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Genus Mackiella Keifer, 1939: 147 Diagnosis. Mackielline mites with broad, thin frontal lobe of prodorsal shield covering medio-proximal part of palpcoxal bases; tibial solenidion �� present, prodorsal shield setae ve and sc directed anteriad or lateroanteriad; dorsal opisthosomal annuli thrice wider than ventral annuli, flattened, with a distinct pattern of prominent longitudinal ridges; ventral annuli convex and rising high on the sides to the lateral edges of dorsal annuli. Type species. Mackiella phoenicis Keifer, 1939: 147 ���148, 159 (Fig. XLV) Species included. M. phoenicis, Mackiella reclinata n. sp. Remarks. The mite species Mackiella borasis Mohanasundaram, 1981 is herein excluded from the genus Mackiella (see details under subfamily Phytoptinae below). Distribution and hosts. So far Mackiella mites have been recorded from North America (USA, Keifer 1939), South Africa (this paper) and Iraq (Mohamed & El-Haidari 1965) living on young leaves of Phoenix palms. Remarks. Newkirk and Keifer (1975, p. 568) wrote that M. phoenicis is ���widespread on coconut��� and ���undoubtedly occurring wherever the host grows��� without providing a reference to a collecting record. Amrine and Stasny (1994, p. 224) mistakenly mentioned that the original name of Mackiella type species is ��� nuciferae Keifer 1939 ��� and that M. phoenicis was collected from Cocos nuciferae. This was repeated by Amrine et al. (2003, p. 19) who stated that this mite species is ���widespread on Cocos nuciferae ���. Actually, Mackiella mites have never been recorded from coconut palms., Published as part of Chetverikov, Philipp E., Craemer, Charnie, Vishnyakov, Andrey E. & Sukhareva, Sogdiana I., 2014, CLSM anatomy of internal genitalia of Mackiella reclinata n. sp. and systematic remarks on eriophyoid mites from the tribe Mackiellini Keifer, 1946 (Eriophyoidea: Phytoptidae), pp. 261-279 in Zootaxa 3860 (3) on page 266, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3860.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/228404, {"references":["Keifer, H. H. (1939) Eriophyid Studies III. Bulletin of the California Department of Agriculture, 28, 144 - 162.","Mohanasundaram, M. (1981) Two new species of Nalepellidae (Eriophyoidea; Acarina) from South India. Entomon, 22, 11 - 14.","Mohamed, I. I. & Al-Haidari, H. (1965) A supplementary list of the phytophagous mites of Iraq (1964 - 1965). Ministry of Agriculture, Research and Projects Bulletin, 131, 1 - 25","Newkirk, R. A. & Keifer, H. H. (1975) Appendix 3. Synoptic keys to groups and genera. Eriophyoidea. In: Jeppson, L. R., Keifer H. H. & Baker, E. W. (Eds.), Mites Injurious to Economic Plants. University California Press, Berkeley, California, USA, pp. 562 - 587. [614 pp. + 74 plates]","Amrine, J. W. Jr. & Stasny, T. A. (1994) Catalog of the Eriophyoidea (Acarina: Prostigmata) of the World. Indira Publishing House, West Bloomfield, Michigan, USA, 804 pp.","Amrine, J. W. Jr., Stasny, T. A. & Flechtmann, C. H. W. (2003) Revised Keys to World Genera of Eriophyoidea (Acari: Prostigmata). Indira Publishing House, West Bloomflield, Michigan, USA, 244 pp."]}

Mackiella reclinata n. sp. Chetverikov and Craemer (Figs. 2���8, Tables 1, 3 & 4) Description of external morphology. Female holotype. Idiosoma vermiform, whitish or pink, 218, 60 wide at the level of seta c 2. Prodorsal shield subpentagonal-subcordate 41, 41 wide, with broad, thin frontal lobe (Figs. 2 A,E; 3 A,B; 4 A,B). Frontal lobe consists of roundish, subcordate apical part (Fig. 3 A b, 3 B b) and subrectangular basal part (Fig. 3 A a, 3 B a), divided by lateral notch (Fig. 3 B d). Basal part 4, 16 wide; apical part 8, 12 wide. Large eyelike structures, partly surrounded by distinct, weakly tuberculate circular ridges, situated latero-posteriorly to tubercles of ve (Figs. 2 A; 4 A,B c). Setae ve 8, directed anterolaterad, tubercles 26 apart; sc 12, directed up, tubercles 19 apart. Distance between tubercles of ve