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Catamenial pneumothorax (CP) is the most common form of thoracic endometriosis syndrome, which also includes catamenial hemothorax, catamenial hemoptysis, catamenial hemopneumothorax and endometriosis lung nodules, as well as some exceptional presentations. Usually onset of lung collapse is less than 72 hours after menstruation. Most commonly occurs in women aged 30-40 years, but has been diagnosed in young girls as early as 10 years of age and post menopausal women (exclusively in women of menstrual age) most with a history of pelvic endometriosis. Diagnosis can be hinted by high recurrence rates of lung collapse in a woman of reproductive age with endometriosis. Moreover; CA-125 is elevated. Video-assisted thoracoscopy or medical thoracoscopy is used for confirmation. In our current work we will present all aspects of CP from diagnosis to treatment.

Objective: Spontaneous recurrent pneumothorax during menstruation is reported as catamenial pneumothorax. It is encountered in 3-6% of spontaneous pneumothorax cases among menstruating women. The percentage among women referred for surgery is significantly higher (25-30%). Although it usually involves the right-side (85-95%) it can be left-sided or bilateral. It is associated with diaphragmatic perforations and/or thoracic endometriosis. There is pelvic endometriosis in up to 30-51% of cases. The lesions that are not always found may present as small or larger holes at the central tendon of the diaphragm, as red, blueberry, brown spots or larger nodules at the diaphragm, the visceral or parietal pleura. Lesion histology may reveal endometriosis. We present 5 cases of catamenial pneumothorax treated surgically during the last 6 years., Patients and Methods: Five women, with a mean age of 34+/-9.9 years (median 38, range, 19-45 years) presented with right-sided recurrent catamenial pneumothorax. In 3 patients diaphragmatic perforation(s) were found; perforation suturing (n=1), and diaphragmatic plication reinforced with bovine pericardial patch (n=1) were performed. All patients underwent atypical resection of upper and/or middle lobe segments of lung parenchyma that appeared abnormal (haemorrhagic/emphysematous or blebs). Four patients underwent pleurodesis and 1 patient underwent pleurectomy. Four interventions were performed through video assisted thoracoscopic surgery, while diaphragmatic plication was performed through a video assisted mini-thoracotomy. Histology did not reveal endometriosis tissue., Results: The postoperative course was uneventful. The patients were extubated in theatre and were discharged home at a mean of 7+/-4 days (median 6 days, range, 4-14 days). Two of them received hormonal therapy [Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) analogue] postoperatively. At a follow-up of 14.16 patient-years (mean 2.83+/-1.08 years, range, 1.33-3.83 years) there was recurrence, 6.5 months postoperatively, in one patient that had not undergone closure of a tiny diaphragmatic hole and had not received hormonal treatment postoperatively. She was treated medically (amenorrhea for 6 months with GnRH analogue) and had no further recurrences (in 3.3 years)., Conclusions: Surgery is the treatment of choice of catamenial pneumothorax. It should aim to complete management of all lesions. The most common complication is recurrence. Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary treatment including hormonal therapy may be beneficial in high risk patients.

Surgery is the only potentially curative therapeutic approach for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). RCC is resistant to most systemic therapies, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and hormonal therapy, having limited response to immunotherapy. Newer agents targeting angiogenesis, recommended in metastatic RCC, offer improved disease free and overall survival, stabilizing the disease, rather than having a curative effect.One of the most common sites of synchronous or metachronous RCC metastases is the lung. The five-year survival after resection of RCC pulmonary metastases ranged between 21% and 83%. Complete metastasectomy improves the prognosis and should be evaluated, despite improved results of newer systemic treatments.In surgically treated metachronous RCC pulmonary metastases, the reported disease free interval varied, but in the majority of cases it did not exceed five years. Surgical resection of RCC pulmonary metastases 15 or more years after nephrectomy is very rare. We report complete surgical resection of metachronous, multiple, unilateral clear cell RCC pulmonary metastases in two patients without enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes or extrapulmonary disease, 15 and 18 years after initial nephrectomy. Both patients had an uneventful recovery, and remain alive and well one year, and five months respectively, after metastasectomy.

