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Now a days most commonly used material to treat the defects in the bone after trauma or after any pathology are bone grafts. Bone grafting is a procedure which is performed surgically to join any defect which is surrounding the bone or for the union of the bone. It was found that the graft material which are allogenic in nature as well as other bioactive synthetic substitutes of the bone graft material shows good integration with the remaining bone. To increase the chances of acceptance of these allogenic bone graft materials and others synthetic bioactive graft materials addition of different growth factors for e.g. such as bone morphogenic proteins, platelet rich plasma, platelet rich fibrin have been considered very well. Bone is found to be the second commonly transplanted tissue after the blood. There are various methods present in the treatment of the bone defects such as guided regeneration of bone, use of stem cells and bone grafts, but bone graft shows promising results in the terms of maintaining the normal outline structure of the bone, bone grafts helps in maintaining the aesthetic restoration, helps in eliminating the space or defect which is surrounding the bone due to trauma or due to any pathological condition, helps in providing the width or height for the ease of placement of implant in the oral cavity.

Vegetables play an important role in food and nutrition conservation. Green leafy vegetables, in particular,are known as a high-quality source of vitamins, minerals, and phenolic compounds. Leafy vegetables havehigher levels of mineral nutrients like iron and calcium than staple foods like grains. Leafy vegetables areamong the most potent herbal assets and the only available sources of folic acid, this paper examines thenutritional and anti-nutritional properties of some common green leafy vegetables, which are significantlyhigher in Moringa oleifera plant leaves than in other leafy and non-leafy vegetables. There are several different forms and compositions of nutritional and anti-nutritional factors in edible leafy vegetable plants.Antinutritionalelements are chemical compounds found in plant tissues that prevent humans from absorbingnutrients. Their results can be direct or indirect and they can vary from mild reactions to death. Antinutrientssuch as nitrates, phytates, tannins, oxalates, and cyanogenic glycosides have been linked toseveral healthproblems. Anti-nutritional factors can be minimized using one-of-a-kind processing techniques such asboiling and blanching. The various analytical methods for the willpower of the various dietary and antinutritional factors in a few green leafy vegetables were also briefly discussed below.

Owing to the highly contagious nature of SARS-CoV-2, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) among the healthcare workers (HCWs) is mandatory. However, PPE associated adverse effects are also there.To study the adverse effects associated with PPE and their preventive measures amongst the HCWs.A descriptive study was conducted among 200 HCWs working in a Covid center of a tertiary care center. The participants were sent the questionnaires online. Some of them not having smart phones were interviewed telephonically. Their information profile, the various adverse effects associated with PPE, and the preventive measures being practiced by them were noted. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.Total 97% HCWs reported adverse effects with hazmat suit; 96% with N 95 mask; 92% with goggle and 78% with gloves. The adverse effects associated with the prolonged use of the mask were erythema; erosions and scar at the nasal bridge; ear pain; difficulty in breathing; and headache. Sixty-seven percent of the participants had sweating with the use of gloves, which led to cutaneous exfoliation such as dry hands (55%) and skin itching (43%). Moisturizers and natural oils were used to prevent the dryness of hands. For the pressure related injury over the nasal bridge due to N95 mask, participants used to apply Band-Aid (adhesive bandage) and cotton dressing.Adverse skin reactions related to PPE are common among HCWs. Comprehensive assessment of the skin condition and awareness on adverse skin reactions should be advocated.

The Mediterranean has been characterized as a region of enhanced climatic variability. Transitions between dry and wet conditions have repeatedly occurred over the last millennium in various spatial and temporal scales. However, the frequency of these shifts is poorly assessed due to the low amount of paleoclimatic reconstructions and the substantial heterogeneity of the Mediterranean. Here, we examine how often Mediterranean regions have transitioned between different hydroclimatic regimes over the last millennium. For this purpose, we use the Paleo Hydrodynamics Data Assimilation (PHYDA) simulation results to identify transitional changes based on Köppen-Geiger climate types. Our results indicate which regions are more likely to experience transitions between hydroclimatic regimes and their duration distribution. We also examine how the intensity of the shifts have fluctuated during the study period and quantify the uncertainties involved. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the past hydroclimatic variability, which is crucial for further determining the current state and future aridification in the Mediterranean region.