and sc 13. Shield ornamentation. Ridge-like median and admedian lines absent 1. Weak outlines of indistinct longitudinal folds or wrinkles of cuticle can be seen in middle part of prodorsal shield on SEM images (Fig. 2 E, 2 F, 3 H). Two short submedian-I lines present in posterior 1 / 3 of prodorsal shield medial to tubercles of sc. Submedian-II line goes from rear shield margin laterally to tubercles of sc straight towards tubercles of ve. Submedian I and II lines accompanied by one���two slightly undulate striae. Small medioposterior fovea (���pit���) more or less distinctly discernable in all the studied females under CLSM an LM (Fig. 2 A; 4 A,B). 1. Instead of ridge-like median and admedian lines present in many eriophyoids, the new species has 3-4 indistinct longitudinal indentations in the middle field of the prodorsal shield (vague under LM, better seen under SEM), which probably correspond to shallow cuticular apodemes separating bundles of extrinsic gnathosomal muscles of the chelicerae and the palpi. Gnathosoma elongate, directed forward and slightly down, 23. Basal half of gnathosoma is covered by the frontal lobe (Fig. 3 B). Palpcoxal seta ep is clearly seen under CLSM and LM and presumably is placed on mesal surface of the palp, because during slide making procedures the palps usually move apart (Fig. 4 A,B). Basal segment of palp 10 wide with dense apodeme 6, left and right apodemes together form a ���V��� or ���U���-like figure. Seta ep 1.5, palp genual seta d 5, seta v 1.5. Leg I (Figs. 2 C, 3 C) 32, tibia 7, l' 6, tibial solenidion �� 6; tarsus 6, ft' 3, ft ��� 11, u' 3, �� 8, without knob; empodium 7���8 -rayed, 5. Leg II (Fig. 2 D,) 28, tibia 6, l', tarsus 5, ft' 3, ft ��� 18, u' 4, �� 7, without knob; empodium 7���8 -rayed, 4 (4���5). Seta bv present on legs I���II. Femur I&II, genu I&II and tibia I&II distally with small spinules. Thin, distinct ridge present on ventral surface of femora I&II anterior to tubercle of seta bv (Fig. 2 C,D). Coxisternal plates (Fig. 4 C,D) four shorter ridges between setae 1 a, together vaguely forming a w-shape, and each plate with 2���4 thin, distinct ridges. Subcapitular plate ( Fig. 4 D e, 4 E e, 4 F e ) subtriangular, anteriorly rounded, with two thin longitudinal ridges (Figs. 4 E f, 4 F f). Setae 1 b 15, 11 apart; 1 a 18, 11 apart; 2 a 26, 27 apart. Prosternal apodeme indistinct; three complete and two incomplete coxigenital annuli anterior to epigynium. External genitalia (Figs. 3 F, 4 C,D,E). Genital coverflap oval-shaped, 12, 19 wide; putative rudimentary pregenital plate 2 (sensu Chetverikov et al. 2014 a, Figs. 6 C a, 6 D a) situated anterior to basal genital coverflap (Fig. 3 F, coloured in yellow), setae 3 a 13, 16 apart. Opisthosoma with 18 dorsal and 55 ventral annuli microtuberculated differently: dorsal annuli bear from 7���10 (anteriorly) to 1���3 (posteriorly) longitudinal ridges and about 2���4 short, thin elongate striae between each of the ridges; ventral annuli bear thin elongated microtubercles. 2. This structure can also be the last coxigenital annulus formed as a relatively smooth ridge and fused with anterior margin of genital shield (J. Amrine pers. comm. January 2014) Setal lengths: c 2 23, d 12, e 16, f 31, h 1 4, h 2 74; number of ventral annuli: 9 from rear; prodorsal shield margin to c2, 9 between c 2 and d, 3 between c 2 and 3 a, 15 between d and e, 18 between e and f, and 4 between f and h 1. Male (n= 3, Table 1). Males shorter than females and generally similar to them. The most contrasting differences are number of empodial rays (6���7 rays in males and 7���8 in females) and structure of external genitalia. External genitalia (Fig. 5). Genital area flat, subtriangular, 15 (15���16) wide, flanked laterally by 2���3 short longitudinal microtuberculate cuticular folds (Fig. 5 E g). The male external genitalia (= epiandrium) includes two plates anterior to setae 3 a (Fig. 5 Ea, 5 Eb) flanking the gonopore (Fig. 5 Ed), and a subtriangular postgenital region (Fig. 5 