Search

In a sample of non-U.S. regulatory regime shifts, we find that expanded short selling is associated with stock price declines, reductions in capital expenditure, and lower asset growth. In a reversal of results found for U.S. stocks in a study of Regulation SHO by Grullon, Michenaud, and Weston (2015), our results are stronger for large firms than for small firms. We also show that this investment effect is stronger for firms that previously relied on outside financing. Our results suggest that short-sale policies affect corporate investment and that this effect is not driven by capital constraints.

Research on the role of affect in the entrepreneurial process has surged over time, resulting in a vibrant field of inquiry. To advance scholarship in this area, we conduct an inductive analysis of 162 published articles, critically analyzing the state of research on affect in entrepreneurship. We develop an organizing framework to capture three major conversations in existing research—affect valence (feelings), discrete emotions, and emotional competencies—and encompass several outcomes studied within each conversation. We find that limited work has been done to explore the antecedents of affect (both feelings and discrete emotions), anticipated affect deserves greater consideration, and affective influence of stakeholders on entrepreneurs remains overlooked. Research on negative affect and emotional competencies also remains scarce in the entrepreneurship literature. Future inquiry would do well to take a multilevel approach to affect, explore affective phenomena over time, and cast light on the role of emotional competencies in the entrepreneurial process. We also spotlight crucial empirical advancements, including big data and artificial intelligence, for affect research going forward.

This paper explores effect of business group affiliation on entrepreneurial orientation of the affiliated firms. Building on the argument that organizational and governance structure influence entrepreneurship, we argue that despite some potential advantage that business group affiliation has on a firm through intermediate market filling roles, the entrenchment behavior of business groups discourages entrepreneurial orientation of affiliated firms. Taking a firm-specific contingent perspective we also posit that the level of internationalization of a firm and its performance helps to alleviate- even counter–the negative influence of business group affiliation on the firm’s entrepreneurial orientation. We find support for our predictions in a longitudinal data set of 419 Indian firms for the period from 2006 to 2019. The implications and directions for future research are discussed in the context of business group affiliation in emerging economies.

Faithful mimics of tuberculosis (TB) infection are needed to provide mechanistic insights into the complex host-pathogen interactions and for accelerating drug discovery. The currentin vitromodels provide a short duration to investigate, present divergent transcriptional signatures to human infections, and are unreliable drug discovery platforms. We developed a 3D collagen culture system mimicking the lung microenvironment (collagen fibres, pore size and stiffness), where we incorporatedMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) infected THP-1 or primary monocytes. Dual RNA-sequencing revealed high similarity with human infections. Phenotypes observed in humans, such as foamy macrophages and mycobacterial cords (never seen in any otherin vitroculture system), were reproduced in our culture system. The system overcomes many challenges associated with the traditional platforms, including showing remarkable efficacy with clinically relevant concentrations of first-line anti-TB drug pyrazinamide, not seen in any otherin vitromodel, making it reliable, readily adoptable for tuberculosis studies and drug screening.

The present study was conducted at the College of Agriculture Raipur, IGKVV, and Chhattisgarh. The experimental materials used 103 local landraces of pigeonpea, including three popular standard checks during Kharif 2019-20 in an augmented RBD Design for 15 qualitative and 20 qualitative characters observations recorded and analysis of variance for showed differences for different characters. High magnitude of the coefficient of variation GCV % and PC V% (more than 20 %) in some genotypes was observed for Duration of flowering (20.96, 21.41), Harvest Index (22.21, 22.82), Maruca vitrata larvae population (22.58, 22.77), No of Secondary branches (23.17, 23.33) while shelling percentages are low 8.64 and 9.11, respectively, rest all traits are in a medium value. Result of major pigeonpea insect's incidence 103 genotypes tested against different insect pests, 10 genotypes recorded most promising entries against key pest and 10 genotypes were recorded most susceptible entries against insect pest. A high coefficient of variation in the entire genotypes was observed for some traits.