ITHACA is a 5-year project that aims to benchmark the terrestrial water cycle intensification. Our goal is to estimate the past range of the hydrological cycle variability, determine the present state of its acceleration, and understand its future impacts on the terrestrial water availability. To achieve this, we combine multi-source data products, stochastic analysis, and process-based hydrological modeling from regional to global scale. Here, we present the preliminary results after the completion of its first year, which come with multiple homogenized datasets of water cycle components, R software packages for data pre-processing and data-driven analyses, and methodological suggestions and insights for the cross-scale quantification of water cycle changes. We also discuss the current challenges and the future steps of the project, highlighting the numerous opportunities for active collaboration.

Aridification is one of the growing concerns in the Mediterranean region. The estimation of water availability (precipitation minus evaporation; P-E), has been widely used to assess aridification. However, the values of P and E are always associated with biases due to different methodological and observational approaches. In this study, we investigate the impact of estimation biases in assessing aridification in the Mediterranean region. To this end, we use multiple precipitation datasets (EM-Earth, GPM-IMERG, and MSWEP) and methodologies for evapotranspiration estimation. We then compare them with satellite (GRACE), reanalysis (ERA5), and hydrological simulation (mHm, Terraclimate) data products. This evaluation shows the variability in the estimated water availability corresponding to its observational counterpart and how the biases in precipitation and evaporation propagate to the value of P-E. Assessing the variance of water availability derived from different estimation methodologies and observational datasets increases our insight into assessing the aridification in the Mediterranean region.

this paper deals in research and review of a 3-phase motor inverter to run a designed synchronous reluctance motor which would be used in electric scooters. The synchronous reluctance motor falls in the category of rare earth free magnet motors, yet provides better efficiency and gives straight competition to other AC and DC motors. It also includes designing of swappable battery packs for mobility purposes which offers easy removal and installation of batteries. All the major components which are to be use in electric scooter powertrain have been discussed here.

Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine) are considered toxic to the melanocytes and may play an important role in the development of depigmented patches on the skin. This study was done to evaluate the levels of catecholamines in skin and plasma samples of active vitiligo patients' and gene expression changes in catecholamines' metabolism regulatory genes (COMT and GTPCH1), immunoregulatory genes (CTLA4 and PTPN22), and Catalase in active vitiligo patients. In this single-centre, prospective, case-control study, 30 patients with active vitiligo were recruited and skin biopsies from the perilesional site and plasma samples were collected. Skin biopsies from the normal site in vitiligo patients and healthy controls (n = 15) and plasma samples from controls were also obtained. Catecholamines' estimation was done via high-performance liquid chromatography. Gene expression variations were investigated via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR. Epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine levels were significantly higher in perilesional skin biopsies as compared to controls (P = 0.035, 0.024, and 0.006, respectively). However, epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine levels observed in patients' plasma samples were comparable to controls. The mRNA expression level of the Catalase gene was found to be upregulated at the perilesional site of patients as compared to the non-affected site of same patients (P 0.001) and healthy controls (P = 0.037). Transcriptional expression of GTPCH1 and COMT were observed to be increased significantly at the perilesional site of patients in comparison to controls (P = 0.004 and P = 0.046, respectively). Our results support the presence of oxidative stress, inflammation and induced immune response in vitiligo patients at the perilesional sites. The increased inflammatory response may lead to catecholamines upregulation resulting in oxidative stress and melanocyte damage.

Red cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capiata f. rubra) is a vegetable famous for it’s enrich bioactive compounds. The maximum critical characteristics element of cruciferous vegetable with diagnosed anticancer properties are glucosinolates. Red cabbage is substantially used in meals processing to increase the aesthetic value of food as natural colorant in beverages and health benefits. It has many health benefits over most cancer, diabetes and also boosts immune system. It also support in detoxification of body, weight loss, improves skin reduce irritation has intestine recovery strength, relieves constipation. The antioxidant potential of red cabbage facilitates to save us chronic ailments and management of condition like Alzheimer’s, melancholy etc.

Zoological parks are the ex-situ conservation facilities to complement and strengthen the national efforts in conservation and strengthen the rich biodiversity of the country, particularly the fauna.[1]The architectural design or the map of the zoo depicting location and dimensions of the office,exhibit area, indoor holding area, visitor paths etc are some of the major components of Master (Layout) Plan of the Zoo. Central Zoo Authority is the competent authority to approve the Master (Layout) Plan of the recognized zoological parks recognized by CZA. This Master (Layout) Plan model design takes into account of 3 key parameters that one should keep in mind while designing the zoo: Animal welfare (i.e., making animal housing facility as comfortable as possible), seamless visitor experience and smooth working of zoo management personnel.