Tracheal stenosis is a potentially life-threatening condition. Tracheostomy and endotracheal intubation remain the commonest causes of benign stenosis, despite improvements in design and management of tubes. Post-tracheostomy stenosis is more frequently encountered due to earlier performance of tracheostomy in the intensive care units, while the incidence of post-intubation stenosis has decreased with application of high-volume, low-pressure cuffs. In symptomatic benign tracheal stenosis the gold standard is surgical reconstruction (often after interventional bronchoscopy). Stenting is reserved for symptomatic tracheal narrowing deemed inoperable, due to local or general reasons: long strictures, inflammation, poor respiratory, cardiac or neurological status. When stenting is decided, silicone stent insertion is considered the treatment of choice in the presence of inflammation and/or when removal is desirable. We inserted tracheal silicone stents (Dumon) under general anaesthesia through rigid bronchoscopy in two patients with benign post-tracheostomy stenosis: a 39-year old woman with failed initial operation, and continuous relapses with proliferation after multiple bronchscopic interventions, and a 20-year old man in a poor neurological status, with a long tracheal stricture involving the subglottic larynx (lower posterior part), and inflamed tracheostomy site tissues (positive for methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus). The airway was immediately re-establish, without complications. At 15- and 10-month follow-up (respectively) there was no stent migration, luminal patency was maintained without: adjacent structure erosion, secretion adherence inside the stents, granulation at the ends. Tracheostomy tissue inflammation was resolved (2(nd) patient), new infection was not noted. The patients maintain good respiratory function and will be evaluated for scheduled stent removal. Silicone stents are removable, resistant to microbial colonization and are associated with minimal granulation. In benign post-tracheostomy stenosis silicone stenting appeared safe and effective in re-stenosis after surgery and multiple bronchoscopic interventions, and in long stenosis, involving the lower posterior subglottic larynx in the presence on inflammation and poor neurological status.

New symptom onset of respiratory distress without other cause, and new hemi-diaphragmatic elevation on chest radiography postcardiotomy, are usually adequate for the diagnosis of phrenic nerve paresis. The symptom severity varies (asymptomatic state to severe respiratory failure) depending on the degree of the lesion (paresis vs. paralysis), the laterality (unilateral or bilateral), the age, and the co-morbidity (respiratory, cardiac disease, morbid obesity, etc). Surgical treatment (hemi-diaphragmatic plication) is indicated only in the presence of symptoms. The established surgical treatment is plication of the affected hemidiaphragm which is generally considered safe and effective. Several techniques and approaches are employed for diaphragmatic plication (thoracotomy, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, video-assisted mini-thoracotomy, laparoscopic surgery). The timing of surgery depends on the severity and the progression of symptoms. In infants and young children with postcardiotomy phrenic nerve paresis the clinical status is usually severe (failure to wean from mechanical ventilation), and early plication is indicated. Adults with postcardiotomy phrenic nerve paresis usually suffer from chronic dyspnoea, and, in the absence of respiratory distress, conservative treatment is recommended for 6 months -2 years, since improvement is often observed. Nevertheless, earlier surgical treatment may be indicated in non-resolving respiratory failure. We present early (25(th) day postcardiotomy) right hemi-diaphragm plication, through a video assisted mini-thoracotomy in a high risk patient with postcardiotomy phrenic nerve paresis and respiratory distress. Early surgery with minimal surgical trauma, short operative time, minimal blood loss and postoperative pain, led to fast rehabilitation and avoidance of prolonged hospitalization complications. The relevant literature is discussed.

The intrathoracic (or substernal) goiter is more often benign; but it can be malignant in 2-22% of patients. There is history of prior thyroid surgery in 10% to more than 30% of patients. Intrathoracic goiters cause adjacent structure compression more frequently than the cervical goiters, due to the limited space of the thoracic cage. Compression of trachea, oesophagus, vascular and neural structures may cause dyspnoea, dysphagia, superior vena cava syndrome, subclavian vein thrombosis, hoarseness, and Horner's syndrome. There is usually progressive deterioration, but acute exacerbation may occur. The presence of a thoracic goiter (>50% of the mass below the thoracic inlet) is per se an indication for resection. Tracheal compression by (cervical or thoracic) goiter is also an indication for resection; early tracheal decompression is recommended particularly in symptomatic patients. In severe respiratory distress, intubation and semi-urgent operation may be required. With early intervention, most intrathoracic goiters can be removed through a cervical approach, while tracheomalacia is avoided. We hereby present successful and uncomplicated total thyroidectomy, through a median sternotomy, of a benign, gigantic, bilateral, retrovascular, posterior mediastinal, intrathoracic goiter, encircling the trachea, and causing severe respiratory distress in a 63 year old man with history of previous subtotal thyroidectomy.