Rewards-based crowdfunding (RBC) has recently gained popularity as an alternative means of finance to help entrepreneurs bring novel projects to life. We theorize that crowdfunding backers perceive an implicit psychological contract with campaign creators. When promised rewards fail to materialize post fundraising, backers may perceive entrepreneurs’ failure to deliver rewards as a violation of their psychological contract with him or her. Drawing on psychological contract theory and using Eisenhardt’s comparative case methodology, we generate insights about crowd reactions to creators’ failure to deliver rewards to backers. Our research generates the novel insight that in the event of delivery failure, backers who perceive a transactional psychological contract with creators are more likely to display negative emotional reactions, while backers who perceive a relational psychological contract are more likely to display positive emotional reactions. Furthermore, we identify three progressive stages of backers’ interaction with creators in failed RBC campaigns, ‘committing’, ‘crisis handling’, and ‘coping-up’ and highlight the crowds’ emotional valence associated with each stage. Our analyses of the campaign comments reveal insights of interest to RBC players and hold implications for the future development of crowdfunding.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial, complex disease associated with chronic hyperglycemia, resulting from the interplay of genetic, environmental, and epigenetic factors (1) . Diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN) is one of the common complication in diabetes. The taste threshold affected by various factors such as age, ethnic backgrounds, drugs, local and systemic diseases, consumption of alcohol, smoking, and tobacco chewing . The present study is undertaken with the objectives to compare the alteration in taste threshold for four primary sensations in Type 2 DM with autonomic neuropathy. Material and methods: 60 patients of T2DM with autonomic neuropathy and 60 healthy control were taken for the study. Autonomic neuropathy were assessed clinically. Chemical taste test using four solutions of basic tastes (sweet, sour, salty, bitter) were done. 5 ml sample of each solution was provided whose nature was kept unknown to the subject and asked to hold it there for 5 seconds before spitting the solution into the cup. Result: Out of 60 patients 26 (43.3%) were having taste dysfunction for sweet compared to 12 (20%) out of 60 healthy controls with p value 0.006. Taste dysfunction for sweet was significant in T2DM with uncontrolled hyperglycemia i.e mean HbA1c 10.83+/- 3.17 whereas in T2DM patients whose taste were preserved had mean HbA1c 8.05+/- 1.87 . The taste dysfunction in T2DM patients was not related to gender, disease duration, and type of treatment taken. Conclusion: The study found a significant correlation between taste dysfunction, HbA1C level and blood sugar fasting level in T2DM patients. The taste dysfunction was mainly for sweet. Sour and bitter did not show any difference in case groups compared to controls. Disclosure J. Kushwaha: None. A. Singh: None. R. Giri: None. V. K. Gupta: None.

PURPOSE: Hospital readmissions occur commonly in those receiving cancer care and result in impaired quality of life and increased costs. Causes of readmission in safety net hospitals that serve vulnerable populations are not well understood. The primary goal of this project was to identify potentially avoidable and intervenable causes of readmissions to an urban safety net hospital. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed on patients who were readmitted within 30 days of discharge from the hematology and oncology service at Boston Medical Center over the 6-month period between October 2018 and March 2019. Charts were reviewed by three internal medicine residents and discussed under the supervision of an attending oncologist. RESULTS: Two hundred ninety-one patient encounters involving 203 unique patients were identified in the 6-month study period. Of these 291 encounters, 80 encounters (27.5%) were followed by a readmission within 30 days and occurred in 61 (30.0%) unique patients. Nineteen (31.1%) of these 61 patients experienced two readmissions within 30 days of discharge. Twenty-five readmissions (31.3%) were classified as potentially avoidable, with the most common cause of potentially avoidable readmissions attributed to ascitic or pleural fluid reaccumulation (8, 32%). The majority of presumed nonpreventable readmissions were due to expected complications of cancer progression and treatment-related side effects. DISCUSSION: In conclusion, readmissions were common, and a modifiable reason for 30-day readmissions was identified. Addressing recurrent ascitic and pleural fluid reaccumulation in the outpatient setting could help to reduce inpatient hospital readmission on an inpatient oncology service.

In immunoglobulin light-chain (AL) amyloidosis, the depth of hematologic response to treatment is associated with improved survival and organ responses. We conducted a clinical trial using bortezomib in induction and in conditioning with melphalan before stem cell transplantation (SCT) for AL amyloidosis. The results of this clinical trial with a median follow-up of 36 months have been reported previously. Here we report the long-term results of this clinical trial with a median follow-up of 77 months. We describe survival, durability of hematologic and organ responses, and relapse rates. Thirty-five patients were enrolled between 2010 and 2013. Hematologic complete response and very good partial response (VGPR) were noted in 100% (27 of 27) of the evaluable patients at 6 months post-SCT. Four patients (15%) had hematologic relapse at a median of 42 months, and 1 patient (3.7%) had organ progression despite maintaining a VGPR at 37 months. The median overall survival and progression-free survival have not yet been reached at the time of this report. Renal and cardiac responses occurred in 65% and 88%, respectively, at 5 years post-SCT. The median time to renal and cardiac response was 12 months and 6 months, respectively. In conclusion, incorporating bortezomib into induction and conditioning yielded durable hematologic responses of AL amyloidosis, with corresponding organ responses and prolonged survival.

