bounced (gaze-ball angle) were analyzed with the image that was recorded by an eye tracking device equipped with Gyro sensor. Eye and head movements during rallies were also recorded with the eye tracking device and Gyro sensor, respectively. The results showed that the gaze-ball angle of expert players was significantly larger than that of semi-expert players. This result indicates that expert players tended to keep their gaze position on the ball shorter than semi-expert players. We also found that eye movements of expert players were significantly smaller than that of semi-expert players. Furthermore, as the result of multiple regression analysis, the effect of eye movements on the gaze-ball angle was significantly higher than that of head movements. This result indicates that the gaze-ball angle during table tennis rallies could be associated with eye movements rather than head movements. Our findings suggest that the visual strategies used during table tennis rallies are different between expert and semi-expert players, even though they both have more than 10 years of experience.

Gunung Padang Site in Cianjur is a cone-shaped hill area filled with relics of the Megalithic era in the form of stone objects. Punden terraces – a place for the worship of ancestral spirits – has become a hallmark and an important cultural heritage as a part of the distinctive characteristics of the indigenous culture in Nusantara. This study aims to communicate the cultural message of the punden terraces through the visual strategy of photography with the landscape genre, the art of photography that explores the beauty of nature and sharpens the landscape. Quantitatively, this study conducted a survey to find out the attraction of the photo objects. The result showed that the majority of respondents considered the scenery on the Gunung Padang Site to be more interesting than the stone objects and the daily life of surrounding communities. Whereas qualitatively, this study discusses the elements of visual strategy using the theory of photography with visual communication semiotic approach, especially in terms of the shot sizes and the framing of visual space. Punden terraces' photographs in landscape photography are able to communicate cultural messages about human activity in the past. This, in turn, will contribute to enriching scientific references of visual communication design

Objectives The aim of the study was to establish whether the driver’s visual strategy may influence a driver’s behavior to avoid a crash in a high-risk situation. Any published papers on drivers’ visual strategies just before a crash were not found. Material and Methods Tests were performed using a high-tech driving bus simulator. Participants comprised 45 men drivers, aged 43.5±7.9 years old, seniority as a bus driver of 13.3±8.6 years. The tests were preceded by medical examinations: general, neurological and ophthalmological. Each participant drove the same city route for approximately 40 min (entire route – ER). In the final phase, a collision situation was simulated (a phantom car blocked the participant’s right of way). Driver’s visual strategy was analyzed using the FaceLab device with 2 cameras during ER and just before collision. The field-of-view covered by camera 1 was divided into 8 regions, by camera 2 into 10 regions. The distribution of gazes in regions was a criterion of visual strategy. Results Thirty-five drivers completed the simulated driving test, 14 escaped the collision, 21 crashed. These groups differed only in resting systolic blood pressure before the test. The analysis of covariance, after adjusting to this factor, indicated that during the ER visual strategy recorded by camera 1 did not differ between groups, in camera 2 the drivers in the crash group fixed their gaze more frequently (p = 0.049) in region 3 (close part of the road in front of the windshield). Just before the collision drivers who escaped the collision fixed their gaze significantly more often in region 6 (left side of the road) in camera 1 and in region 6 (in front of the windshield,) and region 10 (right side) in camera 2. Conclusions The visual strategy has an impact on the road safety. The analysis of visual strategies may be a useful tool for the training of drivers. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2019;32(2):161–74

Relevance of the study is predetermined by total visualization of modern cultural space that leads to emotional alienation from the majority of visual objects, including art facilities. Being in this context, museums have to adapt new visual strategies to interest a viewer and to build a new interaction space. It was ascertained (through the example of Yad Vashem) that the use of interactive tools provided by Internet technology promotes this goal implementation. In addition, you can see how museum architecture affects and determines to a great extent the concept of museum space, which is also an additional means to update a viewer's attention. It is evident that the very nature of exposing objects is transformed - a monologue structure is replaced by a dialogue and linear object representation is replaced by non!linear concept.