Carcinoids are neuroendocrine tumors mainly involving the gastrointestinal tract, lungs and bronchi. They were considered benign with slow growth, but they can be malignant in a substantial percentage of patients (metastasizing to liver, bones, skin, etc). Endocrine activity results in carcinoid syndrome. Proximal myopathy has been reported in 7% of patients with carcinoid syndrome. Bronchopulmonary and thymic carcinoids producing adrenocorticotropic hormone can cause Cushing's syndrome, a main feature of which is myopathy. There are a few reports of carcinoids associated with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes, including neuropathy. We hereby present an extremely rare case of a primary lung carcinoid presented with paraparesis due to polyneuropathy, and review the relevant literature. To the best of our knowledge there is no similar previous report. Complete resolution of paraparesis after excision of the lung carcinoid suggests paraneoplastic neurological syndrome.

Diaphragmatic eventration is a rare congenital developmental defect of the muscular portion of the diaphragm, which appears attenuated and membranous, maintaining its normal attachments and its anatomical continuity. It has been attributed to abnormal myoblast migration to the septum transversum and the pleuroperitoneal membrane. Eventration can be unilateral or bilateral, partial or complete. It is more common in males, and involves more often the left hemidiaphragm. Eventration results in diaphragmatic elevation (cephalad displacement). Most adults are asymptomatic and the diagnosis is incidentally made by chest radiography. The commonest symptom in the adults is dyspnoea, while orthopnoea, mild hypoxemia, tachypnoea, respiratory alkalosis, palpitations, and non specific gastrointestinal symptoms may be present. Surgery is indicated only in the presence of symptoms. The established surgical treatment is diaphragmatic plication. Various techniques and approaches have been employed. We present a simple surgical technique of a 3-port video assisted thoracoscopic plication of the left hemidiaphragm in the adult.

Purpose of Review: Cardiogenic shock still has a grave prognosis. We present the recent advances in mechanical circulatory support (MCS) for the treatment of refractory cardiogenic shock., Recent Findings: The contraindications for short-term MCS in rapid-onset cardiogenic shock are becoming fewer and the threshold for its application has been progressively lowered. Short-term MCS is increasingly used in refractory cardiac arrest and will be probably integrated as the last means in the advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation algorithm (provided there is experienced team and technical support). Improved device technology has contributed to improved results of long-term MCS. Emergent application of long-term MCS in patients with critical cardiogenic shock after a long history of progressively deteriorating end-stage chronic heart failure should be interpreted as delayed application associated with increased mortality., Summary: Although MCS can be life saving in cardiogenic shock, the results are still suboptimal. Mortality is associated with the critical presupport state and the adverse events during MCS. Early initiation of support that meets the patient's requirements, potent support in the early phase, adverse event prevention, global combined management (surgical, interventional, medical), balanced support duration, bridging to further therapeutic modalities including heart transplantation or longer-term support, and advanced technology could offer improved results.

Surgical treatment of heart failure is emerging as one of the most challenging clinical dilemmas for patients with end-stage cardiac failure not amenable to medical treatment. One of the most intriguing techniques is the use of implantable left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) as a bridge to recovery. The early experience from our centre has shown that even short term post-cardiotomy mechanical assistance, after heart failure surgery, improves patient outcome; thus, a clinical feasibility study was designed. The hypothesis of the study is that reparative heart failure surgery combined with postoperative mechanical support, ventricular resynchronisation where indicated, and pharmacological treatment can maximise myocardial recovery. In the study a new, implantable, magnetically levitated, rotary pump will be used as a bridge to recovery. In this manuscript the first worldwide human implantation of a new, continuous-flow LVAD, the WorldHeart Rotary Pump (Levacor, WorldHeart Inc., Oakland CA), is reported. The design and the rationale of the feasibility study, the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the primary and secondary end points of the clinical investigation, are delineated. In addition, the design of the new rotary pump, its general principles of operation, and the implantation technique are described.