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-1-gom-10.1177_1059601120987452 for Chief Executive Officer Dismissal: A Multidisciplinary Integration and Critical Analysis by John P. Berns, Vishal K. Gupta, Karen A. Schnatterly and Clarissa R. Steele in Group & Organization Management

Background: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is one of the major macrovascular complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) which is largely neglected by clinicians. DM-associated atherosclerosis can lead to complications in all major of vascular beds, including the coronary arteries, carotid vessels, and lower extremity arteries. Aims and objective were to study the prevalence of PAD in patients with type 2 DM and to study the correlation with carotid artery intima-media thicknessMethods: Hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted among the 124 patients admitted with type 2 diabetes (age >25 year) from Dec 2019 to Oct 2021 in the various units of department of medicine or surgery, KPS institute, GSVM medical college Kanpur. Color doppler of limbs and carotid artery was done in study population.Results: In our study based on doppler ultrasound, the prevalence of PAD was found in 31 patients (25%) out of 124 with men having a higher prevalence (24 out of 74; 77.4%), as compared to women (7 out of 50; 22.6%) (p=0.020). The mean Carotid IMT (mm) (Average) was 0.82±0.16 in all diabetics. Patients with PAD have more increase in CIMT (0.95±0.12) as compare to non-PAD (0.77±0.15) p>F). Patients with PAD have more increase in CIMT as compare to non-PAD.

This chapter addresses “Organizational Entrepreneurial Orientation: Implications for Social Impact and Social Enterprise.” All too often social entrepreneurship is focused on celebrating individual entrepreneurs while excluding organizations with impactful change-making missions. Rather than being developed fully by a single entrepreneurial “hero,” impactful solutions are likely developed through social interactions aided by organizational frameworks. This research raises and explores several important questions. How is a strategic orientation toward entrepreneurial activity, or entrepreneurial orientation (EO), conceptualized in social enterprises? What are the antecedents and outcomes of EO within social enterprises? And how do we measure EO within social enterprises? Addressing these questions is important to understanding organizational entrepreneurship within the context of social enterprises pursuing prominent social missions. In sum, this chapter examines the critical manifestation of EO within social enterprise.

Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) has its roots in the literature on organizational strategy-making processes. EO is conceived as an organizational attribute that exists to the degree that an organization supports and exhibits a sustained pattern of entrepreneurial behavior reflecting incidents of new entry. That is, as a fundamental organizational attribute, EO captures an overarching strategic posture toward entrepreneurial activity. Though researchers have explored a number of aspects of EO, three primary areas continue to propel the advancement of the EO research agenda: conceptualization, measurement, and levels of analyses. Variations in these three aspects in turn have key implications for the antecedents and consequences of EO. Research on EO has explored its antecedents, moderators, mediators and has done so across various organizational forms, levels, and contexts. Notably, there has been a steady increase in the number of publications exploring EO over the years, within field journals in entrepreneurship (e.g., Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice; Journal of Business Venturing), in general management journals (e.g., Journal of Management; Strategic Management Journal), and in journals of other academic fields (e.g., Journal of Marketing; Journal of Operations Management). Since the late 1980s, EO has emerged as one of the most popular and robust constructs in entrepreneurship, strategy, and management research.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease characterized by progressive damage of articular cartilage and the adjoining subchondral bone. Chondrocytes, the primary cells of the cartilage, have limited regenerative capacity and when they undergo stress due to trauma or with aging, they senesce or become apoptotic. Rapamycin, a potent immunomodulator, has shown promise in OA treatment. It activates autophagy and is known to prevent senescence. However, its clinical translation for OA is hampered due to systemic toxicity as high and frequent doses are required. Here, we have fabricated rapamycin encapsulated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) based carriers that induced autophagy and prevented cellular senescence in human chondrocytes. The microparticle (MP) delivery system showed sustained release of the drug for several weeks. Rapamycin microparticles protected in vitro cartilage mimics (micromass cultures) from degradation, allowing sustained production of sGAG, and demonstrated a prolonged senescence preventive effect under oxidative and genomic stress conditions. These microparticles also exhibited a residence time of ∼30 days after intra-articular injections in murine knee joints. Such particulate systems are promising candidates for intra-articular delivery of rapamycin for the treatment of osteoarthritis.