In this study, we explore the relationship between orbit anatomy and different ecological factors in carnivorous mammals from a phylogenetic perspective. We calculated the frontation (α), convergence (β), and orbitotemporal (Ω) angles of the orbit from 3D coordinates of anatomical landmarks in a wide sample of carnivores with different kinds of visual strategy (i.e. photopic, scotopic, and mesopic), habitat (i.e. open, mixed, and closed), and substrate use (i.e. arboreal, terrestrial, and aquatic). We used Bloomberg's K and Pagel's λ to assess phylogenetic signal in frontation, convergence, and orbitotemporal angles. The association of orbit orientation with skull length and ecology was explored using phylogenetic generalized least squares and phylogenetic manova, respectively. Moreover, we also computed phylomorphospaces from orbit orientation. Our results indicate that there is not a clear association between orbit orientation and the ecology of living carnivorans. We hypothesize that the evolution of the orbit in mammalian carnivores represents a new case of an ecological bottleneck specific to carnivorans. New directions for future research are discussed in light of this new evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of the study was to establish whether the driver's visual strategy may influence a driver's behavior to avoid a crash in a high-risk situation. Any published papers on drivers' visual strategies just before a crash were not found.Material and Methods: Tests were performed using a high-tech driving bus simulator. Participants comprised 45 men drivers, aged 43.5±7.9 years old, seniority as a bus driver of 13.3±8.6 years. The tests were preceded by medical examinations: general, neurological and ophthalmological. Each participant drove the same city route for approximately 40 min (entire route - ER). In the final phase, a collision situation was simulated (a phantom car blocked the participant's right of way). Driver's visual strategy was analyzed using the FaceLab device with 2 cameras during ER and just before collision. The field-of-view covered by camera 1 was divided into 8 regions, by camera 2 into 10 regions. The distribution of gazes in regions was a criterion of visual strategy.Results: Thirty-five drivers completed the simulated driving test, 14 escaped the collision, 21 crashed. These groups differed only in resting systolic blood pressure before the test. The analysis of covariance, after adjusting to this factor, indicated that during the ER visual strategy recorded by camera 1 did not differ between groups, in camera 2 the drivers in the crash group fixed their gaze more frequently (p = 0.049) in region 3 (close part of the road in front of the windshield). Just before the collision drivers who escaped the collision fixed their gaze significantly more often in region 6 (left side of the road) in camera 1 and in region 6 (in front of the windshield,) and region 10 (right side) in camera 2.Conclusions: The visual strategy has an impact on the road safety. The analysis of visual strategies may be a useful tool for the training of drivers. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2019;32(2):161-74. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recording and analyzing eye movements provide important elements for understanding the nature of the task of driving a vehicle. This article reviews the literature on eye movement strategies employed by drivers of vehicles (vehicle control, evaluation of the situation by analyzing essential visual elements, navigation). Special focus was placed on the phenomenon of conspicuity, the probability of perceiving an object in the visual field and the factors that determine it. The article reports the methods of oculographic examination, with special emphasis on the non-invasive technique using corneal reflections, and the criteria for optimal selection of the test apparatus for drivers in experimental conditions (on a driving simulator) and in real conditions. Particular attention was also paid to the helmet – or glass-type devices provided with 1 or 2 high definition (HD) camcorders recording the field of vision and the direction of gaze, and the non-contact devices comprising 2 or 3 cameras and an infrared source to record eye and head movements, pupil diameter, eye convergence distance, duration and frequency of eyelid blinking. A review of the studies conducted using driver eye-tracking procedure was presented. The results, in addition to their cognitive value, can be used with success to optimize the strategy of drivers training.

Although comics scholars have examined split panels, also known as polyptychs, as a visual strategy that transforms space into time, this article establishes that split panels can also cue focalization. The first part of this article reviews current theories about sequentiality and segmentivity in comics in order to establish some of the ways in which split panels can question, or complicate, generally agreed-upon understandings of comics' sequences in terms of time and space. The second part of this article consists in close visual analyses of several split panels taken from Craig Thompson's Good-Bye Chunky Rice (1999), Alex Robinson's Tricked (2010), Mawil's Wir Können Ja Freunde Bleiben (2003, published in English in 2008 as We Can Still Be Friends) and Glyn Dillon's The Nao of Brown (2012). This article draws from Silke Horstkotte and Nancy Pedri's theory of focalization in comics, as well as Jan Baeten's distinction between the suturing and individualizing function of the gutter, to argue that split panels can represent characters or narrators' subjective experiences that inform the processing of the story by readers. They can, for instance, represent through visual means a character's fragmented, troubled mind or hint at the likes and dislikes between characters across the gutter. This article thus demonstrates that the use of split panels is a rich visual strategy whose complex narrative function derives from the suturing or individualizing role of the gutter. Weaving together panels with gutters that at once distinguish and highlight elements of a visually coherent image, split panels allow for a meaningful experimentation with panel size, shape and position that often enhances the mental workings of the focalizing agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have witnessed a remarkable growth in the way mathematics, informatics, and computer science can process data. In disciplines such as machine learning, pattern recognition, computer vision, computational neurology, molecular biology, information retrieval, etc., many new methods have been developed to cope with the ever increasing amount and complexity of the data. These new methods offer interesting possibilities for processing, classifying and interpreting eye-tracking data. The present paper exemplifies the application of topological arguments to improve the evaluation of eye-tracking data. The task of classifying raw eye-tracking data into saccades and fixations, with a single, simple as well as intuitive argument, described as coherence of spacetime, is discussed, and the hierarchical ordering of the fixations into dwells is shown. The method, namely identification by topological characteristics (ITop), is parameter-free and needs no pre-processing and post-processing of the raw data. The general and robust topological argument is easy to expand into complex settings of higher visual tasks, making it possible to identify visual strategies. As supplementary file an interactive demonstration of the method can be downloaded,

