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Intellectual property rights are the exclusive rights granted to individuals over the creations of their minds by the country to use his or her creations for a limited period of time. The types of intellectual property rights are Patents, Copyright, Trademark, Industrial designs and Geographical indications. A patent is a grant of right by the government for an invention to the inventor in exchange of full disclosure of the invention. A patent is a legal right that allows applicants and assignees to use and exploit their inventions for a period of 20 years from the date of filing of application. For the duration of the set period, the patent holder has the legal right to prevent others from commercially exploiting/using his/her invention and if anybody found doing so he can take legal actions against that person/company/organization. Patent provides many benefits to the inventor/researcher but why Indian researchers prefer publications instead of patenting their work. In this review article we were tried to find out the reasons behind it. Lot of reasons came to front after the study like totally online procedure of application, long waiting time, application and other fee, answering within time frame, command in English language, drafting expertise etc. And on the other hand publications need less labor, expense and time. Although many problems are there in patenting but if the work is authentic, genuine and novel, the inventor should go for patenting, so that he/she can use it commercially. Commercial use will not only benefit the researcher but it increases the Gross domestic production of the country. It is also duty of the every researcher to help in country’s development.

Addiction is a feel good or euphoria like condition which is commonly associated with drug abuse (opioid & non-opioid), alcohol and nicotine intake. There are many reasons behind a man gets addicted to these substances such as recreation purpose, drugs used for long time for treatment of any disorder and gets addicted, unemployment, stress, emotions, professional pressure and social status. It provides enjoyable feelings which results in creating a strong urge to use the substances again and again. These drugs can cause physical dependence or psychological dependence or both. Over time, drug tolerance is produced which means to get the same effect more quantity of the drug is needed. These substances are very harmful physically, mentally, financially and socially too. If someone suddenly terminates using these substances after heavy or long term use, the body needs time to recover and number of withdrawal symptoms arises. These withdrawal symptoms can’t be treated by medications only but it needs counselling and support as well. This article reviews i. the drug abuse (opioid & non-opioid), alcohol and nicotine addictions with their withdrawal symptoms and medications used to treat these symptoms ii. Rehabilitation centers running and other steps taken by Government of India to aware people especially the youths of the country about the harmful effects of these substances.

On Monday, October 31, 2022, the Supreme Court of India outlawed the two-finger test, which is used to medically confirm rape. Doctors do this test by putting two fingers inside the victim's vagina to check for virginity. Girls and women who have never had physical contact are referred to as virgins. The virginity test is used to determine whether or not sexual activity has taken place. It is assumed that if two fingers can easily enter the vagina, the girl or woman is sexually active, which results in the virginity of the girl or woman. The Supreme Court (SC) noted that this makes it clear that it is never acceptable to rape a sexually active girl or woman. Additionally, SC claims that there is no scientific support for the idea of virginity and that it is rejected by science. This exam makes the girl or lady feel uncomfortable mentally and intensifies the trauma of the incident. SC urges the federal government to create and distribute guidelines to all states so they can discontinue the aforementioned test as soon as feasible through the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. The SC directs medical colleges to take this material off their required reading lists. This article investigates the two finger test, how it's done, and how it infringes on a girl or woman's right to privacy, as well as their physical and mental integrity and dignity. Making a legislation will undoubtedly alter the current situation since everyone will be aware that doing tests like the two finger test is prohibited and that the government will take strict action to stop it.