E e). The plate anterior to the gonopore, is a narrow, smooth, ribbon-like genital coverflap 3 (Fig. 5 E a, coloured green). Posterior to the gonopore, is a thin plate (Fig. 5 E b, coloured in pink), notched anteriorly, bearing two distinct small rounded cuticle folds (Fig. 5 E c) latero-posterior to the notch at the place where eugenital setae are usually located. Eugenital setae seemingly absent. Postgenital region situated between tubercles of 3 a, limited posteriorly by an arch-shaped semi-annulus (Fig. 5 E f) and sparsely covered by microtubercles. Setae 3 a, 13 (13���14), 14 (14���15) apart. 3. We consider this plate to be homologous to the male genital coverflap described in Loboquintus subsquamatus Chetverikov et Petanovic 2013 (Fig.6 and text on p.5), but nonhomologous to the pregenital plate described in males and females of Pentasetacus araucariae (Schliesske, 1985) (Chetverikov et al. 2014a, figs. 7Ba, 7Da). Nymph (n= 5, Fig. 6) and larva (n= 1). Measurements of immatures are given in Table 1. In comparison to adults, immatures lack the frontal lobe of the prodorsal shield and have subequal numbers of ventral and dorsal opisthosomal annuli (immature annuli not dorso-ventrally differentiated). Two longitudinal areas lateral to the tubercles of opisthosomal setae c 2, d and e have thickened annuli (Fig. 6 A, blue arrows). In immatures, setae ve are situated on the anterior-lateral wall of prosoma between coxae I and the thick ridge-like anterior-lateral margin of the prodorsal shield 4 (Fig. 6 B), which may be homologous to the submedian line II of adults. Microtubercles of opisthisomal annuli irregular, more numerous in nymphs than in larvae. Laterally, opisthosomal annuli without microtubercles. 4. We also observed setae ve in the same location (below antero-lateral margin of prodorsal shield) in SEM and CLSM images of adults of Sierraphytoptus ambulans Chetverikov and Sukhareva 2009 and Phytoptus alchemillae Jocić, Petanović and Vidović, 2011. Host plant. Phoenix reclinata L. (Arecaceae). Mites were found inside folded young leaves. No apparent damage was observed. Type material. Female holotype (slide # 76 - 13, modified Berlese medium with iodine), about 25 female paratypes, 20 males, 15 nymphs and 2 larvae (on 8 slides) deposited in National Collection of Arachnida���Acari (NCA��� Acari), Plant Protection Research Institute (ARC ��� PPRI, South Africa). Paratypes: about 20 females, 10 males and 10 immatures on 20 slides (12 in Hoyer medium and 8 in modified Berlese with iodine) deposited in the Acarological Collection of the Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences (ZIN RAS). All specimens from SOUTH AFRICA: Pretoria, National Botanical Garden, 25 �� 44 ��� 18.92 ���S, 28 �� 28 ��� 16.98 ���E, 13 March 2013, coll. S. Neser, P. E. Chetverikov and C. Craemer. Designation of holotype female. A small circle was drawn on the lower surface of the type slide # 76 - 13 using a black permanent marker. The holotype female is in the center of this circle accompanied by two other mites (paratype female and male), situated near the border of the black circle (Fig. 7). Additional identified material. About 3 females from slide series # 1351 deposited in ZIN RAS. All specimens from SOUTH AFRICA: Eastern Cape, Ntlakwe; 31 ��0��� 38 ���S, 30 �� 2 ��� 17 ���E; 7 March 2013, coll. S. Neser, P. E. Chetverikov and C. Craemer. Distribution. Specimens of M. reclinata n. sp. are at present known only from South Africa. The host plant, Phoenix reсlinata, is native to the African continent and the southern tip of the Arabian Peninsula. Currently, it is locally naturalized in many African and Mediterranean countries and can be found growing wild in nature (Barrow 1998). It is widely cultivated throughout the world including North and South America, and thus future surveys could reveal a wider distribution for M. reclinata n. sp. Etymology. The specific epithet, reclinata, is a feminine noun in apposition, corresponding to the species name of