Extensive analyses of Marine Le Pen's media interventions as leader of the French Front National have revealed mostly rhetorical differences from her father's discourse. In particular, despite Marine Le Pen's professed openness toward women and their policy concerns, and despite her professed intention to transform the FN into party suitable for government, there has been little progress in these directions. However, the FN's visual discourse has been all but ignored by the scholarly analysis, despite the fact that campaign visuals encode significant social and political information. This paper finds that the FN candidates' visual presentation has undergone major transformations from the 2007 to the 2012 legislative elections. Specifically FN candidates in 2012 are more likely to visually portray themselves like mainstream party candidates. Compared to the 2007 elections, women candidates, in particular, were more likely to visually promote their personal qualities in 2012, in some respects more than 2012 men candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to clarify the properties of gaze and head movements during forehand stroke in table tennis. Collegiate table tennis players (n = 12) conducted forehand strokes toward a ball launched by a skilled experimenter. A total of ten trials were conducted for the experimental task. Horizontal and vertical movements of the ball, gaze, head and eye were analyzed from the image recorded by an eye tracking device. The results showed that participants did not always keep their gaze and head position on the ball throughout the entire ball path. Our results indicate that table tennis players tend to gaze at the ball in the initial ball-tracking phase. Furthermore, there was a significant negative correlation between eye and head position especially in the vertical direction. This result suggests that horizontal VOR is suppressed more than vertical VOR in ball-tracking during table tennis forehand stroke. Finally, multiple regression analysis showed that the effect of head position to gaze position was significantly higher than that of eye position. This result indicates that gaze position during forehand stroke could be associated with head position rather than eye position. Taken together, head movements may play an important role in maintaining the ball in a constant egocentric direction in table tennis forehand stroke. • Gaze and head position is not always kept on the ball throughout the entire ball path during forehand strokes. • Table tennis players tend to gaze at the ball in the initial ball-tracking phase. • The effect of head position to gaze position was significantly higher than that of eye position. • Horizontal VOR is suppressed more than vertical VOR in ball-tracking during table tennis forehand strokes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maps of imaginary lands in many cases become geographic space for game players and these cartographic images are usually designed as stylizations of historical maps. However, such maps have been known in cartography for centuries, an example being Homann's ‘Accurata Utopiae Tabula’ from 1694. Homann’s map was based on medieval literature about the ‘Land of Cockaigne’ where food was plentiful and people enjoyed themselves. During the process of historical map adaptation, it is important to minimize the interface but exploit the intuitiveness of touching the screen and the gaming strategy panel with individual mini-windows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recording and analyzing eye movements provide important elements for understanding the nature of the task of driving a vehicle. This article reviews the literature on eye movement strategies employed by drivers of vehicles (vehicle control, evaluation of the situation by analyzing essential visual elements, navigation). Special focus was placed on the phenomenon of conspicuity, the probability of perceiving an object in the visual field and the factors that determine it. The article reports the methods of oculographic examination, with special emphasis on the non-invasive technique using corneal reflections, and the criteria for optimal selection of the test apparatus for drivers in experimental conditions (on a driving simulator) and in real conditions. Particular attention was also paid to the helmet - or glass-type devices provided with 1 or 2 high definition (HD) camcorders recording the field of vision and the direction of gaze, and the non-contact devices comprising 2 or 3 cameras and an infrared source to record eye and head movements, pupil diameter, eye convergence distance, duration and frequency of eyelid blinking. A review of the studies conducted using driver eye-tracking procedure was presented. The results, in addition to their cognitive value, can be used with success to optimize the strategy of drivers training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the eye-hand coordination patterns while playing two virtual-reality active video games in healthy children and adults. Eleven children (mean age 8.09 years) and ten adults participated in the study. Each participant played two digital games, Slap Stream and Kung Foo, from EyeToy Play software. Eye movements were recorded using Mobile Eye eyetracker. Eye-hand coordination strategies and the time when virtual object appeared, the gaze shifted to the object, the reach started, the gaze shifted away, and the reach ended were coded from the video. The latencies between these events were computed and compared between adults and children and between games. The fixation duration, number of fixations, and number of gaze points were also computed for each game’s areas of interests. Results showed that (1) all participants used multiple eye-hand strategies while playing active video games with some strategies more than others; (2) the Kung Foo game (with one target appearing on the screen) and the Slap Stream game (with potentially multiple targets appearing on the screen) induced different latencies and gaze points between children and adults; and (3) children had longer latencies and shorter fixation durations than adults. The