Recent report of the United Nations population fund’s state of the world population says that around 08 women die every day in India because of unsafe abortion. There are many reasons behind the deaths such as taking abortion pills without consulting doctor, abortion carried out by untrained personals, abortion in hospitals without facilities settings etc. Married women have the right to abortion but what about the unmarried pregnant women; this case is one of the major cause of unsafe abortion especially in our country India. Right to abortion simply means one can go for safe abortion i.e. the abortion will be carried out by a trained doctor in a hospital approved for pregnancy termination having facilities settings. Time to time amendments in Medical termination of Pregnancy act took place but no right provided to unmarried. Supreme Court in its judgment on 29th September 2022 gave right to abortion to unmarried pregnant women too up to 20 weeks from the date of gestation. This judgement came in a case that filed on July 2022 by 25 years old pregnant women. The judgement is a revolution and save many lives of women because it will stop or reduce the number of unsafe abortions. The article discussed about the impact of this decision on women in near future, unsafe abortion, medical abortion using medications, actions and adverse effects of medications used for abortion, medical termination of pregnancy act 1971, amendment in act and effect of Supreme Court’s judgement on women’s health and mortality.

Intellectual property rights are the exclusive rights granted to individuals over the creations of their minds by the country to use his or her creations for a limited period of time. The types of intellectual property rights are Patents, Copyright, Trademark, Industrial designs and Geographical indications. A patent is a grant of right by the government for an invention to the inventor in exchange of full disclosure of the invention. A patent is a legal right that allows applicants and assignees to use and exploit their inventions for a period of 20 years from the date of filing of application. For the duration of the set period, the patent holder has the legal right to prevent others from commercially exploiting/using his/her invention and if anybody found doing so he can take legal actions against that person/company/organization. Patent provides many benefits to the inventor/researcher but why Indian researchers prefer publications instead of patenting their work. In this review article we were tried to find out the reasons behind it. Lot of reasons came to front after the study like totally online procedure of application, long waiting time, application and other fee, answering within time frame, command in English language, drafting expertise etc. And on the other hand publications need less labor, expense and time. Although many problems are there in patenting but if the work is authentic, genuine and novel, the inventor should go for patenting, so that he/she can use it commercially. Commercial use will not only benefit the researcher but it increases the Gross domestic production of the country. It is also duty of the every researcher to help in country’s development.

Addiction is a feel good or euphoria like condition which is commonly associated with drug abuse (opioid & non-opioid), alcohol and nicotine intake. There are many reasons behind a man gets addicted to these substances such as recreation purpose, drugs used for long time for treatment of any disorder and gets addicted, unemployment, stress, emotions, professional pressure and social status. It provides enjoyable feelings which results in creating a strong urge to use the substances again and again. These drugs can cause physical dependence or psychological dependence or both. Over time, drug tolerance is produced which means to get the same effect more quantity of the drug is needed. These substances are very harmful physically, mentally, financially and socially too. If someone suddenly terminates using these substances after heavy or long term use, the body needs time to recover and number of withdrawal symptoms arises. These withdrawal symptoms can���t be treated by medications only but it needs counselling and support as well. This article reviews i. the drug abuse (opioid & non-opioid), alcohol and nicotine addictions with their withdrawal symptoms and medications used to treat these symptoms ii. Rehabilitation centers running and other steps taken by Government of India to aware people especially the youths of the country about the harmful effects of these substances.

A stereoselective synthetic route to embellished cis-hydrindanes from simple aromatic precursors is described. Oxidative dearomatization, ring expansion, and photochemical 1,3-acyl shift are the key features of our approach. Oxidative dearomatization of o-(hydroxymethyl)phenols followed by π4s + π2s cycloaddition furnishes bicyclo[2.2.2]octanes with contiguous keto epoxide groups, which upon ring expansion lead to bicyclo[3.2.2]nonanes endowed with a β,γ-enone chromophore. Unbridging of bicyclo[3.2.2]nonanes upon singlet excitation furnishes embellished cis-hydrindanes.

Synthesis of azepane annulated bicyclo[2.2.2]octenone via oxidative dearomatization and intramolecular π4s + π2s cycloaddition has been described. Manipulation of the adduct led to tricyclic compounds having a β,γ-enone chromophore whose photoreaction upon triplet and singlet excitation furnished polycyclic systems having azepane ring systems.

