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Abstract Vermicompost is a nutrient-rich biological fertilizer with a variety of microorganisms that are thought to be significant in increasing the growth and yield of various field crops, vegetables, flowering plants, and fruit trees. Vermicomposting has attracted a lot of attention as an extensive approach for restoring the environment, producing nutrient-rich bio-fertilizers, and growing crops in a sustainable manner. It isploying earthworms to break down complex organic waste into simpler materials that could be taken up by plants. Vermicomposting yields a valuable byproduct called vermi-wash, which enhances crop resistance against diseases, stimulates seed germination, and improves overall plant vigor. This research paper sheds light on the significance of vermicomposting as a sustainable waste management solution and an eco-friendly means to enhance agricultural productivity. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the composition and quality of vermicompost, the materials used in the process, the vermicomposting procedure, and the subsequent effects on crop performance. Through the adoption of vermicomposting practices, agricultural systems can become more environmentally friendly, economically viable, and resilient for a sustainable future.

Introduction: A reproducible glide path provides guidance to fulfil the mechanical objective of cleaning and shaping root canals with minimal procedural errors. Debris expelled during this procedure contributes to inter-appointment flare-up. The objective of this in vitro study was to estimate and compare the quantity of debris extruded by; hand, rotary and reciprocating glide path preparation instruments. Materials and Methods: Seventy-five human single rooted, matured mandibular incisors with single canal and comparable lengths were randomly allocated into three groups (n = 25): group A – Stainless steel (SS) K-file (No 15), Group B – ProGlider, and Group C –WaveOne Gold Glider. Customized apparatus using Meyers and Montgomery method was utilized to accumulate the debris expelled apically in the Eppendorf tubes weighed priorly in digital analytical balance of 10−6 g accuracy. All groups were instrumented as per the manufacturer's guidelines. After instrumentation, teeth were detached from the Eppendorf tubes and tubes incubated at 70°C for 5 days to vaporize the irrigating solution. The tubes with dry debris were later weighed in the same weighing balance. The collected information was analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukeys honest significant difference post hoc test at significance level (P < 0.05). Results: The ProGlider group expressed statistically significant result with least quantity of extruded debris in the comparison to other groups (P < 0.0001). The SS group and WaveOne Gold Glider group exhibited no significant difference, but the debris expelled was less for WaveOne Gold Glider group than SS group. Conclusion: Glide path preparations with rotary ProGlider resulted in the minimal extrusion of debris in comparison to the reciprocating WaveOne Gold Glider and the manual stainless-steel K-files.

Gaming addiction is an emerging public health concern among adolescents from all over the world. Blue Whale Game is an allegedly reported epidemic which involve self-harm of adolescents. Although there have been reported deaths of teenagers which were allegedly related to Blue Whale challenge game across the globe, there has been no confirmed case/evidence till now. This article throws light on the proposed hypothesis and speculation behind the suicide of teenagers and discusses public health interventions at the individual, family, and state levels.

Mountain social-ecological systems (MtSES) provide crucial ecosystem services to over half of humanity. However, populations living in these highly varied regions are now confronted by global change. It is critical that they are able to anticipate change to strategically manage resources and avoid potential conflict. Yet, planning for sustainable, equitable transitions for the future is a daunting task, considering the range of uncertainties and the unique character of MtSES. Participatory scenario planning (PSP) can help MtSES communities by critically reflecting on a wider array of innovative pathways for adaptive transformation. Although the design of effective approaches has been widely discussed, how PSP has been employed in MtSES has yet to be examined. Here, we present the first systematic global review of single- and multiscalar, multisectoral PSP undertaken in MtSES, in which we characterize the process, identify strengths and gaps, and suggest effective ways to apply PSP in MtSES. We used a nine-step process to help guide the analysis of 42 studies from 1989 screened articles. Our results indicate a steady increase in relevant studies since 2006, with 43% published between 2015 and 2017. These studies encompass 39 countries, with over 50% in Europe. PSP in MtSES is used predominantly to build cooperation, social learning, collaboration, and decision support, yet meeting these objectives is hindered by insufficient engagement with intended end users. MtSES PSP has focused largely on envisioning themes of governance, economy, land use change, and biodiversity, but has overlooked themes such as gender equality, public health, and sanitation. There are many avenues to expand and improve PSP in MtSES: to other regions, sectors, across a greater diversity of stakeholders, and with a specific focus on MtSES paradoxes. Communicating uncertainty, monitoring and evaluating impacts, and engendering more comparative approaches can further increase the utility of PSP for addressing MtSES challenges, with lessons for other complex social-ecological systems.