the host plant. Differential diagnosis. The new mite species is morphologically most similar to Mackiella phoenicis Keifer, 1939. These two species can be easily separated on the basis of the following characteristics: shape of the frontal lobe of prodorsal shield, microtubercle pattern of the dorsal opisthosomal annuli, ornamentation of coxae and measurements of selected characters (Table 3). In addition, the two species inhabit different host plants which significantly differ in geographical distribution. CHARACTER M. reclinata n. sp. M. phoenicis Keifer, 1939 Shape of frontal lobe of Frontal lobe divided into two parts: subrectangular basal part and Frontal lobe entire, squarish prodorsal shield subcordial apical part (Figs 2 A; 3 A,B; 4 A,B) Coxal ornamentation Distinct longitudinal lines and additional short striae (Figs 4 C, 5 C) Coxae smooth Remarks. In his paragraph about type material, Keifer (1939, p. 148) mentioned ��� Type slide, ���two paratype slides��� and one jar bearing preserved mites���. Currently, the Keifer collection is kept at the USDA (USA, Maryland, Beltsville, curator R. Ochoa). Unfortunately, the first author did not find the type material during two visits to this collection (in August 2012 & March 2013). As type material was not available for study, the differential diagnosis is based on comparison with the original description only. Structure Morphometrics Mean��SD Min���max CV (SD/Mean) * for abbreviations and measurements see Table 2 and Fig. 1. Description of female internal genitalia (Figs. 1, 8, Tables 1, 4). A distinct longitudinal bridge (appearing as two brightly autofluorescing plates) is clearly seen under the genital coverflap in all studied females (Fig. 8 B b). The short posterior (postspermathecal) part of the bridge (Figs 8 B a, 8 D a) is connected to a small cuticular triangular plate (Fig. 8 A c) extending anteriorly from the medio-posteror genital rim (Figs 8 A d, 8 B d). Two subtriangular-suboval openings (leading to the spermathecal tubes) are situated in a small depression close to the medioposterior genital rim (not shown in the images). The proximal segment of the tube is short (about 0.5 ���1.0 ��m), directed ventro-dorsally; the distal segment broad, sausage-like, directed anteriad (Figs 8 A e, 8 C e, 8 D e). Spermathecae (Fig. 8 D g) ovoid or teardrop-shaped (asymmetry index> 1 / 2), directed laterad or posterolaterad, situated inside the space of the anterior angle of the anterior genital apodeme (Fig. 8 C h). Two zigzag-shaped coverflap hinges (Figs 8 C i, 8 D i) attach laterally to the anterior genital apodeme connecting it to the lateral genital rim and the coverflap. The anterior genital apodeme consists of two parts (posterior and anterior) oriented in almost perpendicular planes. The posterior part (Fig. 8 B j) of the apodeme is subtrapezoidal-subtriangular, situated mainly in the horizontal-plane, extending anteriad and slightly inward; anterior part (Figs 8 B k, 8 D k) of the apodeme is bent inward narrowing to a small apical plate bearing two terminal denticles (Figs 8 A l, 8 D l), perpendicular to the longitudinal body axis. Anteriorly, the horizontal apodeme ends at the level between 1 st and 2 nd entire coxigenital annuli. The lateral and medial rami of coxal II apodeme are more or less discernible in all studied specimens; the lateral ramus is directed postero-laterad to the lateral arm of the anterior genital apodeme; the medial ramus is directed posterad or medio-posterad and ends at the level of the spermathecae. All measurements are given in Table 4., Published as part of Chetverikov, Philipp E., Craemer, Charnie, Vishnyakov, Andrey E. & Sukhareva, Sogdiana I., 2014, CLSM anatomy of internal genitalia of Mackiella reclinata n. sp. and systematic remarks on eriophyoid mites from the tribe Mackiellini Keifer, 1946 (Eriophyoidea: Phytoptidae), pp. 261-279 in Zootaxa 3860 (3) on pages 266-273, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3860.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/228404, {"references":["Barrow, S. C. (1998) A monograph on Phoenix L. (Palmae: Coryphoideae). Kew Bulletin, 53 (3), 513 - 575. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 4110478","Keifer, H. H. (1939) Eriophyid Studies III. Bulletin of the California Department of Agriculture, 28, 144 - 162."]}