A regio- and stereoselective cycloaddition of 6,6-spiroepoxycyclohexa-2,4-dienones with indene leading to benzo-annulated spiroepoxytricyclo[5.2.2.02,6]undec-10-en-9-ones has been described. Manipulation of the oxirane ring in adducts furnished benzotricyclo[5.2.2.02,6]undecanes endowed with a β,γ-enone chromophore. Photochemical reaction of β,γ-enones upon direct irradiation (1S) gave annulated bicyclo[4.2.0]octenones as a consequence of a stereoselective 1,3-acyl shift. Triplet excitation of chromophoric systems led to oxa-di-π-methane reaction and gave pentacyclic products which upon cleavage of cyclopropane ring furnished benzoannulated triquinanes. An interesting effect of substituent on the photoreaction has also been observed.

Cycloaddition of annulated cyclohexa-2,4-dienone with electron deficient π-partners leading to tricycloundecanes having a β,γ-enone chromophore has been reported. Studies on the photochemical reaction of the chromophoric systems upon sensitized and direct irradiation has also been presented. A highly unusual behavior of the chromophoric systems upon sensitized irradiation has also been presented.

A stereoselective route to sterpuren-4-one from a simple aromatic precursor is presented. Oxidative dearomatization, pi(4)s + pi(2)s cycloaddition of 6,6-spiroepoxycydohexa-2,4-dienones with ethyl acrylate, radical cyclization and 1,3-acyl shift in excited state are the important aspects of our approach. An interesting effect of a remote substituent on radical cyclization has also been presented.

A novel, general and stereoselective route to spiroannulated bicyclo[2.2.2]octenones and their transformation to spiroannulated bicyclo[3.3.0]- and bicyclo[4.2.0]octanes is described. Oxidative dearomatization of o-hydroxymethylphenols, cycloaddition of spiroepoxycyclohexadienones, ring-closing metathesis and photochemical sigmatropic 1,2- and 1,3-acyl shifts are the key features of our methodology. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Synthesis of tricyclic systems related to crotogoudin from a simple aromatic precursor has been described. Oxidative dearomatization, tandem retro-Diels-Alder/Diels-Alder reaction and ring-closing metathesis are the key features of our approach. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A stereoselective approach to tricyclic core of yaoshanenolides from simple aromatic precursor is described. Cycloaddition of highly reactive spiroepoxycyclohexa-2,4-dienone, stereoselective Grignard reaction, alkylation, and ring-closing metathesis reaction are the key features of our approach. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The efficient generation of complex molecular architectures from simple precursors is one of the most important aspects in the design and development of synthetic methodologies. The chemistry of reactive species generated by the oxidative dearomatization of phenols, such as o -quinone acetals, 6-acetoxycyclohexa-2,4-di­enones, and their congeners, has stimulated widespread interest among organic chemists, and the use of such reactive species has emerged as a powerful method for the efficient synthesis of complex molecules. Our approach to create molecular complexity and diversity involves the oxidative dearomatization of 2-(hydroxymethyl)phenols to give spiro[cyclohexa-2,4-dienone-6,2′-oxiranes], followed by cycloaddition and transformation of the resulting adducts in the ground and excited states. In this account, we describe the evolution of the methodology and its application which has led to the development of novel and efficient routes to a diverse array of complex molecular architectures from simple aromatics. 1 Introduction 2 Cycloaddition of Cyclohexa-2,4-dienones of Types 3 and 4 and Manipulation of the Adducts in the Ground and Excited States 2.1 Cycloaddition of Cyclohexa-2,4-dienones of Types 3 and 4 : An Efficient Route to Functionalized and Appended Bicyclo[2.2.2]octanes 2.1.1 Cycloaddition of Cyclohexa-2,4-dienones of Types 3 and 4 with Electron-Deficient π-Partners 2.1.2 Cycloaddition of Cyclohexadienones of Type 4 with Vinyl Ethers and Vinyl Acetate 2.1.3 Cycloaddition of Cyclohexadienones of Types 3 and 4 with Acyclic 1,3-Dienes: Direct Entry to Bicyclo[2.2.2]octenones Having an endo -Vinyl Group 2.2 Manipulation of the Oxirane Moiety or the Chloromethyl and Hydroxy Groups in the Adducts: Synthesis of Embellished Bicyclo[2.2.2]octanes 2.3 3,3-Sigmatropic Shift in Bicyclo[2.2.2]octanes: A General Stereoselective Route to Functionalized cis -Decalin Derivatives 2.4 Sigmatropic Rearrangements of β,γ-Enones in Excited States: Stereoselective Routes to Bicyclo[3.3.0]- and Bi­cyclo[4.2.0]octanes and Tricyclic Compounds 3 Synthetic Applications 3.1 Synthesis of Hirsutic Acid C and the Framework of ­Pupukeananes from a Common Precursor 3.2 Chemistry of Fused Spiro[cyclohexa-2,4-dienone-6,2′-oxiranes] and Their Adducts: Synthesis of Propellanes and ­Steroid–Polyquinane Hybrids 3.2.1 A General Route to [3.3.3]- and [4.3.3]Propellanes 3.2.2 Synthesis of Steroid–Polyquinane Hybrids 3.3 Synthesis of Tri- and Tetracyclic Networks of Atisane Diterpenoids 3.3.1 Synthesis of Tricyclo[6.2.2.0 1,6 ]dodecanes and Their Homologues 3.3.2 Synthesis of the Tetracyclic Network of Atisane Diterpenoids: An Interesting Manifestation of Subtle Control by a Remote Functional Group 3.4 Intramolecular Cycloaddition of Cyclohexa-2,4-dienones: Synthesis of Platencin 4 Summary and Outlook