study thus provides in-depth understanding of different patterns of eye-hand coordination in relations to active video game playing. The significant differences in coordinative control strategies found between adults and children as well as between game types provide a basis for further research in both child development and game-based learning fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Frequency demand and motion perception on eye-hand synergy in manual tracking. [•] Composite eye movements were subject to the target rates and feedback modes. [•] Stronger eye-hand coupling in slow/line-mode tracking than fast/wave-mode tracking. [•] Manual behavior of slow/line-mode tracking was better predicted by eye movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper elaborates on the factors to be considered in order for interventions (activities aimed at introducing new ways of working through a series of focused activities in an organisation) to lead to long-term effects inside small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Its purpose of it is to describe how interventions can be carried out in order for SMEs to adopt new ways of working by understanding the context, process and content of an intervention. The results of this study suggest that in designing interventions for the SMEs, the context aspects of an intervention must be carefully considered. Not only is the process or context of an intervention important, but so is the content. As a consequence, we suggest content that accomplishes the following: (1) supports the formulation of strategies; (2) encourages dialogue and (3) uses company data. The paper is based on a multiple case study of 12 SMEs from 6 European countries undergoing similar interventions within the FutureSME project. These long-term relationships within a large-scale project have provided access and a rare opportunity to conduct research on this often overlooked business sector. The empirical data have been collected through company presentations, structured reports and narratives. The material has been subject to a cross-case analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roadmapping provides a visual canvas upon which a depiction of business strategy can be articulated and shared both within and between organizations. In this regard, roadmaps can be considered as boundary objects because they are used to forge the links between the differing stakeholders and communicate their shared viewpoints. Typically, the format of the roadmap is that of a skeletal structure consisting of a time-based axis against layers of functional perspectives (e.g., market, product, technology). However, in the later stages of the strategic planning and development activity, there is a need to clearly represent the options identified and embed the associated quantitative measures in the roadmap so as to provide greater assistance in the decision-making process. This is critical since options embody flexibility. From a program management perspective such flexibility is typically manifested through making decisions as to whether to defer, abandon, switch, expand/contract different project elements; for instance, choosing to terminate specific R&D, design or procurement activities. Such decisions are made upon evolving market, product and technology conditions. For example, customer needs, operational requirements, product functionalities and performance levels, technology availability and maturity. In order to visually represent options in terms of decision-point timing and size of investment, this paper presents an initial set of visual objects that could be overlaid on the canvas of a roadmap. To illustrate their use, a real-world case study is presented. A fully populated options-based roadmap, containing a set of alternative futures, is described. It is intended that this roadmap acts as a graphical prototype form for visually depicting options and associated investment appraisal information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Train driving is primarily a visual task; train drivers are required to monitor the dynamic scene visually both outside and inside the train cab. Poor performance on this visual task may lead to errors, such as signals passed at danger. It is therefore important to understand the visual strategies that train drivers employ when monitoring and searching the visual scene for key items, such as signals. Prior to this investigation, a pilot study had already been carried out using an eye tracking technique to investigate train drivers’ visual behaviour and to collect data on driver monitoring of the visual environment, Groeger et al. () Pilot study of train drivers’ eye movements, University of Surrey. However, a larger set of data was needed in order to understand more fully train driver visual behaviour and strategies. In light of this need, the Transport Research Laboratory produced a methodology for the assessment of UK train driver visual strategies, on behalf of the Rail Safety and Standards Board and applied this methodology to conduct a large-scale trial. The study collected a wealth of data on train drivers’ visual behaviour with the aim of providing a greater understanding of the strategies adopted. The corneal dark-eye tracking system chosen for these trials tracks human visual search and scanning patterns, and was fitted to 86 drivers whilst driving in-service trains. Data collected include the duration and frequency of glances made towards different elements of the visual scene. In addition, the train drivers were interviewed after driving the routes, to try and understand the thought processes behind the behaviour observed. Statistical analysis of over 600 signal approaches was conducted. This analysis revealed that signal aspect, preceding signal aspect, signal type and signal complexity are important factors, which affect the visual behaviour of train drivers. Train driver interview data revealed that driver expectation also plays a significant role in train driving. The findings of this study have implications for the rail industry in terms of infrastructure design, design of the driving task and driver training. However, train driving is extremely complex and the data from this study only begin to describe and explain train driver visual strategies in the specific context of signal approaches. This study has provided a wealth of data and further analysis of it is needed to investigate the role of other factors and the complex relationships between factors during signal approaches and other driving situations systematically. Finally, there are important aspects of visual behaviour that cannot be examined using these data or this method. Investigation of other aspects of visual behaviour, such as peripheral vision, will require other methods such as simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]