Subfamily Phytoptinae Murray, 1877 Incertae sedis. borasis Mohanasundaram, 1981 Previous assignment. Mackiella borasis Mohanasundaram, 1981 Host. Borassus flabellifer L. [Arecaceae] Relation to host. In the folds of young tender leaves, symptom presence not recorded, probably absent or not apparent. Distribution. Vriddhachalam, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. Remarks. Mackiella borasis is mentioned in several previous publications (Amrine & Stasny 1994; Amrine et al. 2003; Navia 2007) but does not conform to the diagnosis of Mackiella. This species has a vermiform body, with subequal annuli which are not differentiated dorso-ventrally. It thus does not conform to the diagnosis of either Sierraphytoptinae or Mackiellini. Morphologically, and particularly in body shape, it is similar to phytoptine mites. Therefore, the species borasis should be transferred to one of the currently recognized phytoptine genera namely Oziella, Acathrix or Phytoptus (Chetverikov 2014 a). Mites of these three genera differ in their external morphology, the anatomy of their internal genitalia and in their host-plant associations. Unfortunately, the species borasis was incompletely described and data on the internal genitalia is insufficient for precise analysis of this species. The type material of borasis is probably lost (Prof. K. Ramaraju [Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, INDIA], pers. comm. 9 July 2013). Therefore, new material needs to be recollected from the type locality, and neotypes should be designated. Thus, the generic assignment of the species ��� borasis ��� remains uncertain., Published as part of Chetverikov, Philipp E., Craemer, Charnie, Vishnyakov, Andrey E. & Sukhareva, Sogdiana I., 2014, CLSM anatomy of internal genitalia of Mackiella reclinata n. sp. and systematic remarks on eriophyoid mites from the tribe Mackiellini Keifer, 1946 (Eriophyoidea: Phytoptidae), pp. 261-279 in Zootaxa 3860 (3) on page 274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3860.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/228404, {"references":["Murray, A. (1877) Economic Entomology, Aptera. South Kensington Museum Science Handbooks. Chapman & Hall, London, 433 pp.","Mohanasundaram, M. (1981) Two new species of Nalepellidae (Eriophyoidea; Acarina) from South India. Entomon, 22, 11 - 14.","Amrine, J. W. Jr. & Stasny, T. A. (1994) Catalog of the Eriophyoidea (Acarina: Prostigmata) of the World. Indira Publishing House, West Bloomfield, Michigan, USA, 804 pp.","Amrine, J. W. Jr., Stasny, T. A. & Flechtmann, C. H. W. (2003) Revised Keys to World Genera of Eriophyoidea (Acari: Prostigmata). Indira Publishing House, West Bloomflield, Michigan, USA, 244 pp.","Navia, D., Gondim, M. G. C. & de Moraes, G. J. (2007) Eriophyoid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea) associated with palm trees. Zootaxa, 1389, 1 - 30."]}

A new species, Oscarella kamchatkensis sp. nov., is described from the upper sublittoral in the north-western Pacific (coastal waters of Kamchatka, Avacha Gulf) at depths between 10 to 23 m from stones or boulders. It is characterized by its orange-yellow colour, lumpy, lobate surface, and soft slimy consistency. The shape of sponge is irregular and consists of numerous small cushions. The new species differs clearly from all previously described Oscarella spp. in its external morphology, cell composition and endobiotic bacteria. It has three particular kinds of cells with inclusions (one type of spherulous and two types of granular cells), and three morphotypes of endobiont bacteria. The anatomy and cytology are described and compared to that of other Oscarella species.