Nature continues to be a rich source of bio-active compounds that often provide the lead for drug development. Isolation and characterization of maoecrystal V, a C19 terpenoid, having potent and selective cytotoxicity towards HeLa cells was recently reported. Unusually complex pentacyclic molecular structure, presence of spirofused rings and several stereogenic centres posed a great synthetic challenge. In this short review, efforts made towards synthesis of maoecrystal V are presented.

Stereoselective route to tricyclo[5.3.1.0 1,5 ]undecane and bicyclo[4.2.0]octane ring systems present in the molecular structure of tricycloillicinone, cedrenoids and endiandric acid, elysiapyrones, respectively, is described. A tandem oxidative dearomatization of o -hydroxymethylphenol, π 4 s+π 2 s cycloaddition, reactivity modulation in excited state and ring-closing metathesis are the key features of our approach.

A synthesis of a tricyclic intermediate for platencin from a simple aromatic precursor is described. Oxidative dearomatization and intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction are key features of the approach.

A stereoselective approach to tetracyclic core of atisane diterpenoids is described. Oxidative dearomatization, intermolecular cycloaddition of spiroepoxycyclohexa-2,4-dieone with ethyl acrylate, and intramolecular inverse demand π4s+π2s cycloaddition are the key features of our design. Oxidation of appropriately appended o-hydroxymethyl phenols to corresponding 6,6-spiroepoxycyclohexadienones followed by cycloaddition with ethyl acrylate furnished bridged bicyclo[2.2.2]octanes disposed with appropriate functionality. Regioselective manipulation of functional groups led to highly embellished bicyclic systems endowed with appendages containing diene and dienophilic moieties that upon inverse electron demand intramolecular cycloaddition provide the tetracyclic framework of atisanes in stereoselective fashion. A remarkable effect of a remote functional group on intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction has also been described.

Synthesis of a tetracyclic ring system (BCDE) of atropurpuran is described. Oxidative dearomatization, cycloaddition of spiroepoxycyclohexa-2,4-dienone, radical cyclization, and a tandem oxidation–aldol–oxidation are the key features of our methodology.