Introduction Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at increased risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE). By age 40, 11-12% of SCD patients have experienced a VTE. VTE confers nearly a three-fold increase in mortality risk for individuals with SCD. We hypothesized that VTE increases subsequent SCD severity which may increase acute care utilization. We investigated the association between VTE and rates of vaso-occlusive events (VOE) and acute care utilization for individuals with SCD. Methods We performed a retrospective longitudinal chart review of 239 adults with SCD who received care at our institution between 2003 and 2018. VTE was defined as deep venous thrombosis (DVT) diagnosed by Duplex ultrasound or pulmonary embolism (PE) diagnosed by either ventilation-perfusion scanning or computed tomography angiography. Medical histories, laboratories and medication use for all subjects were obtained. For VTE patients, clinical data for 1- and 5- years post-VTE were obtained and compared to 1 year prior to the VTE. For non-VTE patients, data were obtained at baseline and compared to five years later. We evaluated all acute care visits for the presence of a SCD-related problem, specifically assessing if a VOE or acute chest syndrome (ACS) occurred. We calculated rates of VOE, ACS, Emergency Department (ED) visits and hospitalizations prior to and subsequent to a VTE and compared these to occurrence rates among those without VTE. Data were analyzed using Stata 14.2. Results In our cohort of 239 individuals with SCD, 153 (64%) were HbSS/HbSβ0 and 127(53%) were female. Fifty-six individuals (23%) had a history of VTE; 20 had a DVT (36%), 33 had a PE (59%), and 3 had both (5%). Patients with VTE had a higher frequency of prior history of ACS (p Conclusion VTE is a frequent complication in patients with SCD. Our study suggests that patients who experience a VTE have greater SCD severity as evidenced by increased VOE, ED and hospital utilization. These data suggest that VTE is not merely an isolated event in SCD patients and that it may either serve as an indicator of disease severity or contribute to overall disease pathophysiology. Disclosures Sloan: Abbvie: Other: Endpoint Review Committee; Stemline: Consultancy; Merck: Other: endpoint review commitee.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease that results in progressive destruction of articular cartilage and the adjoining subchondral bone. The current treatment is focused on symptomatic relief due to the absence of disease-modifying drugs. The primary cells of the cartilage, chondrocytes, have limited regenerative capacity and when they undergo stress due to trauma or with aging, they senesce or become apoptotic. Autophagy, a cellular homeostasis mechanism has a protective role in OA during stress but gets downregulated in OA. Rapamycin, a potent immunomodulator, has shown promise in OA treatment by autophagy activation and is known to prevent senescence. However, its clinical translation for OA is hampered due to systemic toxicity as high and frequent doses are required. Hence, there is a need to develop suitable delivery carriers that can result in sustained and controlled release of the drug in the joint. In this study, we have fabricated rapamycin encapsulated poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) based carriers that induced autophagy and prevented cellular senescence in human chondrocytes. The microparticle (MP) delivery system showed sustained release of drug for several weeks. Rapamycin-microparticles protected in-vitro cartilage mimics from degradation, allowing sustained production of sGAG, and demonstrated a prolonged senescence preventive effect in vitro under oxidative and genomic stress conditions. These microparticles also exhibited a long residence time of more than 19 days in the joint after intra-articular injections in murine knee joints. Such particulate systems are a promising candidate for intra-articular delivery of rapamycin for treatment of osteoarthritis.Statement of SignificanceCurrent OA treatment is symptomatic and does not change the disease progression. Many drugs have failed as they are rapidly cleared and are unable to maintain therapeutic concentration in the OA joint. Direct joint administration of drugs using sustained-release systems offer several advantages, which includes increased bioavailability, fewer off-target effects, and lower total drug cost. We have engineered a suitable drug carrier which provides a tunable drug release pattern. This study provides evidence that PLGA encapsulated rapamycin remained potent and prevented OA like changes in chondrocytes under genomic and oxidative stress. The particle formulation also had a longer residence time in the knee joint of mice which can be translated in clinics for intra-articular therapeutic injections for increased patient compliance.Graphical abstract