Critical applications of satellite data products include monitoring vegetation dynamics and assessing vegetation health conditions. Some indicators like normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land surface temperature (LST) are used to assess the status of vegetation growth and health. But one of the major problems with passive remote sensing satellite data products is cloud and shadow cover that leads to data gaps in the images. The present study proposes temporal aggregation of images over a short time span and developing short span harmonic analysis of time series (SS-HANTS) and pixel-wise multiple linear regression (PMLR) algorithms for retrieving cloud contaminated NDVI and LST information from Landsat-8 (L8) data products, respectively. The developed algorithms were applied in the northeastern part of Thailand to recover the missing NDVI and LST values from time series L8 images acquired in 2018. The predicted NDVI and LST values at artificially clouded locations were compared with the corresponding clear pixel values. Additionally, the model predicted LST and NDVI values were also compared with MODIS LST and NDVI datasets. The calculated root mean square (RMSE) values were ranging from 0.03 to 0.11 and 1.50 to 2.98 °C for NDVI and LST variables, respectively. The validation statistics show that these models can be satisfactorily applied to retrieve NDVI and LST values from cloud-contaminated pixels of L8 images. Furthermore, a vegetation health index (VHI) computed from cloud retrieved continuous NDVI and LST images at province level shows that most of the western provinces have healthy vegetation condition than other provinces in the northeast of Thailand.

The model given by Patil et al., for the self-focusing of lowest-order Bessel–Gaussian laser beam, is revisited by introducing the exponential plasma density ramp in this paper. Plasma density changes due to combined effect of the relativistic and ponderomotive nonlinearities, which arise due to the nonuniform spatial profile of the laser beam leading to stronger self-focusing. Under paraxial ray approximation, the expression for the evolution of laser-beam width parameter is obtained and solved numerically in order to achieve self-focusing. We have observed that as Bessel beam propagates through the plasma, it does not diffract and spread out, which is in contrast to the usual behavior of light that spreads out after being focused down to the small spot. Laser spot size decreases considerably under the presence of exponential density ramp. This study will be useful for better understanding the self-focusing mechanism of lasers as it becomes effective for the optimized parameters under the proposed situation. Bessel laser beams play an important role in enhancing the energy gain in laser-driven accelerators. In addition, for all laser-driven plasma-based accelerators, it appears possible to guide a laser beam over large distances using a plasma density channel, thus enhancing the acceleration length and the energy gain.

An analytical model of second harmonic generation (SHG) from amplitude modulated laser irradiated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) implanted in silica substrate is presented. In the interaction of an intense amplitude modulated laser with an array of magnetized anharmonic CNTs, a force is exerted on the electrons of CNTs due to the electric field of the laser. The exerted force causes the displacement of the electrons which is of the order of the radius of CNTs due to their nanoscale dimensions. In turn, the restoring force of the electrons becomes a nonlinear function of the displacement and results in anharmonicity. The CNTs are magnetized by applying the magnetic field perpendicularly to the beam propagation direction. The anharmonicity in CNTs broadens the plasmon resonance. The effects of the amplitude modulated parameter and CNTs parameters on the amplitude of the second harmonic are analyzed. The magnetic field also helps to enhance the power of generated second harmonic.

In this novel scheme, a theoretical analysis of resonant terahertz (THz) generation in the array of magnetized anharmonic carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is presented. Two laser beams with frequencies ( $${\omega }_{1}, {\omega }_{2}$$ ) and wavenumbers ( $${k}_{1}, {k}_{2}$$ ) propagate through the array of vertically aligned anharmonic CNTs in the presence of an applied static magnetic field. It provides different displacements to the various electrons of CNTs. Due to this, restoration force varies nonlinearly with the displacements of electrons and hence results in anharmonicity. This anharmonicity plays a significant role in the enhancement of absorption of laser beams by the electrons of CNTs. The nonlinear restoration force produces the current which is responsible for the THz generation. It is observed that the applied magnetic field $$(170\mathrm{ to }235\mathrm{ kG})$$ helps in the enhancement of the THz generation by increasing the nonlinearity of the system. The impact of dimensions, inter-tube separation, and density of CNTs on the THz amplitude has also been analyzed.