Synthesis of polycyclic systems related to conidiogenol, crinipellin, and crotogoudin from simple aromatic precursor has been described. Oxidative dearomatization, tandem retro-Diels-Alder/Diels-Alder reaction, and photoreaction are the key features of our approach. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A stereoselective, route to aza-polycyclic systems related to magellanine, and congeners from simple aromatic precursor is described. Oxidative dearomatization leading to a highly reactive spiroepoxycyclohexa-2,4-dienone, intramolecular inverse demand pi(4)s+pi(2)s cycloaddition and photochemical reactions are key features of our approach. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

We present an efficient and accurate method for duplicate video detection in a large database using video fingerprints. We have empirically chosen the color layout descriptor, a compact and robust frame-based descriptor, to create fingerprints which are further encoded by vector quantization (VQ). We propose a new nonmetric distance measure to find the similarity between the query and a database video fingerprint and experimentally show its superior performance over other distance measures for accurate duplicate detection. Efficient search cannot be performed for high-dimensional data using a nonmetric distance measure with existing indexing techniques. Therefore, we develop novel search algorithms based on precomputed distances and new dataset pruning techniques yielding practical retrieval times. We perform experiments with a database of 38 000 videos, worth 1600 h of content. For individual queries with an average duration of 60 s (about 50% of the average database video length), the duplicate video is retrieved in 0.032 s, on Intel Xeon with CPU 2.33 GHz, with a very high accuracy of 97.5%.

An excellent method for the oxidation of various 2-furyl carbinols with o-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) has been described. This method provides a simple and efficient route to a variety of 2-furylketones which are not readily accessible otherwise.

A general stereoselective route to functionalized and substituted tricyclo [5.2.2.0(1,5)] undecenones, tricyclo[6.2.2.0(1,6)]dodecenones, and [3.3.3]- and [4.3.3]propellanes from simple aromatic precursors is reported. The methodology involves generation and cycloaddition of annulated cyclohexa-2,4-dienones with various acrylates followed by manipulation of the resulting tricyclic adducts, leading to functionalized tricyclo[5.2.2.0(1,5)] undecenones and tricyclo[6.2.2.0(1.6)]dodecenones endowed with a beta,gamma-enone chromophore. Photochemical reaction of the tricyclic chromophoric systems followed by reductive cleavage provided an efficient entry into propellanes.

Given a collection of binary constraints that categorize whether a data object is relevant or not, we consider the problem of online retrieval of the top-k objects that best represent all other relevant objects in the underlying dataset. Such top-k representative queries naturally arise in a wide range of complex data analytic applications including advertisement, search, and recommendation. In this paper, we aim at identifying the top-k representative objects that are high-scoring, satisfy diverse subsets of given binary constraints, as well as representative of various other relevant objects in the dataset. We formulate our problem with the well-established notion of the top-k representative skylines, and we show that the problem is NP-hard. Hence, we design efficient techniques to solve our problem with theoretical performance guarantees. As a side-product of our algorithm, we also improve the asymptotic time-complexity of skyline computation to log-linear time in the number of data points when all dimensions except one are binary in nature. Our empirical results attest that the proposed method efficiently finds high-quality top-k representative objects, while our technique is one order of magnitude faster than state-of-the-art methods for finding the top-k skylines with binary constraints.

A regio- and stereoselective cycloaddition of 6-chloromethyl-6-hydroxycyclohexa-2,4-dienones with benzofuran leading to dihydrobenzofuran annulated bicyclo[2.2.2]octenones having a beta,gamma-enone chromophore has been reported. Further transformation of adducts into benzannulated oxa-polyquinanes and dihydrobenzoftiran annulated bicyclo[4.2.0]octenones has also been described. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A stereoselective approach to spiro-annulated bicyclo[2.2.2]octane ring system related to the tetracyclic skeleton of daphmanidin A-type alkaloids is described. Ring-closing metathesis, Wacker oxidation and aldol condensation are key features of our approach. An interesting steric effect on aldol condensation has also been observed.