This paper mainly focuses the study and analysis of the existing contributions related to the Biodiesel production. It, firstly, discuss the key issues related contributions which include chemical process, reactor designing, plantation, blending and applications. Next, it summarizes the analysis of the other prominent contributions related to process model, design, production, cost, optimization, feasibility, safety, effects, challenges and future of the Biodiesel. It also presents the discussion on the open issues in Biodiesel. Secondly, an approach is suggested for the design of the Biodiesel manufacturing plant in view of cost and capacity. The suggested approach is based on the mathematical model. This paper provides the brief study of Biodiesel production and plant design and it can be helpful to the beginners in the domain of renewable energy research.

The Indian rivers are dominantly monsoon rainfed. As a result, their regime characteristics are dictated by the spatio-temporal variations in the monsoon rainfall. Although the rivers carry out most of the geomorphic work during 4-5 months of the monsoon season, the nature and magnitude of response to variations in the discharge and sediment load varies with the basin size and relief characteristics. Large monsoon floods play a role of great importance on all the rivers. This paper describes the hydrological and geomorphological characteristics of the two major fluvial systems of the Indian region, namely the Himalayan fluvial system and the Peninsular fluvial system. Large number of studies published so far indicate that there are noteworthy differences between the two river systems, with respect to river hydrology, channel morphology, sediment load and behaviour. The nature of alterations in the fluvial system due to increased human interference is also briefly mentioned. This short review demonstrates that there is immense variety of rivers in India. This makes India one of the best places to study rivers and their forms and processes.

Algae is a promising sustainable feedstock for the generation of bio-crude oil, which is a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, through the thermochemical process of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). However, this process also generates carbon particles (algae-derived carbon, ADC) as a significant byproduct. Herein, we report a brand-new and value-added use of ADC particles as a reinforcing agent for epoxy matrix composites (EMCs). ADC particles were synthesized through HTL processing of Chlorella vulgaris (a green microalgae) and characterized for morphology, average size, specific surface area, porosity, and functional groups. The ADC particles were subsequently integrated into a representative epoxy resin (EPON 862) as a reinforcing filler at loading levels of 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2% by weight. The tensile, flexural, and Izod impact properties, as well as the thermal stability, of the resulting EMCs were evaluated. It is revealed that the ADC particles are a sustainable and effective reinforcing agent for EMCs at ultra-low loading. Specifically, the ADC-reinforced EMC with 1 wt.% ADC showed improvements of ~24%, ~30%, ~31%, and ~57% in tensile strength, Young's modulus, elongation at break, and work of fracture (WOF), respectively, and improvements of ~10%, ~37%, ~24%, and ~39% in flexural strength, flexural modulus, flexural elongation at break, and flexural WOF, respectively, as well as an improvement of ~54% in Izod impact strength, compared to those corresponding properties of neat epoxy. In the meantime, the thermal decomposition temperatures at 60% and 80% weight loss of the abovementioned ADC-reinforced EMC increased from 410 °C to 415 °C and from 448 °C to 515 °C in comparison with those of neat epoxy. This study highlighted the potential of sustainable ADC particles as a reinforcing agent in the field of polymer matrix composite materials, which represented a novel and sustainable approach that would mitigate greenhouse gas remission and reduce reliance on nonrenewable reinforcing fillers in the polymer composite industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]