An efficient synthesis of annulated bicyclo[2.2.2]octane having beta,gamma-enone chromophoric system and triplet sensitized 1,2-acyl shift rearrangement leading to the formation of angular oxa-triquinane is described. Oxidative dearomatization, intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of 6,6-spiroepoxycyclohexa-2,4-dienone and oxa-di-pi-methane reaction are the key features of our approach. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A stereoselective approach to tricyclic core of yaoshanenolides from simple aromatic precursor is described. Cycloaddition of highly reactive spiroepoxycyclohexa-2,4-dienone, stereoselective Grignard reaction, alkylation, and ring-closing metathesis reaction are the key features of our approach.

In this review, we wish to highlight the recent developments in the synthesis of cis-decalin. We have made an attempt to include the work in this area primarily after 1984 and up until 2004., © Elsevier

Although a variety of CFOA-based biquads have been known in the literature, any CFOA-based circuit capable of realising universal biquad filters in all the four possible modes i.e. voltage-mode, current-mode, trans-admittance-mode and trans-impedance-mode, has not been reported in the literature so far. In this paper, a novel configuration has been presented, which realises all the five generic filter functions (namely, low-pass, band-pass, high-pass, notch and all-pass) from the same circuit in all the four possible modes, employing only four-Current feedback operational amplifiers (CFOA) along with two grounded-capacitors as desirable for Integrated Circuit implementation. The workability of the circuit has been confirmed by hardware implementation based on AD844 type CFOAs.

A new and efficient synthesis of a variety of highly embellished bicyclooctenones having an endo-vinyl moiety and their sigmatropic shifts in ground and excited states leading to a stereoselective route to substituted cis-decalins and diquinane frameworks have been described. Functionalized bicyclo[2.2.2]octenones having an endo-vinyl group and a beta,gamma-enone chromophore were prepared by in situ generation of 6-chloromethyl-6-hydroxycyclohexadienones and cycloaddition with butadiene (also generated in situ) followed by manipulation of the adducts. The presence of contiguous carbonyl, hydroxyl, and chloromethyl groups in adducts led to the introduction of various alkyl groups alpha to the ketone in a stereoselective fashion. The 3,3-sigmatropic shift in the bridged bicyclic compounds gave the corresponding cis-decalins, whereas the triplet sensitized irradiation led to the formation of diquinanes as a result of a 1,2-acyl shift.

A total synthesis of hirsutene, a triquinane sesquiterpene, from salicyl alcohol is reported. Oxidation of salicyl alcohol in the presence of cyclopentadiene gave 9-spiroepoxy-endo-tricyclo[5.2.2.02,6]undeca-4,10-dien-8-one which was elaborated to the 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-endo-tricyclo[5.2.2.02,6]undeca-10-en-8-one containing major structural and functional features of hirsutene. Photochemical sigmatropic 1,2-acyl shift in 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-endo-tricyclo[5.2.2.02,6]undeca-10-en-8-one followed by radical induced cleavage of peripheral cyclopropane bond, olefination and Simmon–Smith reaction furnished 11-hydroxy-1-methyl-4-spirocyclopropanetricyclo[6.3.0.02,6]undecane that upon treatment with hydrogen on PtO2 and PCC oxidation gave 1,4,4-trimethyltricyclo[6.3.0.02,6]undecan-11-one, a known precursor. Wittig methylenation on this precursor gave hirsutene., © Elsevier

The synthesis of 11-methyl-3-oxa-tricyclo[5.2.2.01,5]undecenones and their photochemical reactions upon triplet (3T) and singlet (1S) excitation is described. Oxidation of hydroxymethylphenol gave a ketoepoxide by intramolecular cycloaddition. Manipulation of the oxirane ring furnished the chromophoric systems. Triplet excitation of these gave tetracyclic compounds containing an oxatriquinane framework. Singlet excitation furnished the tricyclic compound having an oxasterpurane ring system in a stereoselective fashion., © Elsevier

A total synthesis of hirsutene, a tricyclic sesquiterpene, from saligenin, is described., © Elsevier